The Endocrinologic Changes in Critically Ill Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients

REFERENCES

• Celli BR, MacNee W; ATS/ERS Task Force. Standards for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with COPD: a summary of the ATS/ERS position paper. Eur Respir J 2004; 23:932–946.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sin DD, Man SF. Systemic inflammation and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2007; 85:141–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creutzberg EC, Casaburi R. Endocrinological disturbances in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2003; 22(suppl 46):76–80.
   Google Scholar
• Kamischke A, Kemper DE, Castel MA, Lüthke M, Rolf C, Behre HM, Magnussen H, Nieschlag E. Testosterone levels in men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with or without glucocorticoid therapy. Eur Respir J 1998; 11:41–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casaburi R, Bhasin S, Cosentino L, Porszasz J, Somfay A, Lewis SM, Fournier M, Storer TW. Effects of testosterone and resistance training in men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 170:870–878.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laghi F, Antonescu-Turcu A, Collins E, Segal J, Tobin DE, Jubran A, Tobin MJ. Hypogonadism in men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171:728–733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bratel T, Wennlund A, Carlstrom K. Impact of hypoxaemia on neuroendocrine function and catecholamine secretion in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): effects of long-term oxygen treatment. Respir Med 2000; 94:1221–1228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Vliet M, Spruit MA, Verleden G, Kasran A, van Herck E, Pitta F, Bouillon R, Decramer M. Hypogonadism, quadriceps weakness and exercise intolerance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172:1105–1111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okutan O, Kartaloglu Z, Onde ME, Bozkanat E, Kunter E. Pulmonary function tests and thyroid hormone concentrations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Med Princ Pract. 2004; 13:126–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semple PD, Beastall GH, Watson WS, Hume R. Hypothalamic–pituitary dysfunction in respiratory hypoxia. Thorax 1981; 36:605–609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karadag F, Ozcan H, Karul AB, Yilmaz M, Cildag O. Correlates of non-thyroidal illness syndrome in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Med 2007; 101:1439–1446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimapoulou I, Ilias I, Mastorakos G, Mantzos E, Roussos C, Koutras DA. Effects of severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on thyroid function. Metabolism 2001; 50:1397–1401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Debigaré R, Marquis K, Côté CH, Tremblay RR, Michaud A, LeBlanc P, Maltais F. Catabolic/anabolic balance and muscle wasting in patients with COPD. Chest 2003; 124:83–87.
   Google Scholar
• Laghi F, Langbein WE, Antonescu-Turcu A, Jubran A, Bammert C, Tobin MJ. Respiratory and skeletal muscles in hypogonadal men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171:598–605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gow SM, Seth J, Beckett GJ, Douglas G. Thyroid function and endocrine abnormalities in elderly patients with severe chronic obstructive lung disease. Thorax 1987; 42:520–525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makarevich AE. Disorders of sex hormone status in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [abstract]. Wiad Lek 2003; 56:140–146.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Albert RK, Martin TR, Lewis SW. Controlled clinical trial of methylprednisolone in patients with chronic bronchitis and acute respiratory insufficiency. Ann Intern Med 1980; 92:753–758.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalyani RR, Gavini S, Dobs AS. Male hypogonadism in systemic disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am 2007; 36:333–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker HWG. Reproductive effects of nontesticular illness. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am 1998; 27:831–850.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolf PD, Hamill RW, McDonald JV, Lee LA, Kelly M. Transient hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism after head trauma: effects on steroid precursors and correlation with sympathetic nervous system activity. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1986; 25:265–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spratt DI, Cox P, Orav J, Moloney J, Bigos T. Reproductive axis suppression in acute illness is related to disease severity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 76:1548–1554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spratt DI. Altered steroidogenesis in critical illness: is treatment with anabolic steroids indicated? Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 15:479–494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Den Berghe G, Weekers F, Baxter RC, Wouters P, Iranmanesh A, Bouillon R, Veldhuis JD. Five-day pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone administration unveils combined hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal defects underlying profound hypoandrogenism in men with prolonged critical illness. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86:3217–3226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiong Y, Hales DB. The role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the regulation of mouse Leydig cell steroidogenesis. Endocrinology 1993; 132:2438–2444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo H, Calkins JH, Sigel MM, Lin T. Interleukin-2 is a potent inhibitor of Leydig cell steroidogenesis. Endocrinology 1990; 127:1234–1239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Der Poll T, Romijn JA, Endert E, Sauerwein HP. Effects of tumor necrosis factor on the hypothalamic–pituitary–testicular axis in healthy men. Metabolism 1993; 42:303–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Röjdmark S. Increased gonadotropin responsiveness to gonadotropin-releasing hormone during fasting in normal subjects. Metabolism 1987; 36:21–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivier C, Vale W. In the rat, interleukin 1-α acts at the level of the brain and the gonads to interfere with gonadotropin and sex steroid secretion. Endocrinology 1989; 124:2105–2109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spratt DI, Bigos ST, Beitins I, Cox P, Longeope C, Orav J. Both hyper- and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism occur transiently in acute illness: bio- and immunoactive gonadotropins. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992; 75:1562–1570.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SC, Zasler ND, Kreutzer JS. Male pituitary-gonadal dysfunction following severe traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 1994; 8:571–577.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogel AV, Peake GT, Rada RT. Pituitary-testicular axis dysfunction in burned men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985; 60:658–665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Steenbergen W, Naert J, Lambrecht S, Scheys I, Lesaffre E, Pelemans W. Suppression of gonadotropin secretion in the hospitalized postmenapausal female as an effect of acute critical illness. Neuroendocrinology 1994; 60:165–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren MP, Siris ES, Petrovich C. The influence of severe illness on gonadotropin secretion in the postmenapausal female [abstract]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1977; 45:99–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gebhart SS, Watts NB, Clark RV, Umpierrez G, Sgoutas D. Reversible impairment of gonadotropin secretion in critical illness: observations in postmenopausal women. Arch Intern Med 1989; 149:1637–1641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolf PD, Hamill RW, McDonald JV, Lee LA, Kelly M. Transient hypogonadotropic hypogonadism caused by critical illness. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985; 60:44–50.
