Silver Products for Medical Indications: Risk-Benefit Assessment

References

• US Food and Drug Administration. Docket Management Branch. Rockville, Maryland 1973, OTC Volume 100037–100039
   Google Scholar
• Clayton G. D., Clayton F. E. Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology.3rd revised edition. John Wiley & Sons, New York 1981; 1881–1894
   Google Scholar
• Fowler B. A., Nordberg G, Silver F. Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals.1st edition, L. Friberg, G. F. Norberg, V. B. Vouk. Elsevier/ North-Holland Biomedical Press, New York 1979; 579–586
   Google Scholar
• Gaul L. E., Staud A. H. Clinical spectroscopy. JAMA 1935; 104: 1387–1390
   Google Scholar
• Goodman L. S., Gillman A. A Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics5th edition. MacMillan, New York 1975; 930–931; 999–1000
   Google Scholar
• Micromedex- Poisindex [Online]. (Current). Micromedex, Inc., Denver, CO, Available: Micromedex Computerized Clinical Information System (CCIS) File: Silver
   Google Scholar
• Osol A., Farrar G. E., Jr. The Dispensary of the United States of America25th edition. Lippincott, Philadelphia 1960; 1233–1239
   Google Scholar
• , Health Fraud Bulletin #19 and promotional materials from manufacturers of products. Written communication, February 1995. NontraditionalDrug Compliance Branch, Office of Compliance, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland
   Google Scholar
• Shinogi M., Maeizumi S. Effect of preinduction of metallothionein on tissue distribution of silver and hepatic lipid peroxidation. Biol Pharm Bull 1993; 16: 372–374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US Environmental Protection Agency. Reference dose for chronic oral exposure of silver. Chemical Screening and Risk Assessment Division, Washington, DC 1991, CASRN 7440–22-4
   Google Scholar
• US Environmental Protection Agency. National Secondary Drinking Water Standards. Office of Water, Washington, DC 1991, EPA 570/9–91-019FS
   Google Scholar
• Tipton I. H., Stewart P. L., Martin P. G. Trace elements in diets and excreta. Health Physics 1966; 12: 1683–1689
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton E. I., Minski M. J. Abundance of the chemical elements in man's diet and possible relations with environmental factors. Sci Total Environ 1972/1973; 1: 375–394
   Google Scholar
• Gamelli R. L., Paxton T. P., O'Reilly M. Bone marrow toxicity by silver sulfadiazine. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1993; 177: 115–120
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Freeman S., Maibach H. Dermatologic toxicity. Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose.2nd edition, L. M. Haddad, J. F. Winchester. Saunders, Philadelphia 1990; 359–364
   Google Scholar
• Hall A. H., Robertson W. O. Arsenic and other heavy metals. Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose.2nd edition, L. M. Haddad, J. F. Winchester. Saunders, Philadelphia 1990; 1032
   Google Scholar
• Zapata-Sirvent R. L., Hansbrough J. F. Cytotoxicity to human leukocytes by topical antimicrobial agents used for burn care. J Burn Care Rehabil 1993; 14: 132–140
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wan A. T., Conyers R. A. J., Coombs C. J., Masterton J. P. Determination of silver in blood, urine, and tissues volunteers and burn patients. Clin Chem 1991; 37: 1683–1687
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rungby J., Danscher G. Localization of exogenous silver in brain and spinal cord of silver exposed rats. Acta Neuropathol Berl 1983; 60: 92–98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rungby J., Danscher G. Hypoactivity in silver exposed mice. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 1984; 55: 398–401
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rungby J. An experimental study on silver in the nervous system and on aspects of its general cellular toxicity. Dan Med Bull 1990; 37: 442–449
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner P. A., Hoekstra W. G., Ganther H. E. Alleviation of silver toxicity by selenite in the rat in relation to tissue glutathione peroxidase. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1975; 148: 1106–1110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunyan J., Diplock A. T., Cawthorne M. A., Green J. Vitamin E and stress: 8. Nutritional effects of dietary stress with silver in Vitamin E deficient chicks and rats. BrJNutr 1968; 22: 165–182
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene R. M., Su W. P. D. Argyria. Am Fam Phys 1987; 36: 151–154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US Department of Health and Human Services. Toxicology Profile for Silver. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, Georgia 1990, DHHS No. TP-90–24
   Google Scholar
• Jurecka W. Generalized Argyrosis. Hautant 1986; 37: 628–631
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee S. M., Lee S. H. Generalized argyria after habitual use of silver nitrate. J Dermatol 1994; 21: 50–53
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steininger H., Langer E., Stommer P. Generalized Argyrosis. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1990; 115: 657–662
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Westhofen M., Schafer H. Genralized argyrosis in man: neurotological, ultrastructural and X-ray microanalytical findings. Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1986; 243: 260–264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall J. P., Schneider R. P. Systemic Argyria secondary to topical silver nitrate. Arch Derm 1977; 113: 1077–1079
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmins A. C., Morgan A. R. Argyria or cyanosis. Anaesthesia 1988; 43: 755–756
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stammberger H. Argyrosis of the nasal mucosa. Laryngol Rhinol Otol Stuttg 1982; 61: 234–237
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Loeffler K. U., Lee W. R. Argyrosis of the lacrimal sac. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1987; 225: 146–150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenman K. D., Moss A., Kon S. Argyria: Clinical implications of exposure to silver nitrate and silver oxide. J Occup Med 1979; 21: 430–435
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• East B. W., Boddy K., Williams E. D., Macintyre D., McLay A. L. Silver retention, total body silver and tissue silver concentrations in argyria associated with exposure to an anti-smoking remedy containing silver acetate. Clin Exp Dermatol 1980; 5: 305–311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolff H. H., Neubert U. Unusual picture of a localized argyrosis. Hautarzt 1977; 28: 668–670, In German with an English abstract
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plewig G., Lincke H., Wolff H. H. Silver blue nails. Acta Derm Venereol Stockh 1977; 57: 413–419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanita Y., Kato T., Hanada K., Tagami H. Blue macules of localized argyria caused by implanted acupuncture needles. Electron microscopy and roentgenographic microanalysis of deposited metal. Arch Dermatol 1985; 121: 1550–1552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matzinger M. A., Gray R. R., Leekam R. N., Grosman H., St-Louis E. L. Argyrosis of the urinary tract. /. Clin Ultrasound 1985; 13: 288–290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen S. Y., Quentel G., Egasse D., Cadot M., Ingster-Moati I., Coscas G. J. Dark choroid in systemic argyrosis. Retina 1993; 13: 312–316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scroggs M. W., Lewis J. S., Proia A. D. Corneal argyrosis associated with silver soldering. Cornea 1992; 11: 264–269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kojima Y., Uchida K., Takiuchi H, Wakatsuki A., Sakurai T. Argyrosis of the urinary tract after silver nitrate instillation: report of a case. Acta Urol Jpn 1993; 39: 41–44
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karcioglu Z. A., Caldwell D. R. Corneal argyrosis: histologic, ultrastructural and microanalytic study. Can J Ophthalmol 1985; 20: 257–260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forycki Z., Zegarski W., Bardzik J., Swica P. Acute silver poisoning through inhalation. Bull Inst Marit Trop Med Gdynia 1983; 34: 199–203
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aschengrau A., Zierler S., Cohen A. Quality of community drinking water and the occurrence of late adverse pregnancy outcomes. Arch Environ Health 1993; 48: 105–113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar