Biomarkers for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A consensus report of the WFSBP task force on biological markers and the World Federation of ADHD

References

• Aebersold R, Mann M. 2003. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics . Nature 422:198–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderzhanova EA, Rayevsky KS, Saransaari P, Riitamaa E, Oja SS. 2001. Effects of sydnocarb and d-amphetamine on the extracellular levels of amino acids in the rat caudate-putamen. Eur J Pharmacol 428:87–95.
   Google Scholar
• Albayrak Ö, Friedel S, Schimmelmann BG, Hinney A, Hebebrand J. 2008. Genetic aspects in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Neural Transm 115:305–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albrecht J, Wiesmann M. 2006. The human olfactory system. Anatomy and physiology. Der Nervenarzt 77:931–939.
   Google Scholar
• Aman CJ, Roberts RJ Jr, Pennington BF. 1998. A neuropsychological examination of the underlying deficit in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: frontal lobe versus right parietal lobe theories. Dev Psychol 34:956–969.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. 1992. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. Text Revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. 1994. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. Washington: APA.
   Google Scholar
• Antshel KM, Faraone SV, Maglione K, Doyle AE, Fried R, Seidman LJ, Biederman J. 2010. Executive functioning in high-IQ adults with ADHD. Psychol Med 40:1909–1918.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Askenazy F, Caci H, Myquel M, Darcourt G, Lecrubier Y. 2000. Relationship between impulsivity and platelet serotonin content in adolescents. Psychiatr Res 94:19–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atanasova B, Graux J, El Hage W, Hommet C, Camus V, Belzung C. 2008. Olfaction: a potential cognitive marker of psychiatric disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 32:1315–1325.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baehne CG, Ehlis AC, Plichta MM, Conzelmann A, Pauli P, Jacob C, . 2009. Tph2 gene variants modulate response control processes in adult ADHD patients and healthy individuals. Mol Psychiatry 14:1032–1039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker GB, Bornstein RA, Douglass AB, Van Muyden JC, Ashton S, Bazylewich TL. 1993. Urinary excretion of MHPG and normetanephrine in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Mol Chem Neuropathol 18:173–178.
   Google Scholar
• Barkley RA. 2006. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a handbook for diagnosis and treatment. New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Barnett R, Maruff P, Purcell R, Wainwright K, Kyrios M, Brewer W, Pantelis C. 1999. Impairment of olfactory identification in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychol Med 29:1227–1233.
   Google Scholar
• Barnett R, Maruff P, Vance A. 2005. An investigation of visuospatial memory impairment in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), combined type. Psychol Med 35:1433–1443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barry RJ, Clarke AR, Johnstone SJ. 2003. A review of electrophysiology in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: I. Qualitative and quantitative electroencephalography. Clin Neurophysiol 114:171–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker G, Seufert J, Bogdahn U, Reichmann H, Reiners K. 1995. Degeneration of substantia nigra in chronic Parkinson's disease visualized by transcranial color-coded real-time sonography. Neurology 45:182–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behnke S, Schroeder U, Dillmann U, Buchholz HG, Schreckenberger M, Fuss G, . 2009. Hyperechogenicity of the substantia nigra in healthy controls is related to MRI changes and to neuronal loss as determined by F-Dopa PET. Neuroimage 47:1237–1243.
   Google Scholar
• Bennetto L, Kuschner ES, Hyman SL. 2007. Olfaction and taste processing in autism. Biol Psychiatry 62:1015–1021.
   Google Scholar
• Benson DF. 1991. The role of frontal dysfunction in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Child Neurol 6:S9–12.
   Google Scholar
• Berendse HW, Ponsen MM. 2006. Detection of preclinical Parkinson's disease along the olfactory trac(t). J Neural Transm Suppl 70:321–325.
   Google Scholar
• Berendse HW, Ponsen MM. 2009. Diagnosing premotor Parkinson's disease using a two-step approach combining olfactory testing and DAT SPECT imaging. Parkinsonism Rel Disord 15(Suppl 3):S26–30.
   Google Scholar
• Berg D, Becker G, Zeiler B, Tucha O, Hofmann E, Preier M, . 1999. Vulnerability of the nigrostriatal system as detected by transcranial ultrasound. Neurology 53:1026–1031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg D, Siefker C, Becker G. 2001a. Echogenicity of the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease and its relation to clinical findings. J Neurol 248:684–689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg D, Jabs B, Merschdorf U, Beckmann H, Becker G. 2001b. Echogenicity of substantia nigra determined by transcranial ultrasound correlates with severity of parkinsonian symptoms induced by neuroleptic therapy. Biol Psychiatry 50:463–467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg D, Roggendorf W, Schroder U, Klein R, Tatschner T, Benz P, . 2002. Echogenicity of the substantia nigra: association with increased iron content and marker for susceptibility to nigrostriatal injury. Arch Neurol 59:999–1005.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berg D, Godau J, Walter U. 2008. Transcranial sonography in movement disorders. Lancet Neurol 7:1044–1055.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berk LE, Landau S. 1993. Private speech of learning disabled and normally achieving children in classroom academic and laboratory contexts. Child Dev 64:556–571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biederman J, Faraone SV. 2005. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Lancet 366:237–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biederman J, Faraone SV, Spencer T, Wilens T, Norman D, Lapey KA, . 1993. Patterns of psychiatric comorbidity, cognition, and psychosocial functioning in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 150:1792–1798.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biederman J, Faraone SV, Spencer T, Wilens T, Mick E, Lapey KA. 1994. Gender differences in a sample of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Res 53:13–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biomarkers Definitions Working Group. 2001. Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints preferred definitions and conceptual framework. Clin Pharmacol Ther 69:89–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boucugnani LL, Jones RW. 1989. Behaviors analogous to frontal lobe dysfunction in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 4:161–173.
   Google Scholar
• Borta A, Höglinger GU. 2007. Dopamine and adult neurogenesis. J Neurochem 100:587–595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brand G. 2006. Olfactory/trigeminal interactions in nasal chemoreception. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 30:908–917.
   Google Scholar
• Brown GG, Mathalon DH, Stern H, Ford J, Mueller B, Greve DN, . 2011. Multisite reliability of cognitive BOLD data. Neuroimage 54:2163–2175.
   Google Scholar
• Bruce B, Thernlund G, Nettelbladt U. 2006. ADHD and language impairment: A study of the parent questionnaire FTF (Five to Fifteen). Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 15:52–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buitelaar J, Rothenberger A. 2004. Foreword – ADHD in the political and scientific context. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 13:1–6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell M, Spencer EK. 1988. Psychopharmacology in children and adolescent psychiatry: A review of the past five years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 27:269–279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao Q, Zang Y, Zhu C, Cao X, Sun L, Zhou X, Wang Y. 2008. Alerting deficits in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: event-related fMRI evidence. Brain Res 1219:159–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casey BJ, Castellanos FX, Giedd JN, Marsh WL, Hamburger SD, Schubert AB, . 1997. Implication of right frontostriatal circuitry in response inhibition and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36:374–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casey BJ, Epstein JN, Buhle J, Liston C, Davidson MC, Tonev ST, . 2007. Frontostriatal connectivity and its role in cognitive control in parent-child dyads with ADHD. Am J Psychiatry 164:1729–1736.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castellanos FX, Tannock R. 2002. Neuroscience of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: the search for endophenotypes. Nat Rev Neurosci 3:617–628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castellanos FX, Elia J, Kruesi MJ, Gulotta CS, Mefford IN, Potter WZ, . 1994. Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites in boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Res 52:305–316.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Castellanos FX, Giedd JN, Marsh WL, Hamburger SD, Vaituzis AC, Dickstein DP, . 1996. Quantitative brain magnetic resonance imaging in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53:607–616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castellanos FX, Lee PP, Sharp W, Jeffries NO, Greenstein DK, Clasen LS, . 2002. Developmental trajectories of brain volume abnormalities in children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Med Assoc 288:1740–1748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castellanos FX, Kelly C, Milham MP. 2009. The restless brain: attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, resting-state functional connectivity, and intrasubject variability. Can J Psychiatry 54:665–672.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherkasova MV, Hechtman L. 2009. Neuroimaging in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: beyond the frontostriatal circuitry. Can J Psychiatry 54:651–664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleland TA, Sethupathy P. 2006. Non–topographical contrast enhancement in the olfactory bulb. BMC neuroscience 7:7.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen RA. 1993. The neuropsychology of attention. New York: Plenum Press.
   Google Scholar
• Conner AC, Kissling C, Hodges E, Hünnerkopf R, Clement RM, Dudley E, . 2008. Neurotrophic factor-related gene polymorphisms and adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) score in a high-risk male population. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147B:1476–1480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook EH Jr, Stein MA, Krasowski MD, Cox NJ, Olkon DM, Kieffer JE, Leventhal BL. 1995. Association of attention-deficit disorder and the dopamine transporter gene. Am J Hum Genet 56:993–998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corkum PV, Siegel LS. 1993. Is the Continuous Performance Task a valuable research tool for use with children with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder? J Child Psychol Psychiatry 34:1217–1239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crosbie J, Perusse D, Barr CL, Schachar RJ. 2008. Validating psychiatric endophenotypes: inhibitory control and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 32:40–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daselaar SM, Prince SE, Cabeza R. 2004. When less means more: deactivations during encoding that predict subsequent memory. NeuroImage 23:921–927.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyle AE, Faraone SV, Seidman LJ, Willcutt EG, Nigg JT, Waldman ID, . 2005. Are endophenotypes based on measures of executive functions useful for molecular genetic studies of ADHD? J Child Psychol Psychiatry 46:774–803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dresler T, Ehlis AC, Heinzel S, Renner TJ, Reif A, Baehne CG, . 2010. Dopamine transporter (SLC6A3) genotype impacts neurophysiological correlates of cognitive response control in an adult sample of patients with ADHD. Neuropsychopharmacology 35:2193–2202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durany N, Thome J, Palomo A, Foley P, Riederer P, Cruz-Sanchez FF. 1996. Homozygosity at the dopamine D3 receptor gene in schizophrenic patients. Neurosci Lett 220:151–154.
   Google Scholar
• Durston S, Mulder M, Casey BJ, Ziermans T, van Engeland H. 2006. Activation in ventral prefrontal cortex is sensitive to genetic vulnerability for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 60:1062–1070.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dvorakova M, Jezova D, Blazicek P, Trebaticka J, Skodacek I, Suba J, . 2007. Urinary catecholamines in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Modulation by a polyphenolic extract from pine bark (pycnogenol). Nutr Neurosci 10:151–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehlis AC, Baehne CG, Jacob CP, Herrmann MJ, Fallgatter AJ. 2008. Reduced lateral prefrontal activation in adult patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) during a working memory task: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) study. J Psychiatr Res 42:1060–1067.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ernst M, Zametkin AJ, Matochik JA, Pascualvaca D, Jons PH, Cohen DJ. 1999. High midbrain [18F]DOPA accumulation in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 156:1209–1215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fallgatter AJ. 2001. Electrophysiology of the prefrontal cortex in healthy controls and schizophrenic patients: a review. J Neural Transm 108:679–694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fallgatter AJ, Brandeis D, Strik WK. 1997. A robust assessment of the NoGo-anteriorisation of P300 microstates in a cued Continuous Performance Test. Brain Topogr 9:295–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fallgatter AJ, Jatzke S, Bartsch AJ, Hamelbeck B, Lesch KP. 1999. Serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism influences topography of inhibitory motor control. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2:115–120.