   Google Scholar
• Van Den Berghe G. Novel insights into the neuroendocrinology of critical illness. Eur J Endocrinol 2000; 143:1–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semple PD, Watson WS, Beastall GH, Hume R. Endocrine and metabolic studies in unstable cor pulmonale. Thorax 1983; 38:45–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gosney JR. Atrophy of Leydig cells in the testis of men with longstanding chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Thorax 1987; 42:615–619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semple PD, Beastall GH, Brown TM, Stirling KW, Mills RJ, Watson WS. Sex hormone suppression and sexual impotence in hypoxic pulmonary fibrosis. Thorax 1984; 39:46–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semple PD, Beastall GH, Watson WS, Hume R. Serum testosterone depression associated with hypoxia in respiratory failure [abstract]. Clin Sci (Lond) 1980; 58:105–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Den Berghe G, Baxter RC, Weekers F, Wounters P, Bowers CY, Veldhuis JD. A paradoxical gender dissociation within the growth hormone/insulin like growth factor 1 axis during protracted critical illness. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85:183–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spratt DI, Longcope C, Cox PM, Bigos ST, Wilbur- Welling CW. Differential changes in serum concentrations of androgens and estrogens (in relation with cortisol) in postmenopausal women with acute illness. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 76:1542–1547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spratt DI, Morton JR, Kramer RS, Mayo SW, Longcope C, Vary CP. Increase in serum estrogen levels during major illness are caused by increased peripheral aromatization. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006; 291:E631–E638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christeff N, Auclair MC, Thobie N, Fertil B, Carli A, Nunez EA. Effect of estradiol on endotoxin-induced changes in steroid hormones levels and lethality in male rates. Circ Shock 1994; 44:154–159.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mizushima Y, Wang P, Jarrar D, Cioffi WG, Bland KI, Chaudry IH. Estradiol administration after trauma-hemorrhage improves cardiovascular and hepatocellular functions in male animals. Ann Surg 2000; 232:673–679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frink M, Thobe BM, Hsieh YC, Choudhry MA, Schwacha MG, Bland KI, Chaudry IH. 17-β-Estradiol inhibits keratinocyte-derived chemokine production following trauma-hemorrhage. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 192:L585–L591.
   Google Scholar
• Cuzzocrea S, Mazzon E, Sautebin L, Serraino I, Dugo L, Calabró G, Caputi AP, Maggi A. The protective role of endogenous estrogen in carrageenan-induced lung injury in the rat. Mol Med 2001; 7:478–487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massaro D, Massaro GD. Estrogen regulates pulmonary alveolar formation, loss, and regeneration in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004; 287:L1154–1159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sin DD, Cohen SB, Day A, Coxson H, Pará PD. Understanding the biological differences in susceptibility to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease between men and women. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2007; 4:671–674.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Massaro D, Massaro GD. Toward therapeutic pulmonary alveolar regeneration in humans. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2006; 3:709–712.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bailey AR, Burchett KR. Effect of low-dose dopamine on serum concentrations of prolactin in critically ill patients. Br J Anaesth 1997; 78:97–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haddad PM, Wieck A. Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinaemia: mechanisms, clinical features and management. Drugs 2004; 64:2291–2314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chopra JI. Euthyroid sick syndrome: is it a misnomer? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82:329–334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fliers E, Alkemade A, Wiersinga WM. The hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis in critical illness. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 15:453–464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burman KD, Wartofsky L. Thyroid function in the intensive care unit setting. Crit Care Clin 2001; 17:43–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peeters RP, Wouters PJ, Van Toor H, Kaptein E, Visser TJ, Van den Berghe G. Serum rT3 and T3/rT3 are prognostic markers in critically ill patients and are associated with post-mortem tissue deiodinase activities. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90:4559–4565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lervasi G, Pingitore A, Landi P, Raciti M, Ripoli A, Scarlattini M, L’Abbate A, Donato L. Low-T3 syndrome: a strong prognostic predictor of death in patients with heart disease. Circulation 2003; 107:708–713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plikat K, Langgartner J, Buettner R, Bollheimer LC, Woenckhaus U, Schölmerich J, Wrede CE. Frequency and outcome of patients with nonthyroidal illness syndrome in a medical intensive care unit. Metabolism 2007; 56:239–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arem R, Deppe S. Fatal nonthyroidal illness may impair nocturnal thyrotropin levels. Am J Med 1990; 88:258–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Den Berghe G. Endocrine evaluation of patients with critical illness. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am 2003; 32:385–410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar