Pathophysiology and Treatment of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

References

• Meredith T, Vale A. Carbon monoxide poisoning. Br Med J 1988; 296: 77–79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broome J R, Skrine H, Pearson R R. Carbon monoxide poisoning: forgotten not gone!. Br J Hosp Med 1988; 39: 298–305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaplowski A F, Oglesbay F B, Morrison J H, et al. Carbon monoxide contamination of the living environment. J Environ Health 1974; 36: 569
   Google Scholar
• Barret L, Danel V, Faure J. Carbon monoxide poisoning, a diagnosis frequently overlooked. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1985; 23: 309–313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cobb N, Etzel R A. Unintentional carbon monoxide-related deaths in the United States, 1979,through 1988. JAMA 1991; 266: 659–663
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carbon monoxide intoxication a preventable environmental health hazard. MMWR 1982; 31: 529–531
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hampson N B, Kramer C C, Dunford R G, Norkool D M. Carbon monoxide poisoning from indoor burning of charcoal briquets. JAMA 1994; 271: 52–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carbon monoxide poisoning associated with a propane-powered floor burnisher. MMWR 1993; 37: 726–728
   Google Scholar
• Unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning from indoor use of pressure washers. MMWR 1993; 40: 777–779
   Google Scholar
• Shillito F H, Drinker C K, Shaughnessy T J. The problem of nervous and mental sequelae in carbon monoxide poisoning. JAMA 1936; 106: 669–674
   Google Scholar
• Richardson J C, Chambers R A, Heywood P M. Encephalopathies of anoxia and hypoglycemia. Arch Neurol 1959; 1: 178–182
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson C A. Carbon monoxide poisoning in New Castle: upon-Tyne. New Castle Med J 1963; 28: 67–70
   Google Scholar
• Bour H, Pasquier P, Bertrand-Hardy J M. Carbon monoxide coma. General, clinical, biological and therapeutic study of 290 cases. Semaine des Hopitaux de Paris 1966; 40: 1839–1861
   Google Scholar
• Goulon M, Barois A, Rapin M, et al. Carbon monoxide poisoning and acute anoxia due to breathing coal gas and hydrocarbons. Ann Med Int (Paris) 1969; 120: 335–349
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• J Hyperbaric Med 1986; 1: 23–41, translated in
   Google Scholar
• Lamy M, Hauguet M. Fifty patients with carbon monoxide intoxication treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Acta Anes Belgica 1969; 1: 49–53
   Google Scholar
• Smith J S, Brandon S. Acute carbon monoxide poisoning-three years experience in a defined population. Postgrad Med J 1970; 46: 65–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith J S, Brandon S. Morbidity from acute carbon monoxide poisoning at three-year follow-up. Br Med J 1973; 1: 318–321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi I S. Delayed neurologic sequelae in carbon monoxide intoxication. Arch Neurol 1983; 40: 433–435
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathieu D, Nolf M, Durocher A. Acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Risk of late sequelae and treatment by hyperbaric oxygen. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1985; 23: 315–324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers R AM, Snyder S K, Emhoff T A. Subacute sequelae of carbon monoxide poisoning. Ann Emerg Med 1985; 14: 1163–1167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norkool D M, Kirkpatrick J N. Treatment of acute carbon monoxide poisoning with hyperbaric oxygen: a review of 115 cases. Ann Emerg Med 1985; 14: 1168–1171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Min S K. A brain syndrome associated with delayed neuropsychiatric sequelae following acute carbon monoxide intoxication. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1986; 73: 80–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krantz T, Thisted B, Strom J, Sorensen M B. Acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1988; 32: 278–282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raphael J C, Elkharrat D, Jars-Guincestre M C, et al. Trial of normobaric and hyperbaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide intoxication. Lancet 1989; 19: 414–419
   Google Scholar
• Gorman D F, Clayton D, Gilligan J E, Webb R K. A longitudinal study of 100 consecutive admissions for carbon monoxide poisoning to the Royal Adelaide Hospital. Anaesth Intens Care 1992; 20: 311–316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cramlet S H, Erickson H H, Gorman H A. Ventricular function following acute carbon monoxide exposure. J Appl Physiol 1975; 39: 482–486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson R F, Allensworth D C, DeGroot W J. Myocardial toxicity from carbon monoxide poisoning. Ann Int Med 1967; 67: 1172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemminki K, Vineis P. Extrapolation of the evidence on teratogenicity of chemicals between humans and experimental animals: chemicals other than drugs. Teratogenesis Carcinog Mutagen 1985; 5: 251–318
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Norman C A, Halton D M. Is carbon monoxide a workplace teratogen? A review and evaluation of the literature. Ann Occup Hyg 1990; 34: 335–347
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ginsberg M D, Myers R E. Fetal brain injury after maternal carbon monoxide intoxication. Neurology 1976; 26: 15–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodkey F L, O'Neal J D, Collison H A, Uddin D E. Relative affinity of hemoglobin S and hemoglobin A for carbon monoxide and oxygen. Clin Chem 1974; 20: 83–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roughton F J, Darling R D. The effect of carbon monoxide on the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve. Am J Physiol 1944; 141: 17–31
   Google Scholar
• Forbes W H, Sargent F, Roughton F JW. The rate of carbon monoxide uptake in normal men. Am J Physiol 1945; 143: 594
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray L P, Hofrichter J, Henry E R, Eaton W A. Time-resolved optical spectroscopy and structural dynamics following photodissociation of carbonmonoxyhemoglobin. Biophys Chem 1988; 29: 63–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coburn R F. The carbon monoxide body stores. Ann NY Acad Sci 1970; 174: 11–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coburn R F, Mayers L B. Myoglobin O2 tension determined from measurements of carboxymyoglobin in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol 1971; 220: 66–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chance B, Erecinska M, Wagner M. Mitochondrial responses to carbon monoxide toxicity. Ann NY Acad Sci 1970; 174: 193–204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brune B, Schmidt K U, Ullrich V. Activation of soluble guanylate cyclase by carbon monoxide and inhibition by superoxide anion. Eur J Biochem 1990; 192: 683–688
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• White K A, Marletta M A. Nitric oxide synthase is a cytochrome P-450 type hemoprotein. Biochemistry 1992; 31: 6627–6631
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown S D, Piantadosi C A. In vivo binding of carbon monoxide to cytochrome C oxidase in rat brain. J Appl Physiol 1990; 68: 604–610
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang J, Piantadosi C A. Mitochondrial oxidative stress after carbon monoxide hypoxia in the rat brain. J Clin Invest 1991; 90: 1193–1199
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thom S R, Ischiropoulos H. Nitric oxide released by platelets inhibits neutrophil B2 integrin function following acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, in press
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radi R, Rodriguez M, Castro L, Telleri R. Inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport by peroxynitrite. Arch Biochem Biophys 1994; 308: 89–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ginsberg M D, Myers R E. Experimental carbon monoxide encephalopathy in the primate. I. Physiologic and metabolic aspects. Arch Neurol 1974; 30: 202–208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marius-Nunex A L. Myocardial infarction with normal coronary arteries after acute exposure to carbon monoxide. Chest 1990; 97: 491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scharf S M, Thames M D, Sargent R K. Transmural myocardial infarction after exposure to carbon monoxide in coronary artery disease. Report of a case. N Engl J Med 1974; 291: 85–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allred E N, Bleecker E R, Chaitman B R, et al. Acute effects of carbon monoxide exposure on individuals with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 1426–1432
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeichi S, Tokunaga I, Maeiwa M, et al. Experimental studies on death by fire in automobiles and exhaust gas poisoning. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1986; 7: 301–304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin B C, Paabo M, Gurman J L, et al. Toxicological interactions between carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Toxicology 1987; 47: 135–164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall A H, Rumack B H. Clinical toxicology of cyanide. Ann Emerg Med 1986; 15: 1067–1074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laties V. Carbon monoxide and behavior. Arch Neurol 1980; 167: 68
   Google Scholar
• Bianco F, Floris R. Transient disappearance of bilateral low-density lesions of the globi pallidi in carbon monoxide intoxication and MRI. J Neuroradiol 1988; 15: 381–385
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverman C S, Brenner J, Murtagh F R. Hemorrhagic necrosis and vascular injury in carbon monoxide poisoning: MR demonstration. AJNR 1993; 14: 168–170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okeda R, Funata N, Takano T. The pathogenesis of carbon monoxide encephalopathy in the acute phase physiological morphological correlation. Acta Neuropathol 1981; 54: 1–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thom S R. Carbon monoxide-mediated brain lipid peroxidation in the rat. J Appl Physiol 1990; 68: 997–1003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song S Y, Okeda R, Funata N, Higashino F. An experimental study of the pathogenesis of the selective lesion of the globus pallidus in acute carbon monoxide poisoning in cats. Acta Neuropathol 1983; 61: 232–238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayevsky A, Rogatsky G G, Zarchin N, Thom S R. Interrelations between hyperbaric oxygenation and carbon monoxide intoxication in the rat brain in vivo. Basic and Applied High Pressure Biology, P B Bennett, R E Marquis. University of Rochester Press, New York 1994; 409–420
   Google Scholar
• Penney D G. Acute carbon monoxide poisoning: animal models: a review. Toxicology 1990; 62: 123–160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penney D G. Hemodynamic response to carbon monoxide. Environ Health Perspect 1988; 77: 121–130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thom S R. Leukocytes in carbon monoxide-mediated brain oxidative injury. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1993; 123: 234–247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomaszewski C, Rudy J, Wathen J, et al. Prevention of neurologic sequelae from carbon monoxide by hyperbaric oxygen in rats. Ann Emerg Med 1992; 21: 631–632
   Google Scholar
• Ishimaru H, Katoh A, Suzuki H, et al. Effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists on carbon monoxide-induced brain damage in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Therap 1992; 261: 349–352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder R D. Carbon monoxide intoxication with peripheral neuropathy. Neurology 1970; 20: 177–180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz A, Hennerici M, Wegener O H. Delayed choreoathetosis following acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Neurology 1985; 35: 98–99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garland H, Pearce J. Neurological complications of carbon monoxide poisoning. Quart J Med 1967; 36: 445–455
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Winter P M, Miller J N. Carbon monoxide poisoning. JAMA 1976; 236: 1502–1504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart R D, Peterson J E, Fisher T N, et al. Experimental human exposure to high concentrations of carbon monoxide. Arch Environ Health 1973; 26: 1–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heckerling P S, Leikin J B, Maturen A, Perkins J T. Predictors of occult carbon monoxide poisoning in patients with headache and dizziness. Ann Internal Med 1987; 107: 174–176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heckerling P S, Leikin J B, Maturen A. Occult carbon monoxide poisoning: validation of a prediction model. Am J Med 1988; 84: 251–256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benignus V A, Muller K E, Malott C M. Dose-effects functions for carboxyhemoglobin and behavior. Neurotoxicol Teratol 1990; 12: 111–118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sokal J A, Kralkowska E. The relationship between exposure duration, carboxyhemoglobin, blood glucose, pyruvate and lactate and the severity of intoxication in 39 cases of acute carbon monoxide poisoning in man. Arch Toxicol 1985; 57: 196–199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi M, Maemura K, Sawada Y. Hyperamylasemia in acute carbon monoxide poisoning. J Trauma 1982; 22: 311–314
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers R AM. Do arterial blood gases have value in prognosis and treatment decisions in carbon monoxide poisoning. Undersea Biomed Res 1987; 2(Suppl 1)
   Google Scholar
• Sawada Y, Ohashi N, Maemura K, et al. Computerized tomography as an indication of long-term outcome after acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Lancet 1980; 1: 783–784
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miura T, Mitomo M, Kawai R, Harada K. CT of the brain in acute carbon monoxide intoxication: characteristic features and prognosis. AJNR 1985; 6: 739–742
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim K S, Weinberg P E, Suh J H, Ho S U. Acute carbon monoxide poisoning: computed tomography of the brain. AJNR 1980; 1: 399–402
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor R, Holgate R C. Carbon monoxide poisoning: asymetric and unilateral changes on CT. AJNR 1988; 9: 975–977
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vieregge P, Klostermann W, Blumm R G, Borgis K J. Carbon monoxide poisoning: clinical, neurophysiological, and brain imaging observations in acute disease and follow-up. J Neurol 1989; 236: 478–481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horowitz A L, Kaplan R, Sarpel G. Carbon monoxide toxicity: MR imaging in the brain. Radiology 1987; 162: 787–788
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuckman R F, Moser F G, Moshe S L. Carbon monoxide poisoning: bilateral lesions in the thalamus on MR imaging of the brain. Pediatr Radiol 1990; 20: 478–479
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vion-Dury J, Jiddane M, Van Bunnen Y, et al. Sequelae of carbon monoxide poisoning: an MRI study of two cases. J Neuroradiol 1987; 14: 60–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taverni N, DalPozzo G, Bartolozzi C, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging in the study of brain changes due to carbon monoxide poisoning. Radiol Med (Torino) 1988; 76: 289–292
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shimosegawa E, Hatazawa J, Nagata K, et al. Cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism measurements in a patient surviving one year after carbon monoxide intoxication. J Nucl Med 1992; 33: 1696–1698
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeReuck J, VanAken J, Decoo D, et al. Delayed neurological deterioration following acute carbon monoxide poisoning: comparison of clinical outcome, neuroimaging and positron emission topography findings. Cerebrovasc Dis 1991; 1: 273–290
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jibiki I, Kurokawa K, Yamaguchi N. 123 I-IMP brain SPECT imaging in a patient with the interval form of CO poisoning. Eur Neurol 1991; 31: 149–151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeReuck J, Decoo D, Lemahieu I, et al. A positron emission tomography study of patients with acute carbon monoxide poisoning treated by hyperbaric oxygen. J Neurol 1993; 240: 430–434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogusz M, Cholewa L, Pach J, Mlodkowska K. A comparison of two types of acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Arch Toxicol 1975; 33: 141–149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasowaski J, Myslak Z, Graczyk M, et al. An attempt at comparing the results of carboxyhemoglobin level in blood and gasometric determination in capillary blood in cases of carbon monoxide poisoning when treatment began at the place of accident. Anaesth Resusc Intens Therap 1976; 4: 245–249
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Werner B, Back W, Akerblom H, Barr P O. Two cases of acute carbon monoxide poisoning with delayed neurological sequelae after a ''free'' interval. Clin Toxicol 1985; 23: 249–265
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crocker P J, Walker J S. Pediatric carbon monoxide toxicity. J Emerg Med 1985; 3: 443–448
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Messier L D, Myers R AM. A neuropsychological screening battery for emergency assessment of carbon-monoxide-poisoned patients. J Clin Psychol 1991; 47: 675–684
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rottmann S J. Carbon monoxide screening in the ED. Am J Emerg Med 1991; 9: 204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pace N, Strajman E, Walker E L. Acceleration of carbon monoxide elimination in man by high pressure oxygen. Science 1950; 111: 652–654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starkstein S E, Berthier M L, Leiguarda R. Psychic akinesia following bilateral pallidal lesions. Int J Psychiatry Med 1989; 19: 155–164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine E M, Tremper K K. Perfluorochemical emulsions: potential clinical uses and new developments. Int Anesthesiol Clin 1985; 23: 211–230
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peirce E C, Zacharias A, Alday J M, Jr, et al. Carbon monoxide poisoning: experimental hypothermic and hyperbaric studies. Surgery 1972; 72: 229–237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig T V, Hunt W, Atkinson R. Hypothermia - its use in severe carbon monoxide poisoning. N Engl J Med 1959; 261: 854
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• End E, Long C W. Oxygen under pressure in carbon monoxide poisoning. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 1942; 24: 302–306
   Google Scholar
• Smith G, Sharp G R. Treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning with oxygen under pressure. Lancet 1960; 2: 905–906
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thom S R, Taber R L, Mendiguren I I, et al. Delayed neurological sequelae following carbon monoxide poisoning. Ann of Emerg Med 1994; 23: 612–613
   Google Scholar
• Thom S R. Functional inhibition of leukocyte B2 integrins by hyperbaric oxygen in carbon monoxide-mediated brain injury in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1993; 123: 248–256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thom S R, Mendiguren I, Nebolon M, et al. Temporary inhibition of human neutrophil B2 integrin function by hyperbaric oxygen (HBO). Clin Res 1994; 42: 130A
   Google Scholar
• Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy. A Committee Report, Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society. 1992; 1–80
   Google Scholar
• Ellested M H, Shandling A H, Hart G B, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen and thrombolysis in myocardial infarction: The ''Hot MI'' study. Circulation 1992; 86: 47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis J C. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy. J Intensive Care Med 1989; 4: 55–57
   Google Scholar
• Sloan E P, Murphy D G, Hart R. Complications and protocol considerations in carbon monoxide-poisoned patients who require hyperbaric oxygen therapy: report from a ten-year experience. Ann Emerg Med 1989; 18: 629–634
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferm V H. Teratogenic effects of hyperbaric oxygen. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1964; 116: 975–976
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Telford I R, Miller P D, Hass G F. Hyperbaric oxygen causes fetal wastage in rats. Lancet 1969; 2: 220–221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilman S C, Bradley M E, Greene K M, Fischer G J. Fetal development: effects of decompression sickness and treatment. Aviat Space Environ Med 1983; 54: 1040–1042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho S H, Yun D R. The experimental study on the effect of the hyperbaric oxygenation on the pregnancy wastage of the rats in acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Seoul J Med 1982; 23: 66–75
   Google Scholar
• Van Hoesen K B, Camporesi E M, Moon R E, et al. Should hyperbaric oxygen be used to treat the pregnant patient for acute carbon monoxide poisoning. JAMA 1989; 261: 1039–1043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollander D I, Nagey D A, Welch R, Pupkin M. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for the treatment of acute carbon monoxide poisoning in pregnancy. A case report. J Reprod Med 1987; 32: 615–617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koren G, Sharav T, Pastuszak A, et al. A multicenter, prospective study of fetal outcome following accidental carbon monoxide poisoning in pregnancy. Reprod Toxicol 1991; 5: 397–403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown D B, Mueller G L, Golich F C. Hyperbaric oxygen treatment for carbon monoxide poisoning in pregnancy: a case report. Aviat Space Environ Med 1992; 63: 1011–1014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elkharrat D, Raphael J C, Korach J M, et al. Acute carbon monoxide intoxication and hyperbaric oxgyen in pregnancy. Intensive Care Med 1991; 17: 289–292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar