Position paper update: ipecac syrup for gastrointestinal decontamination

References

• McAleer JJA, Murphy GJJ, Taylor RH, Moran JLC, O’Connor FA. Trends in the severity of self-poisoning. J Royal Soc Med 1986; 79:74–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardwicke C, Holt L, James R, Smith AJ. Trends in self-poisoning with drugs in Newcastle, New South Wales, 1980–1982. Med J Aust 1986; 144:453–454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook R, Allcock R, Johnston M. Self-poisoning: current trends and practice in a UK teaching hospital. Clin Med 2008; 8:37–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobsen D, Frederichsen PS, Knutsen KM, Sorum Y, Talseth T, Odegaard OR. Clinical course in acute self-poisonings: a prospective study of 1125 consecutively hospitalised adults. Hum Toxicol 1984; 3:107–116.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lamminpää A, Riihimäki V, Vilska J. Hospitalizations due to poisoning in Finland. J Clin Epidemiol 1993; 46:47–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers JB, Smith AJ, Elliott RL, MacAskill P. Self-poisoning with drugs. A 3½-year study in Newcastle, NSW. Med J Aust 1981; 2:402–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams RHM. An accident and emergency department's view of self-poisoning: a retrospective study from the United Norwich Hospitals 1978–1982. Hum Toxicol 1986; 5:5–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• American Academy of Clinical Toxicology and European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists. Position Paper: Ipecac Syrup. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2004; 42:133–143.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• American Academy of Clinical Toxicology and European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists. Position Statement: Ipecac Syrup. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1997; 35:699–709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson WA, Litovitz TL, Rodgers GC, Klein-Schwartz W, Youniss J, Rose SR, . 2002 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am J Emerg Med 2003; 21:353–421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brinker AD, Nourjah P. Trends in the use of ipecac in the ED setting: data from the 1992–2002 NHAMCS-ED [letter]. Am J Emerg Med 2006; 24:759–761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Judge BS, Trestrail JH. Declining presence of syrup of ipecac in the home: analysis of questionnaires prior to and following the 2003 publication of the AAP policy statement on poison treatment in the home [abstract]. Clin Toxicol 2008; 46:628.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly NR, Sanchez SH. Is syrup of ipecac still for sale? Comparison of pharmacies in a large urban area - 2003 versus 2005. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2007; 46:320–324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond GR. Home syrup of ipecac use does not reduce emergency department use or improve outcome. Pediatrics 2003; 112:1061–1064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold FJ, Hodges JB Jr, Barta RA Jr . Evaluation of the efficacy of lavage and induced emesis in treatment of salicylate poisoning. Pediatrics 1959; 23:286–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdallah AH, Tye A. A comparison of the efficacy of emetic drugs and stomach lavage. Am J Dis Child 1967; 113:571–575.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Corby DG, Lisciandro RC, Lehman LH, Decker WJ. The efficiency of methods used to evacuate the stomach after acute ingestions. Pediatrics 1967; 40:871–874.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teshima D, Suzuki A, Otsubo K, Higuchi S, Aoyama T, Shimozono Y, . Efficacy of emetic and United States Pharmacopoeia ipecac syrup in prevention of drug absorption. Chem Pharm Bull 1990; 38:2242–2245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuvonen PJ, Vartiainen M, Tokola O. Comparison of activated charcoal and ipecac syrup in prevention of drug absorption. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1983; 24:557–562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtis RA, Barone J, Giacona N. Efficacy of ipecac and activated charcoal/cathartic. Arch Intern Med 1984; 144:48–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuvonen PJ, Olkkola KT. Activated charcoal and syrup of ipecac in prevention of cimetidine and pindolol absorption in man after administration of metoclopramine as an antiemetic agent. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1984; 22:103–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tandberg D, Diven BG, McLeod JW. Ipecac induced emesis versus orogastric lavage. Am J Emerg Med 1986; 4:205–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tenenbein M, Cohen S, Sitar DS. Efficacy of ipecac-induced emesis, orogastric lavage, and activated charcoal for acute drug overdose. Ann Emerg Med 1987; 16:838–841.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danel V, Henry JA, Glucksman E. Activated charcoal, emesis, and gastric lavage in aspirin overdose. BMJ 1988; 296:1507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasquez TE, Evans DG, Ashburn WL. Efficacy of syrup of ipecac-induced emesis for emptying gastric contents. Clin Nucl Med 1988; 13:638–639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNamara RM, Aaron CK, Gemborys M, Davidheiser S. Efficacy of charcoal cathartic versus ipecac in reducing serum acetaminophen in a simulated overdose. Ann Emerg Med 1989; 18:934–938.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tandberg D, Murphy LC. The knee-chest position does not improve the efficacy of ipecac-induced emesis. Am J Emerg Med 1989; 7: 267–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young WF, Bivins HG. Evaluation of gastric emptying using radionuclides: gastric lavage versus ipecac-induced emesis. Ann Emerg Med 1993; 22:1423–1427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saincher A, Sitar DS, Tenenbein M. Efficacy of ipecac during the first hour after drug ingestion in human volunteers. J Toxicol ClinToxicol 1997; 35:609–615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corby DG, Decker WJ, Moran MJ, Payne CE. Clinical comparison of pharmacologic emetics in children. Pediatrics 1968; 42:361–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auerbach PS, Osterloh J, Braun O, Hu P, Geehr EC, Kizer KW, McKinney H. Efficacy of gastric emptying: gastric lavage versus emesis induced with ipecac. Ann Emerg Med 1986; 15:692–698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saetta JP, March S, Gaunt ME, Quinton DN. Gastric emptying procedures in the self-poisoned patient: are we forcing gastric content beyond the pylorus? J R Soc Med 1991; 84:274–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tenenbein M. Inefficacy of gastric emptying procedures. J Emerg Med 1985; 3:133–136.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Landsman I, Bricker JT, Reid BS, Bloss RS. Emergency gastrotomy: treatment of choice f iron bezoar. J Pediatr Surg 1987; 22:184–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson CD, Fifield GC. Emergency gastrotomy for acute iron poisoning. Ann Emerg Med 1980; 9:262–264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynn A, Hurley W. Successful treatment of iron bezoar with syrup of ipecac [abstract]. Clin Toxicol 2010; 48:647–648.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond GR, Requa RK, Krenzelok EP, Normann SA, Tendler JD, Morris CL, . Influence of time until emesis on the efficacy of decontamination using acetaminophen as a marker in a pediatric population. Ann Emerg Med 1993; 22:1403–1407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amitai Y, Mitchell AA, McGuigan MA, Lovejoy FH Jr . Ipecac- induced emesis and reduction of plasma concentrations of drugs following accidental overdose in children. Pediatrics 1987; 80:364–367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulig K, Bar-Or D, Cantrill SV, Rosen P, Rumack BH. Management of acutely poisoned patients without gastric emptying. Ann Emerg Med 1985; 14:562–567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pond SM, Lewis-Driver DJ, Williams GM, Green AC, Stevenson NW. Gastric emptying in acute overdose: a prospective randomised controlled trial. Med J Aust 1995; 163:345–349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merigian KS, Woodard M, Hedges JR, Roberts JR, Stuebling R, Rashkin MC. Prospective evaluation of gastric emptying in the self-poisoned patient. Am J Emerg Med 1990; 8:479–483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kornberg AE, Dolgin J. Pediatric ingestions: charcoal alone versus ipecac and charcoal. Ann Emerg Med 1991; 20:648–651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond GR. Home use of syrup of ipecac is associated with a reduction in pediatric emergency department visits. Ann Emerg Med 1995; 25:338–343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Underhill TJ, Greene MK, Dove AF. A comparison of the efficacy of gastric lavage, ipecacuanha and activated charcoal in the emergency management of paracetamol overdose. Arch Emerg Med 1990; 7:148–154.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saetta JP, Quinton DN. Residual gastric content after gastric lavage and ipecacuanha-induced emesis in self-poisoned patients: an endoscopic study. J R Soc Med 1991; 84:35–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beuhler MC, Sasser HC, Watson WA. The outcome of North American pediatric unintentional mushroom ingestions with various decontamination treatments: an analysis of 14 years of TESS data. Toxicon 2009; 53:437–443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brok J, Buckley N, Gluud C. Interventions for paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; CD003328.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marc BR. Managing high-risk body-stuffers who swallow the evidence [letter]. J Forensic Leg Med 2008; 15:200–201.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Püschel K, Stein S, Stobbe S, Heinemann A. Analysis of 683 drug packages seized from “body stuffers”. Forensic Sci Int 2004; 140:109–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips S, Gomez H, Brent J. Pediatric gastrointestinal decontamination in acute toxin ingestion. J Clin Pharmacol 1993; 33:497–507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrone J, Hoffman RS, Goldfrank LR. Special considerations in gastrointestinal decontamination. Emerg Med Clin North Am 1994; 12:285–299.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hollinger M. Ipecac contraindicated with overdoses of seizure- induced drugs. J Emerg Nurs 1991; 17:128.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Albertson TE, Derlet RW, Foulke GE, Minguillon MC, Tharratt SR. Superiority of activated charcoal alone compared with ipecac and activated charcoal in the treatment of acute toxic ingestions. Ann Emerg Med 1989; 18:56–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chafee-Bahamon C, Lacouture PG, Lovejoy FH Jr . Risk assessment of ipecac in the home. Pediatrics 1985; 75:1105–1109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litovitz TL, Klein-Schwartz W, Oderda GM, Matyunas NJ, Wiley S, Gorman RL. Ipecac administration in children younger than 1 year of age. Pediatrics 1985; 76:761–764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wax PM, Cobaugh DJ, Lawrence RA. Should home ipecac-induced emesis be routinely recommended in the management of berry ingestions? Vet Hum Toxicol 1999; 41:394–397.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Czajka PA, Russel SL. Nonemetic effects of ipecac syrup. Pediatrics 1985; 75:1101–1104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tandberg D, Liechty EJ, Fishbein D. Mallory-Weiss Syndrome: an unusual complication of ipecac-induced emesis. Ann Emerg Med 1981; 10:521–523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timberlake GA. Ipecac as a cause of Mallory-Weiss Syndrome. South Med J 1984; 77:804–805.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolowodiuk OK, McMicken DB, O’Brien P. Pneumomediastineum: an unusual complication of syrup-of-ipecac-induced emesis. Ann Emerg Med 1984; 13:1148–1151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wrenn K, Rodenwald L, Docstader L. Potential misuse of ipecac. Ann Emerg Med 1993; 22:1408–1422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson WO. Syrup of ipecac associated fatality: a case report. Vet Hum Toxicol 1979; 21:87–89.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klein-Schwartz W, Gorman RL, Oderda GM, Wedin GP, Saggar D. Ipecac use in the elderly: the unanswered question. Ann Emerg Med 1984; 13:1152–1154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight KM, Doucet HJ. Gastric rupture and death caused by ipecac syrup. South med J 1987; 80:786–787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler AG, Walinsky P, Krall RA, Cho SY. Death resulting from ipecac syrup poisoning. JAMA 1980; 243:1927–1928.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson WO. Safety of ipecac syrup. JAMA 1980; 244:1675.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brotman MC, Forbath N, Garfinkel PE, Humphrey JG. Myopathy due to ipecac syrup poisoning in a patient with anorexia nervosa. Can Med Assoc J 1981; 125:453–454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mateer JE, Farrel BJ, Chou SS, Gutmann L. Reversible ipecac myopathy. Arch Neurol 1985; 42:188–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett HS, Spiro AJ, Pollack MA, Zucker P. Ipecac-induced myopathy simulating dermatomyositis. Neurology 1982; 32:91–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman EJ. Death from ipecac intoxication in a patient with anorexia nervosa. Am J Psychiat 1984; 141:702–703.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moldawsky RJ. Myopathy and ipecac abuse in a bulimic patient. Psychosomatics 1985; 26:448–449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer EP, Guay AT. Reversible myopathy secondary to abuse of ipecac in patients with major eating disorders. N Engl J Med 1985; 313:1457–1459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson JA, Yager J. A case of abuse of ipecac resulting in death. J Am Coll Health 1986; 34:280–282.