   Google Scholar
• Fallgatter AJ, Bartsch AJ, Herrmann MJ. 2002. Electrophysiological measurements of anterior cingulate cortex function. J Neural Transm 109:977–988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fallgatter AJ, Ehlis AC, Seifert J, Strik WK, Scheuerpflug P, Zillessen KE, . 2004. Altered response control and anterior cingulate function in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder boys. Clin Neurophysiol 115:973–981.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fallgatter AJ, Ehlis AC, Rosler M, Strik WK, Blocher D, Herrmann MJ. 2005. Diminished prefrontal brain function in adults with psychopathology in childhood related to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Res 138:157–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faraone SV. 2005. The scientific foundation for understanding attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder as a valid psychiatric disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry:1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Faraone SV, Perlis RH, Doyle AE, Smoller JW, Goralnick JJ, Holmgren MA, Sklar P. 2005. Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 57:1313–1323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson HB, Pappas BA, Trites RL, Peters DA, Taub H. 1981. Plasma free and total tryptophan, blood serotonin, and the hyperactivity syndrome: no evidence for the serotonin deficiency hypothesis. Biol Psychiatry 16:231–238.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Filipek PA, Semrud-Clikeman M, Steingard RJ, Renshaw PF, Kennedy DN, Biederman J. 1997. Volumetric MRI analysis comparing subjects having attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with normal controls. Neurology 48:589–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forssberg H, Fernell E, Waters S, Waters N, Tedroff J. 2006. Altered pattern of brain dopamine synthesis in male adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Behav Brain Funct 2:40.
   Google Scholar
• Frank RA, Galasko D, Hampel H, Hardy J, de Leon MJ, Mehta PD, . 2003. Biological markers for therapeutic trials in Alzheimer's disease. Proceedings of the Biological Markers Working Group; NIA initiative on neuroimaging in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 24:521–536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franke B, Hoogman M, Arias Vasquez A, Heister JG, Savelkoul PJ, Naber M, . 2008. Association of the dopamine transporter (SLC6A3/DAT1) gene 9 - 6 haplotype with adult ADHD. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147:1576–1579.
   Google Scholar
• Franke B, Arias Vasquez A, Johansson S, Hoogman M, Romanos J, Boreatti-Hümmer A, . 2010. Meta-analysis of the SLC6A3/DAT1 VNTR haplotype in adult ADHD suggests differential involvement of the gene in adult and childhood ADHD. Neuropsychopharmacology 35:656–664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frazier TW, Demaree HA, Youngstrom EA. 2004. Meta-analysis of intellectual and neuropsychological test performance in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychology 18:543–555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freitag CM, Rohde L, Lempp T, Romanos M. 2010. Phenotypic and measurement influences on heritability estimates in childhood ADHD. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 19:311–323.
   Google Scholar
• Gainetdinov RR. 2010. Strengths and limitations of genetic models of ADHD. Attent Defic Hyperact Disord 2:21–30.
   Google Scholar
• Gansler DA, Fucetola R, Krengel M, Stetson S, Zimering R, Makary C. 1998. Are there cognitive subtypes in adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder?. J Nerv Ment Dis 186:776–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gau SS, Shang CY. 2010. Executive functions as endophenotypes in ADHD: evidence from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Battery (CANTAB). J Child Psychol Psychiatry 51:838–849.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerlach M, Deckert J, Rothenberger A, Warnke A. 2008a. Editorial. Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: from childhood to adult. J Neural Transm 115:151–153.
   Google Scholar
• Gerlach M, Hendrich A, Hueber R, Jost W, Winkler J, Woitalla D, . 2008b. The early detection of Parkinson's disease: unmet needs. Neurodeg Dis 5:137–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giedd JN, Rapoport JL. 2010. Structural MRI of pediatric brain development: what have we learned and where are we going? Neuron 67:728–734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giedd JN, Lenroot RK, Shaw P, Lalonde F, Celano M, White S, . 2008. Trajectories of anatomic brain development as a phenotype. Novartis Found Symp 289:101–112; discussion 112–108, 193–105.
   Google Scholar
• Gillberg C, Gillberg IC, Rasmussin P, Kadesjö B, Söderström H, Rastam M, . 2004. Co-existing disorders in ADHD – implications for diagnosis and intervention. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 13:80–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould TD, Manji HK. 2004. The molecular medicine revolution and psychiatry: bridging the gap between basic neuroscience research and clinical psychiatry. J Clin Psychiatry 65:598–604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross-Isseroff R, Luca-Haimovici K, Sasson Y, Kindler S, Kotler M, Zohar J. 1994. Olfactory sensitivity in major depressive disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 35:798–802.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hagenah J, Konig IR, Sperner J, Wessel L, Seidel G, Condefer K, . 2010. Life-long increase of substantia nigra hyperechogenicity in transcranial sonography. Neuroimage 51:28–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halász M, Shepherd GM. 1983. Neurochemistry of the vertebrate olfactory bulb. Neuroscience 10:579–619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartsough CS, Lambert NM. 1985. Medical factors in hyperactive and normal children: prenatal, developmental, and health history findings. Am J Orthopsychiatry 55:190–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hegde PS, White IR, Debouck C. 2003. Interplay of transcriptomics and proteomics. Curr Opin Biotechnol 14:647–651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrmann MJ, Saathoff C, Schreppel TJ, Ehlis AC, Scheuerpflug P, Pauli P, Fallgatter AJ. 2009. The effect of ADHD symptoms on performance monitoring in a non-clinical population. Psychiatry Res 169:144–148.
   Google Scholar
• Herrmann MJ, Mader K, Schreppel T, Jacob C, Heine M, Boreatti-Hümmer A, . 2010. Neural correlates of performance monitoring in adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). World J Biol Psychiatry 11:457–464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirano M, Rakwal R, Shibato J, Sawa H, Nagashima K, Ogawa Y, . 2008. Proteomics- and transcriptomics-based screening of differentially expressed proteins and genes in brain of Wig rat: a model for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) research. J Proteome Res 7:2471–2489.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hollingsworth DE, McAuliffe SP, Knowlton BJ. 2001. Temporal allocation of visual attention in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Cogn Neurosci 13:298–305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Homack S, Riccio CA. 2004. A meta-analysis of the sensitivity and specificity of the Stroop Color and Word Test with children. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 19:725–743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horton AM Jr. 1996. Neuropsychological findings in adult attention deficit disorder: a pilot study. Appl Neuropsychol 3:181–183.
   Google Scholar
• Hsia AY, Vincent JD, Lledo PM. 1999. Dopamine depresses synaptic inputs into the olfactory bulb. J Neurophysiol 82: 1082–1085.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huisman E, Uylings H, Hoogland P. 2004. A 100% increase of dopaminergic cells in the olfactory bulb may explain hyposmia in Parkinson's disease. Move Disord 19:687–692.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hynd GW, Hern KL, Novey ES, Eliopulos D, Marshall R, Gonzalez JJ, Voeller KK. 1993. Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and asymmetry of the caudate nucleus. J Child Neurol 8:339–347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivanov I, Bansal R, Hao X, Zhu H, Kellendonk C, Miller L, . 2010. Morphological abnormalities of the thalamus in youths with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 167:397–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacob CP, Romanos J, Dempfle A, Heine M, Windemuth-Kieselbach C, Kruse A, . 2007. Co-morbidity of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with focus on personality traits and related disorders in a tertiary referral center. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 257:309–317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins M, Cohen R, Malloy P, Salloway S, Johnson EG, Penn J, . 1998. Neuropsychological measures which discriminate among adults with residual symptoms of attention deficit disorder and other attentional complaints. Clin Neuropsychol 12:74–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonkman LM, Kemner C, Verbaten MN, Van Engeland H, Kenemans JL, Camfferman G, . 1999. Perceptual and response interference in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and the effects of methylphenidate. Psychophysiology 36:419–429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jucaite A, Fernell E, Halldin C, Forssberg H, Farde L. 2005. Reduced midbrain dopamine transporter binding in male adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Association between striatal dopamine markers and motor hyperactivity. Biol Psychiatry 57:229–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan BJ, Dewey D, Crawford SG, Fisher GC. 1998. Deficits in long-term memory are not characteristic of ADHD. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 20:518–528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kareken DA, Mosnik DM, Doty RL, Dzemidzic M, Hutchins GD. 2003. Functional anatomy of human odor sensation, discrimination, and identification in health and aging. Neuropsychology 17:482–495.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karsz FR, Vance A, Anderson VA, Brann PG, Wood SJ, Pantelis C, Brewer WJ. 2008. Olfactory impairments in child attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 69:1462–1468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan AU, Dekirmenjian H. 1981. Urinary excretion of catecholamine metabolites in hyperkinetic child syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 138:108–110.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kiive E, Merenäkk L, Harro M, Harro J. 2005. Changes in platelet monoamine oxidase activity, cholesterol levels and hyperactive behaviour in adolescents over a period of three years. Neurosci Lett 384:310–315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kissling C, Retz W, Wiemann S, Coogan AN, Clement RM, Hünnerkopf R, . 2008. A polymorphism at the 3′-untranslated region of the CLOCK gene is associated with adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147:333–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klingberg T, Fernell E, Olesen PJ, Johnson M, Gustafsson P, Dahlström K, . 2005. Computerized training of working memory in children with ADHD – a randomized, controlled trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 44:177–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopecková M, Paclt I, Petrásek J, Pacltová D, Malíková M, Zagatová V. 2008. Some ADHD polymorphisms (in genes DAT1, DRD2, DRD3, DBH, 5-HTT) in case-control study of 100 subjects 6–10 age. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 29:246–251.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Konrad K, Neufang S, Hanisch Fink GR, Herpertz-Dahlmann B. 2006. Dysfunctional attentional networks in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Evidence from an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol Psychiatry 59:643–651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konrad K, Eickhoff SB. 2010. Is the ADHD brain wired differently? A review on structural and functional connectivity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Hum Brain Mapp 31:904–916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koutsouleris N, Meisenzahl EM, Davatzikos C, Bottlender R, Frodl T, Scheuerecker J, . 2009. Use of neuroanatomical pattern classification to identify subjects in at-risk mental states of psychosis and predict disease transition. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66:700–712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovalev VV. 1975. Borderline states of intellectual deficiency in children. In: Primrose DAA, editor. Proceedings of the Third Congress of the International Association of the Scientific Study of Mental Deficirncy. Warsaw: Polish Medical Publishers. p 103–108.
   Google Scholar
• Kovner R, Budman C, Frank Y, Sison C, Lesser M, Halperin J. 1998. Neuropsychological testing in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a pilot study. Int J Neurosci 96:225–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krasov VA. 1988. Sydnocarb treatment of junior school age children with hyperdynamic syndrome. Zh Nevrol Psychiatr SS Korsakova 88:97–101.
   Google Scholar
• Krauel K, Duzel E, Hinrichs H, Santel S, Rellum T, Baving L. 2007. Impact of emotional salience on episodic memory in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol Psychiatry 61:1370–1379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krauel K, Feldhaus HC, Simon A, Rehe C, Glaser M, Flechtner HH, . 2010. Increased echogenicity of the substantia nigra in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 68:352–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaHoste GJ, Swanson JM, Wigal SB, Glabe C, Wigal T, King N, Kennedy JL. 1996. Dopamine D4 receptor gene polymorphism is associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Mol Psychiatry 1:121–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lange KW, Tucha L, Walitza S, Gerlach M, Linder M, Tucha O. 2007. Interaction of attention and graphomotor functions in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Neural Transm Suppl 72:249–259.
   Google Scholar
• Lapin IP. 2004. Stress-anxiety-depression-alcoholizm-epilepsy. (Neurokynine mechanisms and new approaches to the treatment. St Peterburg: Dean.
   Google Scholar
• Lapin IP, Mizaev S, Prakh'e IB, Ryzhkov IV. 1991. Kynurenine protection against ethanol-induced disorders of burrowing reflex in mice and rats. Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat IP Pavlova 41:551–556.
