Partition constant and volume of distribution as predictors of clinical efficacy of lipid rescue for toxicological emergencies

References

• Weinberg GL, VadeBoncouer T, Ramaraju GA, Garcia-Amaro MF, Cwik MJ. Pretreatment or resuscitation with a lipid infusion shifts the dose-response to bupivacaine-induced asystole in rats. Anesthesiology 1998; 88:1071–1075.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberg G, Ripper R, Fenstein DL, Hoffman W. Lipid-emulsion infusion rescues dogs from bupivacaine-induced cardiac toxicity. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2003; 28:198–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenblatt MA, Abel M, Fischer GW, Itzkovich CJ, Eisenkraft JB. Successful use of a 20% lipid emulsion to resuscitate a patient after a presumed bupivacaine-related cardiac arrest. Anesthesiology 2006; 105:217–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith HM, Jacob AK, Segura LG, Dilger JA, Torsher LC. Simulation education in anesthesia training: A case report of successful resuscitation of bupivacaine-induced cardiac arrest linked to recent simulation training. Anesth Analg 2008; 106:1581–1584.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren JA, Thoma RB, Georgescu A, Shah SJ. Intravenous lipid infusion in the successful resuscitation of local anesthetic-induced cardiovascular collapse after supraclavicular brachial plexus block. Anesth Analg 2008; 106:1578–1580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludot H, Tharin J-Y, Belouadah M, Mazoit J-X, Malinovsky J-M. Successful resuscitation after ropivacaine and lidocaine-induced ventricular arrhythmia following posterior lumbar plexus block in a child. Anesth Analg 2008; 106:1572–1574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litz RJ, Roessel T, Heller AR, Stehr SN. Reversal of central nervous system and cardiac toxicity after local anesthetic intoxication by lipid emulsion injection. Anesth Analg 2008; 106:1575–1577.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah S, Gopalakrishnan S, Apuya J, Shah S, Martin T. Use of Intralipid in an infant with impending cardiovascular collapse due to local anesthetic toxicity. J Anesth 2009; 23:439–441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sirianni AJ, Osterhoudt KC, Calello DP, Muller AA, Waterhouse MR, Goodkin MB, . Use of lipid emulsion in the resuscitation of a patient with prolonged cardiovascular collapse after overdose of bupropion and lamotrigine. Ann Emerg Med 2008; 51:412–415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finn SDH, Uncles DR, Willers J, Sable N. Early treatment of a quetiapine and sertraline overdose with Intralipid. Anaesthesia 2009; 64:191–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young AC, Velez LI, Kleinshmidt KC. Intravenous fat emulsion therapy for intentional sustained-release verapamil overdose. Resuscitation 2009; 80:591–593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• French D, Armenian P, Ruan W, Wong A, Drasner K, Olson KR, Wu AHB. Serum verapamil concentrations before and after Intralipid® therapy during treatment of an overdose. Clin Toxicol 2011; 49:340–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberg G, Di Gregorio G, Hiller D, Hewett A, Sirianni A. Reversal of haloperidol-induced cardiac arrest by using lipid emulsion. Ann Intern Med 2009; 150:737–738.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montiel V, Gougnard T, Hantson P. Diltiazem poisoning treated with hyperinsulinemic euglycemia therapy and intravenous lipid emulsion. Eur J Emerg Med 2011; 18:121–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stellpflug SJ, Harris CR, Engebretsen KM, Cole JB, Holger JS. Intentional overdose with cardiac arrest treated with intravenous fat emulsion and high-dose insulin. Clin Toxicol 2010; 48:227–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr D, Boone A, Hoffman RS, Martin K, Ahluwalia N. Successful resuscitation of a doxepin overdose using intravenous fat emulsion (IFE). Clin Toxicol 2009; 47:710. (Abstract).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolcourt BA, Aaron CK. Intravenous fat emulsion for refractory verapamil and atenolol induced shock: A human case report. Clin Toxicol 2008; 46:619–620. (Abstract).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harchelroad FP, Palma A. Efficacy and safety of intravenous lipid therapy in a β-blocker overdose. Clin Toxicol 2008; 46:634. (Abstract).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stellpflug SJ, Cole JB, Fritzlar SJ, Engebretsen KM, Holger JS. Cardiotoxic overdose treated with intravenous fat emulsion and high-dose insulin in the setting of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Med Toxicol 2011; 7:151–153.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kapadia KJ, Al-Duaij N, Ganetsky M, Burke L, Horn E, Rosen C. Case series of severe TCA toxicity treated with intravenous fat emulsion. Clin Toxicol 2010; 48:612. (Abstract).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stellpflug SJ, Cole JB, Dolan JA, Setzer SC, Moser KL, Harris, CR. Life-threatening flecainide overdose treated with intravenous fat emulsion. Clin Toxicol 2010; 48:612–613. (Abstract).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jolliff HA, De Lucia AC, Thomas TN. Lipid emulsion in the treatment of diphenhydramine toxicity. Clin Toxicol 2010; 48:613. (Abstract).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• www.lipidrescue.org
   Google Scholar
• The American College of Medical Toxicology Interim Guidance for the Use of Lipid Resuscitation Therapy. (http://www.acmt.net/_Library/Membership_Documents/Lipid_resuscitation_G_4F9E49_-_for_member_comment.pdf).
   Google Scholar
• The PubChem database (http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/).
   Google Scholar
• Baselt, RC. Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man. 7th edition. Foster City, CA: Biomedical Publications; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland. Guidelines for the Management of Severe Local Anaesthetic Toxicity (http://www.aagbi.org/sites/default/files/la_toxicity_2010_0.pdf).
   Google Scholar
• Resuscitation Council of the United Kingdom. Algorithm on the management of severe local anesthetic toxicity (http://www.resus.org.uk/pages/statMain.htm).
   Google Scholar
• Neal JM, Bernards CM, Butterworth JF, Gregorio GD, Drasner K, Hejtmanek MR, . ASRA practice advisory on local anesthetic systemic toxicity. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2010; 35:152–161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van de Velde M, Woutersm PF, Rolf N, Van Aken H, Flameng W, Vandermeersch E. Long-chain triglycerides improve recovery from myocardial stunning in conscious dogs. Cardiovasc Res 1996; 32:1008–1015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne A, Harvey M, Cave G. Intravenous lipid emulsion does not augment blood pressure recovery in a rabbit model of metoprolol toxicity. J Med Toxicol 2010; 6:373–378.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar