5,726
Views
79
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Extracorporeal treatment for carbamazepine poisoning: Systematic review and recommendations from the EXTRIP workgroup

, , , , , , , , , & show all
Pages 993-1004 | Received 12 Aug 2014, Accepted 01 Oct 2014, Published online: 30 Oct 2014

References

  • Ghannoum M, Nolin TD, Lavergne V, Hoffman RS. Blood purification in toxicology: nephrology's ugly duckling. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2011; 18:160–166.
  • Lavergne V, Nolin TD, Hoffman RS, Robert D, Gosselin S, Goldfarb DS, et al. The EXTRIP (Extracorporeal Treatments In Poisoning) workgroup: guideline methodology. Clin Toxicol 2012; 50:403–413.
  • Ghannoum M, Lavergne V, Nolin TD, Hoffman RS. The utility of extracorporeal treatment for acute thallium poisoning: the first recommendation from the Extracorporeal Treatment in Poisoning Workgroup. Clin Toxicol 2012; 50:574–720.
  • Yates C, Galvao T, Sowinski KM, Mardini K, Botnaru T, Gosselin S, et al. Extracorporeal treatment for tricyclic antidepressant poisoning: recommendations from the EXTRIP workgroup. Semin Dial. 2014; 27:381–389.
  • Mactier R, Laliberte M, Mardini J, Ghannoum M, Lavergne V, Gosselin S, et al. Extracorporeal treatment for barbiturate poisoning: recommendations from the EXTRIP workgroup. Am J Kidney Dis 2014; 64:347–358.
  • Gosselin S, Juurlink DN, Kielstein JT, Ghannoum M, Lavergne V, Nolin TD, Hoffman RS. Extracorporeal treatment for acetaminophen poisoning: Recommendations from the EXTRIP workgroup. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2014; 52:856–867.
  • Spiller HA. Management of carbamazepine overdose. Pediatr Emerg Care 2001; 17:452–456.
  • Vree TB, Janssen TJ, Hekster YA, Termond EF, van de Dries AC, Wijnands WJ. Clinical pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine and its epoxy and hydroxy metabolites in humans after an overdose. Ther Drug Monit 1986;8:297–304.
  • Sikma MA, van den Broek MP, Meulenbelt J. Increased unbound drug fraction in acute carbamazepine intoxication: suitability and effectiveness of high-flux haemodialysis. Intensive Care Med 2012; 38:916–917.
  • Lurie Y, Bentur Y, Levy Y, Baum E, Krivoy N. Limited efficacy of gastrointestinal decontamination in severe slow-release carbamazepine overdose. Ann Pharmacother 2007; 41:1539–1543.
  • Package insert. Tegretol (carbamazepine) USP chewable tablets of 100 mg, tablets 200 mg, suspension 100 mg/5 ml, Tegretol-XR, carbamazepine extended-release tablets 100 mg, 200 mg, 400 mg. . East Hanover, NJ: Novartis Pharmaceutical Corp; 2006.
  • Cameron RJ, Hungerford P, Dawson AH. Efficacy of charcoal hemoperfusion in massive carbamazepine poisoning. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2002; 40:507–512.
  • Guntelberg E. Carbamazepine tegretol poisoning. A review and case report. Ugeskr Laeger. 1967; 129:161–163.
  • Hojer J, Malmlund HO, Berg A. Clinical features in 28 consecutive cases of laboratory confirmed massive poisoning with carbamazepine alone. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1993; 31:449–458.
  • Schmidt S, Schmitz-Buhl M. Signs and symptoms of carbamazepine overdose. J Neurol 1995; 242:169–173.
  • Leslie PJ, Heyworth R, Prescott LF. Cardiac complications of carbamazepine intoxication: treatment by haemoperfusion. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1983; 286:1018.
  • Megarbane B, Leprince P, Deye N, Guerrier G, Resiere D, Bloch V, Baud FJ. Extracorporeal life support in a case of acute carbamazepine poisoning with life-threatening refractory myocardial failure. Intensive Care Med. 2006; 32:1409–1413.
  • Schwartau M, Wahl G, Bucking J. Intramyocardial block in carbamazepine poisoning. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1983; 108(48): 1841–1843.
  • Martin-Echevarria E, De Arriba G, Pereira-Julia A, Albaya A. Acute carbamazepine intoxication treated with hemoperfusion. Rev Clin Esp 2006; 206:300.
  • Hruby K, Lenz K, Druml W, Kleinberger G. Experiences with acute carbamazepine poisoning. Nervenarzt 1982; 53:414–418.
  • de Zeeuw RA, Westenberg HG, van der Kleijn E, Gimbrere JS. An unusual case of carbamazepine poisoning with a near-fatal relapse after two days. Clin Toxicol 1979; 14:263–269.
  • Sethna M, Solomon G, Cedarbaum J, Kutt H. Successful treatment of massive carbamazepine overdose. Epilepsia 1989; 30:71–73.
  • Graudins A, Peden G, Dowsett RP. Massive overdose with controlled-release carbamazepine resulting in delayed peak serum concentrations and life-threatening toxicity. Emerg Med (Fremantle) 2002; 14:89–94.
  • Spiller HA, Krenzelok EP, Cookson E. Carbamazepine overdose: a prospective study of serum levels and toxicity. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1990; 28:445–458.
  • Chyka PA,Seger D,Krenzelok EP,Vale JA,American Academy of Clinical Toxicology; European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists. Position paper: single-dose activated charcoal. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2005; 43:61–87.
  • Brahmi N, Kouraichi N, Thabet H, Amamou M. Influence of activated charcoal on the pharmacokinetics and the clinical features of carbamazepine poisoning. Am J Emerg Med 2006; 24:440–443.
  • Vale J, Krenzelok, EP, Barceloux VD. Position statement and practice guidelines on the use of multi-dose activated charcoal in the treatment of acute poisoning. American Academy of Clinical Toxicology; European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1999;37:731–751.
  • Deshpande G, Meert KL, Valentini RP. Repeat charcoal hemoperfusion treatments in life threatening carbamazepine overdose. Pediatr Nephrol 1999; 13:775–777.
  • Soderstrom J, Murray L, Little M, Daly FF. Toxicology case of the month: carbamazepine overdose. Emerg Med J 2006; 23: 869–871.
  • Ozsarac M, Sever M, Gokova S, Ersel M, Sezis M. Massive carbamazepine overdose: any role of hemodialysis? Case report. Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci 2011; 31:702–705.
  • Sud A, Chidley K. A role for intravenous lipid emulsion in cardiac arrest secondary to life-threatening carbamazepine overdose. Anaesthesia 2013; 68:989.
  • Hurley WT, Hanlon P. Lipid Emulsion as an Antidote at the Washington Poison Center; Use in Carbamazepine, Flecanide, Hydroxychloroquine, Bupivacaine, and Bupropion. Clin Toxicol 2009; 47:729.
  • Carbamazepine. May 24, 2013. Managements Greenwood Village (CO): Thomson Reuters (Healthcare) IncPOISINDEX®. Available from: http://www.thomsonhc.com.
  • Greene S, O’Connor A. Carbamazepine poisoning. 2013 October 28th 2013 [cited May 15th 2014]. In: UpToDate [Internet]. Waltham, MA, [cited May 15th 2014].
  • Doyon S. Anticonvulsants. In: Nelson LS, Lewin NA, Howland MA, Hoffman RS, Goldfrank LR, Neal F, eds. Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2011:698–710.
  • Fountain J. Phenytoin. 2014 [cited August 15th 2014]. In: Toxinz [Internet]. New Zealand, [cited August 15th 2014]. Available from: http://www.toxinz.com/Spec/1899192#secrefID0EUNAG.
  • Kapoor N. Carbamazepine toxicity treatment & management. 2012 March 29 2012 [cited 24 May 2014]. EMedicine, [cited 24 May 2014]. Available from: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/813654-treatment#a1129
  • Carbamazepine. 2013 [cited March 23 2014]. In: Wiki Tox [Internet]. [cited March 23 2014]. Available from: http://curriculum.toxicology.wikispaces.net/3.4.2.3 + Carbamazepine.
  • Furlanut M, Franceschi L, Poz D, Silvestri L, Pecorari M. Acute oxcarbazepine, benazepril, and hydrochlorothiazide overdose with alcohol. Ther Drug Monit 2006; 28:267–268.
  • Appraisal of guidelines for research & evaluation. AGREE instrument. London: The AGREE Collaboration; 2001.
  • Atkins D, Best D, Briss PA, Eccles M, Falck-Ytter Y, Flottorp S, et al. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2004; 328:1490.
  • Fitch K, Bernstein SJ, Aguilar MD, Burnand B, LaCalle JR, Lazaro P, et al. The RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method User's Manual. Santa Monica, CA2011. Available from:http://www.rand.org/. Accessed on April 10th 2014.
  • Ozhasenekler A, Gokhan S, Guloglu C, Orak M, Ustundag M. Benefit of hemodialysis in carbamazepine intoxications with neurological complications. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2012; 16:43–47.
  • Maslov OG, Brusin KM, Kochmashev VF, Sentsov VG. Comparative evaluation of methods of extracorporeal detoxification in acute carbamazepine poisoning. Klinicheskaia Toksikologiia (Russia) 2011;12.
  • Ash SR, Levy H, Akmal M, Mankus RA, Sutton JM, Emery DR, et al. Treatment of severe tricyclic antidepressant overdose with extracorporeal sorbent detoxification. Adv Ren Replace Ther 2002; 9:31–41.
  • Askenazi DJ, Goldstein SL, Chang IF, Elenberg E, Feig DI. Management of a severe carbamazepine overdose using albumin-enhanced continuous venovenous hemodialysis. Pediatrics 2004; 113:406–409.
  • Azak A, Kocak G, Huddam B, Duranay M. Is conventional hemodialysis enough to manage carbamazepine intoxication? Blood Purif 2012; 33:225–226.
  • Bek K, Kocak S, Ozkaya O, Yilmaz Y, Aydin OF, Tasdoven CS. Carbamazepine poisoning managed with haemodialysis and haemoperfusion in three adolescents. Nephrology (Carlton) 2007; 12:33–35.
  • Bock E, Keller F, Heitz J, Heinemeyer G. Treatment of carbamazepine poisoning by combined hemodialysis/hemoperfusion. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1989; 27:490–492.
  • Brodersen HP, Glitz HH, Minderjahn KP, Larbig D. Therapeutic aspects of intoxications with carbamazepine, lithium, and doxepin. Intensivmed Notfallmed 1986; 23:273–276.
  • Chan KM, Aguanno JJ, Jansen R, Dietzler DN. Charcoal hemoperfusion for treatment of carbamazepine poisoning. Clin Chem 1981; 27:1300–1302.
  • Chetty M, Sarkar P, Aggarwal A, Sakhuja V. Carbamazepine poisoning: treatment with haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003; 18:220–221.
  • de Groot G, van Heijst AN, Maes RA. Charcoal hemoperfusion in the treatment of two cases of acute carbamazepine poisoning. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1984; 22:349–362.
  • Derzsiova K, Mydlik M, Petrikova V. Hemoperfusion study with carbamazepine in vitro. Int J Artif Organs 1999; 22:730–733.
  • Duzova A, Baskin E, Usta Y, Ozen S. Carbamazepine poisoning: treatment with plasma exchange. Hum Exp Toxicol 2001; 20: 175–177.
  • Gambi D, Oggioni R, Mangani V, Librenti M, Manescalchi F, Tulli G. Acute carbamazepine poisoning treated with plasmapheresis. Description of a clinical case. Minerva Anestesiol 1993; 59: 547–552.
  • Gary NE, Byra WM, Eisinger RP. Carbamazepine poisoning: treatment by hemoperfusion. Nephron 1981; 27:202–203.
  • Goktas U, Kati I, Yuce HH. Management of a severe carbamazepine overdose with continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration. Am J Emerg Med 2010; 28:260 e1–2.
  • Gruska H, Beyer KH, Kubicki S, Schneider H. Course, toxicology and therapy of a case of carbamazepin poisoning. Arch Toxikol 1971; 27:193–203.
  • Harder JL, Heung M, Vilay AM, Mueller BA, Segal JH. Carbamazepine and the active epoxide metabolite are effectively cleared by hemodialysis followed by continuous venovenous hemodialysis in an acute overdose. Hemodial Int 2011; 15: 412–415.
  • Hartleib H, Nitzsche W, Stople HJ, Rohmann E, Druckler E, Wigger M. Hemoperfusion for carbamazepine intoxication. Z Klin Med 1985; 40:441–443.
  • Isik Y, Soyoral L, Karadas S, Emre H, Cegin MB, Goktas U. Effectivity of one session charcoal hemoperfusion treatment in severe carbamazepine poisoning. Iran Red Crescent Med J 2013; 15:749–751.
  • Kale PB, Thomson PA, Provenzano R, Higgins MJ. Evaluation of plasmapheresis in the treatment of an acute overdose of carbamazepine. Ann Pharmacother 1993; 27:866–870.
  • Kielstein JT, Schwarz A, Arnavaz A, Sehlberg O, Emrich HM, Fliser D. High-flux hemodialysis–an effective alternative to hemoperfusion in the treatment of carbamazepine intoxication. Clin Nephrol 2002; 57:484–486.
  • Koh KH, Tan HH. High-flux haemodialysis treatment as treatment for carbamazepine intoxication. Med J Malaysia 2006; 61:109–111.
  • Kolacinski Z, Winnicka R, Lopacinski B, Kolacinska M. Carbamazepine “CR”–clinical picture of intoxication: the kinetics of extracorporeal elimination. Przegl Lek 2005; 62:482–485.
  • Kuhlmann U, Becker R, Ebel H, Gressner A, Lange H. Extracorporeal elimination of carbamazepine by haemoperfusion. Biomater Artif Cells Immobilization Biotechnol 1992; 20: 1171–1176.
  • Li TG, Yan Y, Wang NN, Zhao M. Acute carbamazepine poisoning treated with resin hemoperfusion successfully. Am J Emerg Med 2011; 29:518–522.
  • Low CL, Haqqie SS, Desai R, Bailie GR. Treatment of acute carbamazepine poisoning by hemoperfusion. Am J Emerg Med 1996;14:540–541.
  • Milonovich LM, Headrick CL, Seikaly M, Morriss FC. Charcoal hemoperfusion via a continuous venovenous hemofiltration circuit to treat carbamazepine overdose. Crit Care Nurse 2001; 21:25–28.
  • Montoya-Cabrera MA, Sanchez-Suarez BA, Hernandez-Zamora A, Murguia-Chavez LM. Treatment of acute carbamazepine intoxication according to its pharmacological properties. Preliminary report. Arch Invest Med (Mex) 1980; 11:417–424.
  • Muller CH, Lankisch PG. Resin hemoperfusion for carbamazepine intoxication. Intensivmed Notfallmed 1989; 26:145–148.
  • Narayan R, Rizzo M, Cole M. Successful treatment of severe carbamazepine toxicity with 5% albumin-enhanced continuous venovenous hemodialysis. J Artif Organs 2014; 17:206–209.
  • Nilsson C, Sterner G, Idvall J. Charcoal hemoperfusion for treatment of serious carbamazepine poisoning. Acta Med Scand 1984; 216:137–140.
  • O’Malley G, Zebley T, Wilcox B, Raja R, Firpo J. A massive carbamazepine overdose treated with high-efficiency hemodialysis. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2006; 44:684–685.
  • Payette A, Ghannoum M, Madore F, Albert M, Troyanov S, Bouchard J. Carbamazepine poisoning treated by multiple extracorporeal treatments. Clin Nephrol 2014.
  • Peces R, Azorin S, Peces C, Selgas R. Extended hemoperfusion in the treatment of acute carbamazepine intoxication. Nefrologia 2010; 30:127–130.
  • Piantanida S, Bolis C, Cattaneo A, Cosci P, Rivolta G. Charcoal hemoperfusion as treatment for carbamazepine acute intoxication. Acta Anaesthesiol Ital 1995; 46:191–194.
  • Pilapil M, Petersen J. Efficacy of hemodialysis and charcoal hemoperfusion in carbamazepine overdose. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2008; 46:342–343.
  • Prchlik R, Marsik S. Importance of hemoperfusion during poisoning of carbamazepine – a case report. Anesteziologie a Neodkladna Pece 2001; 12:143–144.
  • Ram Prabahar M, Raja Karthik K, Singh M, Singh RB, Singh S, Dhamodharan J. Successful treatment of carbamazepine poisoning with hemodialysis: a case report and review of the literature. Hemodial Int 2011; 15:407–411.
  • Saygan-Karamursel B, Guven S, Onderoglu L, Deren O, Durukan T. Mega-dose carbamazepine complicating third trimester of pregnancy. J Perinat Med 2005; 33:72–75.
  • Schlafke D, Kloock R. Carbamazepine poisoning. Anaesthesiol Reanim 1991; 16:220–224.
  • Schuerer DJ, Brophy PD, Maxvold NJ, Kudelka T, Bunchman TE. High-efficiency dialysis for carbamazepine overdose. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2000; 38:321–323.
  • Shah S, Tomlin M, Sparkes D. Lack of effect of high-volume continuous veno-venous haemofiltration with dialysis in massive carbamazepine overdose. BMJ Case Rep 2012;2012.
  • Springer W, Greiner C, Wehran HJ. Successful hemodialysis/hemo perfusion in a small child intoxicated by a mixture of phenytoin and carbamezepine. Z Klin Med 1987; 42:1401–1402.
  • Tapolyai M, Campbell M, Dailey K, Udvari-Nagy S. Hemodialysis is as effective as hemoperfusion for drug removal in carbamazepine poisoning. Nephron 2002; 90:213–215.
  • Tibballs J. Acute toxic reaction to carbamazepine: clinical effects and serum concentrations. J Pediatr 1992; 121:295–299.
  • Unei H, Ikeda H, Murakami T, Tanigawa K, Kihira K. Detoxication treatment for carbamazepine and lithium overdose. Yakugaku Zasshi 2008; 128:165–170.
  • Varela P, Ríos P, Gelabert B, García C, Bagnulo H. Acute intoxication with carbamazepine: treatment with hemoperfusion and hemofiltration. Arch Med Interna 2001; 23:107–110.
  • Vree T, Geerts Y, van Dalen R. Disposition kinetics of a severe overdose of carbamazepine. J Appl Ther 1997; 1:265–270.
  • Vree T, Von Dalen R, Geerts Y, Van Ewijk E. Clinical pharmacokinetics of a massive overdose of carbamazepine and acute renal failure. Clin Drug Invest 1997; 14:66–75.
  • Yaylaci S, Demir MV, Acar B, Sipahi S, Tamer A. Successful treatment of excessive dose of carbamazepine. Indian J Pharmacol 2012; 44:417–418.
  • Yildiz TS, Toprak DG, Arisoy ES, Solak M, Toker K. Continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration to treat controlled-release carbamazepine overdose in a pediatric patient. Paediatr Anaesth 2006; 16:1176–1178.
  • Bradley JM, Sagraves R. Effect of exchange-reduction transfusion on carbamazepine. Clin Pharm 1984; 3:585.
  • Kandrotas RJ, Oles KS, Gal P, Love JM. Carbamazepine clearance in hemodialysis and hemoperfusion. DICP 1989; 23:137–140.
  • Lee CS, Wang LH, Marbury TC, Bruni J, Perchalski RJ. Hemodialysis clearance and total body elimination of carbamazepine during chronic hemodialysis. Clin Toxicol 1980; 17:429–438.
  • Siddiqi ZA, Holt A, Ahmed SN. Effect of plasma exchange on carbamazepine levels in a patient with myasthenia gravis and epilepsy. Epilepsia 2005; 46:1841–1842.
  • Sentsov VG, Brusin KM, Meledin VY, Novikova OV, Urazaev TH. Comparison of charcoal hemoperfusion and hemodialysis in treatment of severe carbamazepine intoxications. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2007; 45:346.
  • Fischer S, Mueller D, Rentsch K, Ceschi A, Rauber-Luethy C. In vitro testing of plasma protein binding of carbamazepine in relation to serum concentration. Clin Toxicol 2010; 48:652.
  • Becker R, Kuhlmann U, Ebel H, Gressner A, Lange H. Carbamazepine intoxication: about the efficiency of hemoperfusion. Intensivmed Notfallmed 1991; 28:78–81.
  • Ghannoum M, Bouchard J, Nolin TD, Ouellet G, Roberts DM. Hemoperfusion for the treatment of poisoning: technology, determinants of poison clearance, and application in clinical practice. Semin Dial 2014; 27:350–361.
  • Ghannoum M, Roberts DM, Hoffman RS, Ouellet G, Roy L, Decker BS, Bouchard J. A stepwise approach for the management of poisoning with extracorporeal treatments. Semin Dial 2014; 27:362–370.
  • Bouchard J, Roberts DM, Roy L, Ouellet G, Decker BS, Mueller BA, et al. Principles and operational parameters to optimize poison removal with extracorporeal treatments. Semin Dial 2014; 27:371–380.
  • Lavergne V, Ouellet G, Bouchard J, Galvao T, Kielstein JT, Roberts DM, et al. Guidelines for Reporting Case Studies on Extracorporeal Treatments in Poisonings: Methodology. Semin Dial. 2014; 27:407–414.
  • De Rubeis DA, Young GB. Continuous EEG monitoring in a patient with massive carbamazepine overdose. J Clin Neurophysiol 2001; 18:166–168.
  • Stremski ES, Brady WB, Prasad K, Hennes HA. Pediatric carbamazepine intoxication. Ann Emerg Med 1995; 25:624–630.
  • Bridge TA, Norton RL, Robertson WO. Pediatric carbamazepine overdoses. Pediatr Emerg Care 1994; 10:260–263.
  • Pynnonen S, Sillanpaa M, Frey H, Iisalo E. Carbamazepine and its 10,11-epoxide in children and adults with epilepsy. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1977; 11:129–133.
  • Rahman MH, Haqqie SS, McGoldrick MD. Acute hemolysis with acute renal failure in a patient with valproic acid poisoning treated with charcoal hemoperfusion. Hemodial Int 2006; 10:256–259.
  • Shannon MW. Comparative efficacy of hemodialysis and hemoperfusion in severe theophylline intoxication. Acad Emerg Med 1997; 4:674–678.
  • Ouellet G, Bouchard J, Ghannoum M, Decker BS. Available extracorporeal treatments for poisoning: overview and limitations. Semin Dial 2014; 27:342–349.
  • Chung YK, Chang KY, Park HS, Kim MH, Lee KM, Lim TS, Kim HW. Severe carbamazepine intoxication unresponsive to albumin-enhanced continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration with low dialysate flow. Hemodial Int 2014; 18:551–555.
  • Churchwell MD, Pasko DA, Smoyer WE, Mueller BA. Enhanced clearance of highly protein-bound drugs by albumin-supplemented dialysate during modeled continuous hemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009; 24:231–238.
  • Mowry JB, et al. 2012 annual report of the American association of poison control centers' national poison data system (NPDS): 30th annual report. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2013; 51:949–1229.
  • Neuvonen PJ and Elonen E .Effect of activated charcoal on absorption and elimination of phenobarbitone, carbamazepine and phenylbutazone in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1980; 17:51–57.
  • Montoya-Cabrera JB, et al. Carbamazepine poisoning in adolescent suicide attempters. Effectiveness of multiple-dose activated charcoal in enhancing carbamazepine elimination. Arch Med Res 1996; 27:485–489.
  • Kozanoglu I, Kahveci S, Asma S, et al. Plasma-exchange treatment for severe carbamazepine intoxication: a case study. J Clin Apher. 2014; 29(3): 178–180.
  • Choi JS, Kim CS, Bae EH, et al. Enhanced clearance of carbamazepine using albumin-containing dialysate during CVVHDF. Intensive Care Med. 2013; 39(1): 159–160.
  • Levine M, Bosak A, Yee B, Tran A. Carbamazepine induced seizures and ventricular dysrhythmias. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2013; 51(7): 575–724.