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosenberg NL, Ringel SP. Myopathy from surreptitious ipecac ingestion. West J Med 1986; 145:386–388.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schiff RJ, Wurzel CL, Brunson SC, Kasloff I, Nussbaum MP, Frank SD. Death due to chronic syrup of ipecac use in a patient with bulimia. Pediatrics 1986; 78:412–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman AG, Seime RJ, Roberts T, Fremouw WJ. Ipecac abuse: a serious complication in bulimia. Gen Hosp Psychiat 1987; 9:225–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halbig L, Gutmann L, Goebel HH, Brick JF, Schochet S. Ultrastructural pathology in emetine-induced myopathy. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1988; 75:577–582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuntzer T, Bogousslavsky J, Deruaz JP, Janzer R, Regli F. Reversible emetine-induced myopathy with ECG abnormalities: a toxic myopathy. J Neurol 1989; 236:246–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dresser LP, Massey EW, Johnson EE, Bossen E. Ipecac myopathy and cardiomyopathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 1993; 56: 560–562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thyagarajan D, Day BJ, Wodak J, Gilligan B, Dennett X. Emetine myopathy in a patient with an eating disorder. Med J Aust 1993; 159:757–760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho PC, Dweik R, Cohen MC. Rapidly reversible cardiomyopathy associated with chronic ipecac ingestion. Clin Cardiol 1998; 21: 780–783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper C, Kilham H, Ryan M. Ipecac – a substance of abuse. Med J Aust 1998; 168:94–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rashid N. Medically unexplained myopathy due to ipecac abuse. Psychosomatics 2006; 47:167–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner C, Bowers W. Cardiomyopathy in a child induced by intentional ipecac poisoning. Air Med J 2006; 25:236–237.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McClung HJ, Murray R, Braden NJ, Fyda J, Myers RP, Gutches L. Intentional ipecac poisoning in children. Am J Dis Child 1988; 142:637–639.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berkner P, Kastner T, Skolnick L. Chronic ipecac poisoning in infancy: a case report. Pediatrics 1988; 82:384–386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutphen JL, Saulsbury FT. Intentional ipecac poisoning: Munchausen syndrome by proxy. Pediatrics 1988; 82:453–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colletti RB, Wasserman RC. Recurrent infantile vomiting due to intentional ipecac poisoning. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1989; 8:394–396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day L, Kelly C, Reed G, Andersen JM, Keljo JM. Fatal cardiomyopathy: suspected child abuse by chronic ipecac administration. Vet Hum Toxicol 1989; 31:255–257.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Santangelo WC, Richey JE, Rivera L, Fordtran JS. Surreptitious ipecac administration simulating intestinal pseudo-obstruction. Ann Intern Med 1989; 110:1031–1032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson JE, Carpenter BL, Benton J, Cross R, Eaton LA Jr, Rhoads JM. Hemorrhagic colitis and pseudomelanosis coli in ipecac ingestion by proxy. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1991; 12: 501–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goebel J, Gremse DA, Artman M. Cardiomyopathy from ipecac administration in Munchausen syndrome by proxy. Pediatrics 1993; 92:601–603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider DJ, Perez A, Knilamus TE, Daniels SR, Bove KE, Bonnell H. Clinical and pathologic aspects of cardiomyopathy from ipecac administration in Munchausen's syndrome by proxy. Pediatrics 1996; 97:902–906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manoguerra AS, Cobaugh DJ. Guideline on the use of ipecac syrup in the out-of-hospital management of ingested poisons. Clin Toxicol 2005; 43:1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krenzelok EP. Ipecac syrup-induced emesis ... no evidence of benefit [editorial]. Clin Toxicol 2005; 43:11–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drug shortage product bulletins: ipecac syrup. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, 12 October 2010. Available at http://www.ashp.org/DrugShortages/NotAvailable/Bulletin.aspx?id = 468 [accessed 17 August 2011].
   Google Scholar