An Examination of Global and Regional Opioid Consumption Trends 1980–2011

REFERENCES

• Worldwide Palliative Care Alliance, World Health Organization. Global Atlas of Palliative Care at the End of Life. London: Worldwide Palliative Care Alliance; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Assembly. Strengthening of palliative care as a component of comprehensive care throughout the life course. WHA67.19; [Geneva, Switzerland] 24 May 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Kachroo S, Etzel CJ. Decreasing the cancer burden in developing countries: concerns and recommendations. Eur J Cancer Care. 2009;18:18–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Association for the Study of Pain. Declaration of Montreal. Seattle, WA: International Association for the Study of Pain; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Breivik, H. Prevalence and impact of chronic pain: a systematic review of epidemiological studies on chronic pain. Presented at the 11th World Congress of the International Association for the Study of Pain; Sydney, Australia; August 21–26, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Duthey B, Scholten W. Adequacy of opioid analgesic consumption at country, global, and regional levels in 2010, its relationship with development level, and changes compared with 2006. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2014;47:283–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seya MJ, Gelders SFAM, Achara OU, Milani B, Scholten WK. A first comparison between the consumption of and the need for opioid analgesics at country, regional and global level. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. 2011;25:6–18.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• World Health Organization. Cancer Pain Relief: With a Guide to Opioid Availability. 2nd ed. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Breitbart W, Cortes-Ladino A. Pain in human immunodeficiency virus disease. In: Fishman SM, Ballantyne JC, Rathmell JP, eds. Bonica's Management of Pain. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010;827–845.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization, HIV/AIDS Department. Priority Interventions: HIV/AIDS Prevention, Treatment and Care in the Health Sector. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization HIV-AIDS. Palliative Care. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Cancer Pain Relief. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1986.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. WHO Guidelines on the Pharmacological Treatment of Persisting Pain in Children With Medical Illnesses. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Essential Medicines—WHO Model List. 1st ed. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1977.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. 18th ed. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Hogerzeil HV, Liberman J, Wirtz VJ, Promotion of access to essential medicines for non-communicable diseases: practical implications of the UN political declaration. Lancet. 2013;381:680–689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Achieving Balance in National Opioids Control Policy: Guidelines for Assessment. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Ensuring Balance in National Policies on Controlled Substances: Guidance for Availability and Accessibility of Controlled Medicines. Second and revised edition. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations. Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations; 1961.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations. Single Convention On Narcotic Drugs, 1961, As Amended by the 1972 Protocol Amending the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961. New York: United Nations; 1972.
   Google Scholar
• Cherny NI, Cleary J, Scholten W, Radbruch L, Torode J. The Global Opioid Policy Initiative (GOPI) project to evaluate the availability and accessibility of opioids for the management of cancer pain in Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, and the Middle East: introduction and methodology. Ann Oncol. 2013;24:7–13.
   Google Scholar
• Cleary J, Powell RA, Munene G, Formulary availability and regulatory barriers to accessibility of opioids for cancer pain in Africa: a report from the Global Opioid Policy Initiative (GOPI). Ann Oncol. 2013;24:14–23.
   Google Scholar
• Cleary J, Radbruch L, Torode J, Cherny NI. Formulary availability and regulatory barriers to accessibility of opioids for cancer pain in Asia: a report from the Global Opioid Policy Initiative (GOPI). Ann Oncol. 2013;24:24–32.
   Google Scholar
• Cleary J, Simha N, Panieri A, Formulary availability and regulatory barriers to accessibility of opioids for cancer pain in India: a report from the Global Opioid Policy Initiative (GOPI). Ann Oncol. 2013;24:22–40.
   Google Scholar
• Cleary J, De Lima L, Eisenchlas J, Radbruch L, Torode J, Cherny NI. Formulary availability and regulatory barriers to accessibility of opioids for cancer pain in Latin America and the Caribbean: a report from the Global Opioid Policy Initiative (GOPI). Ann Oncol. 2013;24:41–50.
   Google Scholar
• Cleary J, Silbermann M, Scholten W, Radbruch L, Torode J, Cherny NI. Formulary availability and regulatory barriers to accessibility of opioids for cancer pain in the Middle East: a report from the Global Opioid Policy Initiative (GOPI). Ann Oncol. 2013;24:51–59.
   Google Scholar
• Cleary J, Radbruch L, Torode J, Cherny NI. Next steps in access and availability of opioids for the treatment of cancer pain: reaching the tipping point? Ann Oncol. 2013;24:60–64.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Information Service. INCB Reviews availability of medicines and prevention of drug abuse worldwide. UNIS/NAR/1212, Vienna, Austria, United Nations, June 2, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Silbermann M. Current trends in opioid consumption globally and in Middle Eastern countries. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2011;33:S1–S5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silbermann M. Opioids in Middle Eastern populations. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2010;11(Suppl 1):1–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gomes T, Juurlink DN, Dhalla IA, Mailis-Gagnon A, Paterson JM, Mamdani MM. Trends in opioid use and dosing among socio-economically disadvantaged patients. Open Med. 2011;5:e13–e22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Green CR, Ndao-Brumblay SK, West B, Washington T. Differences in prescription opioid analgesic availability: comparing minority and white pharmacies across Michigan. J Pain. 2005;6:689–699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology. Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical/ Defined Daily Dose. Oslo, Norway: Norwegian Institute of Public Health; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Vignaroli E, Bennett MI, Nekolaichuk C, Strategic pain management: the identification and development of the IAHPC opioid essential prescription package. J Palliat Med. 2012;15:186–191.
   Google Scholar
• Caraceni A, Hanks G, Kaasa S, Use of opioid analgesics in the treatment of cancer pain: evidence-based recommendations from the EAPC. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13:e58–e68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Opioids in Palliative Care: Safe and Effective Prescribing of Strong Opioids for Pain in Palliative Care of Adults. NICE Clinical Guideline 140. Manchester, UK: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Miaskowski C, Cleary J, Burney R, Guideline for the Management of Cancer Pain in Adults and Children. APS Clinical Practice Guidelines Series, No. 3. Glenview, IL: American Pain Society; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Svendsen K, Borchgrevink PC, Fredheim O, Hamunen K, Mellbye A, Dale O. Choosing the unit of measurement counts: the use of oral morphine equivalents in studies of opioid consumption is a useful addition to defined daily doses. Palliat Med. 2011;25:725–732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chinellato A, Terrazzani G, Walley T, Giusti P. Opioids in Italy: is marketing more powerful than the law? Lancet. 2003;362:78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Conno F, Ripamonti C, Brunelli C. Opioid purchases and expenditure in nine western European countries: ‘Are we killing off morphine?’. Palliat Med. 2005;19:179–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chinellato A, Skaper SD, Giusti P, Debetto P. Consumption of opioid analgesics in Italy: light at the end of the tunnel? Eur J Pain. 2011;15:220–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García del Pozo J, Carvajal A, Viloria JM, Velasco A, Garcia del Pozo V. Trends in the consumption of opioid analgesics in Spain: higher increases as fentanyl replaces morphine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;64:411–415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarlbaek L, Andersen M, Hallas J, Engholm G, Kragstrup J. Use of opioids in a Danish population-based cohort of cancer patients. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2005;29:336–343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hudec R, Tisonova J, Foltan V, Kristova V. Consumption of three strong opioids (morphine, oxycodone and fentanyl) in seven European countries during seven years (2003–2009). Bratisl Lek Listy. 2013;114:581–583.
   Google Scholar
• Hamunen K, Paakkari P, Kalso E. Trends in opioid consumption in the Nordic countries 2002–2006. Eur J Pain. 2009;13:954–962.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. AAOMS parameters of care: clinical practice guidelines for oral and maxillofacial surgery. J Oral Maxillofacial Surg. 2012;70(11, Suppl):1–320.
   Google Scholar
• Kitching AJ, O'Neill SS. Fast-track surgery and anaesthesia. Contin Educ Anaesth Crit Care Pain. 2009;9:39–43.
   Google Scholar
• Guagnozzi D, Lucendo AJ. Colorectal cancer surveillance in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: what is new? World J Gastrointest Endcosc. 2012;4:108–116.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Communications from the ASGE Standards of Practice Committee: sedation and anesthesia in GI endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2008;68:815–818.
   Google Scholar
• Lambert R. Endocsopy in screening for digestive cancer. World J Gatrointest Endcosc. 2012;4:518–525.
   Google Scholar
• Davies AN. Breakthrough cancer pain. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2014;18:420–428.
   Google Scholar
• Davies A, Buchanan A, Zeppetella G, Breakthrough cancer pain: an observational study of 1000 European oncology patients. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2013;46:619–628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jandhyala R, Fullarton JR, Bennett MI. Efficacy of rapid-onset oral fentanyl formulations vs. oral morphine for cancer-related breakthrough pain: a meta-analysis of comparative trials. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2013;46:573–580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller-Schwefe G, Ahlbeck K, Aldington D Pain in the cancer patient: different pain characteristics CHANGE pharmacological treatment requirements. Curr Med Res Opin. 2014;1–14. Epub: June 10, 2014; doi:10.1185/03007995. 2014.925439.
   Google Scholar
• Corli O, Roberto A. Pharmacological and clinical differences among transmucosal fentanyl formulations for the treatment of breakthrough cancer pain. A review article. Minerva Anestesiol, epub Dec 17, 2013; PMID: 24346227.
   Google Scholar
• Teoh N, Vainio A. The status of pethidine in the WHO Model List of Essential Drugs. Palliat Med. 1991;5:185–186.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Essential Medicines—WHO Model List. 15th ed. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• VanZee A. The promotion and marketing of OxyContin: commercial triumph, public health tragedy. Am J Public Health. 2009;99:221–227.
   Google Scholar
• Breivik H, Collett B, Ventafridda V, Cohen R, Gallacher D. Survey of chronic pain in Europe: prevalence, impact on daily life, and treatment. Eur J Pain. 2006;10:287–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zin CS, Chen LC, Knaggs RD. Changes in trends and pattern of strong opioid prescribing in primary care. Eur J Pain. 2014;10–2149.
   Google Scholar
• Fischer B, Jones W, Krahn M, Rehm J. Differences and over-time changes in levels of prescription opioid analgesic dispensing from retail pharmacies in Canada, 2005–2010. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2011;20:1269–1277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan MD, Edlund MJ, Fan MY, DeVries A, Brennan BJ, Martin BC. Trends in use of opioids for non-cancer pain conditions 2000–2005 in commercial and Medicaid insurance plans: the TROUP study. Pain. 2008;138:440–449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilson AM, Maurer MA, Ryan KM, Rathouz PJ, Cleary JF. Using a morphine equivalence metric to quantify opioid consumption: examining the capacity to provide effective treatment of debilitating pain at the global, regional, and country levels. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2013;45:681–700.
   Google Scholar
• Caraceni A, Pigni A, Brunelli C. Is oral morphine still the first choice opioid for moderate to severe cancer pain? A systematic review within the European Palliative Care Research Collaborative guidelines project. Palliat Med. 2011;25:402–409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallerand AH, Riley-Doucet C, Hasenau SM, Templin T. Improving cancer pain management by homecare nurses. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2004;31:809–816.
   Google Scholar
• Vallerand AH. The use of long-acting opioids in chronic pain management. Nurs Clin North Am. 2003;38:435–445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Lima L, Krakauer EL, Lorenz KA, Praill D, MacDonald N, Doyle D. Ensuring palliative medicine availability: the development of IAHPC list of essential medicines for palliative care. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2007;33:521–526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fallon M, Cherny NI, Hanks G. Opioid analgesic therapy. In: Hanks G, Cherny NI, Christakis NA, Fallon M, Kaasa S, Portenoy RK, eds. Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine. 4th ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2010:661–698.
   Google Scholar
• Inturrisi CE, Lipman AG. Opioid analgesics. In: Ballantyne JC, Rathmell JP, Fishman SM, eds. Bonica's Management of Pain. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010;1172–1187.
   Google Scholar
• Wiffen PJ, Wee B, Moore RA. Oral morphine for cancer pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 7. Art. No.: CD003868. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003868.pub3.
   Google Scholar
• Cherny NI, Baselga J, De Conno F, Radbruch L. Formulary availability and regulatory barriers to accessibility of opioids for cancer pain in Europe: a report from the ESMO/EAPC Opioid Policy Initiative. Ann Oncol. 2010;21:615–626.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Lima L, Sweeney C, Palmer JL, Bruera E. Potent analgesics are more expensive for patients in developing countries: a comparative study. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. 2004;18: 59–70.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Joranson DE, Ryan KM, Maurer MA. Opioid policy, availability and access in developing and nonindustrialized countries. In: Fishman SM, Ballantyne JC, Rathmell JP, eds. Bonica's Management of Pain. 4th ed. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010:194–208.
   Google Scholar
• Foley KM, Wagner JL, Joranson DE, Gelband H. Pain control for people with cancer and AIDS. In: Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR, , eds. Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2006:981–993.
   Google Scholar