   Google Scholar
• Lawrence V, Houghton S, Douglas G, Durkin K, Whiting K, Tannock R. 2004. Executive function and ADHD: a comparison of children's performance during neuropsychological testing and real-world activities. J Attent Disord 7:137–149.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lenroot RK, Gogtay N, Greenstein DK, Wells EM, Wallace GL, Clasen LS, . 2007. Sexual dimorphism of brain developmental trajectories during childhood and adolescence. Neuroimage 36:1065–1073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lesch KP, Timmesfeld N, Renner TJ, Halperin R, Röser C, Nguyen TT, . 2008. Molecular genetics of adult ADHD: converging evidence from genome–wide association and extended pedigree linkage studies. J Neural Transm 115:1573–1585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy F, Hay DA, McStephen M, Wood C, Waldman I. 1997. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a category or a continuum? Genetic analysis of a large-scale twin study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36:737–744.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lezak MD, Howieson DB, Loring DW. 2004. Neuropsychological Assessment. 4th ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Llorente AM, Voigt RG, Jensen CL, Berretta MC, Kennard Fraley J, Heird WC. 2006. Performance on a visual sustained attention and discrimination task is associated with urinary excretion of norepinephrine metabolite in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD). Clin Neuropsychol 20:133–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lombion-Pouthier S, Vandel P, Nezelof S, Haffen E, Millot JL. 2006. Odor perception in patients with mood disorders. J Affect Disord 90:187–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorch EP, Milich R, Flake RA, Ohlendorf J, Little S. 2010. A developmental examination of story recall and coherence among children with ADHD. J Abnorm Child Psychol 38:291–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Losier BJ, McGrath PJ, Klein RM. 1996. Error patterns on the continuous performance test in non-medicated and medicated samples of children with and without ADHD: a meta-analytic review. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 37:971–987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovejoy DW, Ball JD, Keats M, Stutts ML, Spain EH, Janda L, Janusz J. 1999. Neuropsychological performance of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): diagnostic classification estimates for measures of frontal lobe/executive functioning. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 5:222–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludolph AG, Kassubek J, Schmeck K, Glaser C, Wunderlich A, Buck AK, . 2008. Dopaminergic dysfunction in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), differences between pharmacologically treated and never treated young adults: a 3,4-dihdroxy-6-[18F]fluorophenyl-l-alanine PET study. Neuroimage 41:718–727.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackie S, Shaw P, Lenroot R, Pierson R, Greenstein DK, Nugent TF 3rd, . 2007. Cerebellar development and clinical outcome in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 164:647–655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maiya R, Ponomarev I, Linse KD, Harris RA, Mayfield RD. 2007. Defining the dopamine transporter proteome by convergent biochemical and in silico analyses. Genes Brain Behav 6:97–106.
   Google Scholar
• Mandi Y, Vecsei L. 2012. The kynurenine system and immunoregulation. J Neural Transm 119:197–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manly T, Anderson V, Nimmo-Smith I, Turner A, Watson P, Robertson IH. 2001. The differential assessment of children's attention: the Test of Everyday Attention for Children (TEA-Ch), normative sample and ADHD performance. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 42:1065–1081.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinussen R, Hayden J, Hogg-Johnson S, Tannock R. 2005. A meta-analysis of working memory impairments in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 44:377–384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClure SM, Laibson DI, Loewenstein G, Cohen JD. 2004. Separate neural systems value immediate and delayed monetary rewards. Science 306:503–507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehler-Wex C, Riederer P, Gerlach M. 2006. Dopaminergic dysbalance in distinct basal ganglia neurocircuits: implications for the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurotox Res 10:167–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mesholam RI, Moberg PJ, Mahr RN, Doty RL. 1998. Olfaction in neurodegenerative disease: a meta-analysis of olfactory functioning in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Arch Neurol 55:84–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikkelsen E, Lake CR, Brown GL, Ziegler MG, Ebert MH. 1981. The hyperactive child syndrome: peripheral sympathetic nervous system function and the effect of d-amphetamine. Psychiatry Res 4:157–169.
   Google Scholar
• Miller CJ, Flory JD, Miller SR, Harty SC, Newcorn JH, Halperin JM. 2008. Childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and the emergence of personality disorders in adolescence: a prospective follow-up study. J Clin Psychiatry. 69:1477–1484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moberg PJ, Arnold SE, Doty RL, Gur RC, Balderston CC, Roalf DR, . 2006. Olfactory functioning in schizophrenia: relationship to clinical, neuropsychological, and volumetric MRI measures. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 28:1444–1461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moll GH, Heinrich H, Trott G, Wirth S, Rothenberger A. 2000. Deficient intracortical inhibition in drug-naive children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is enhanced by methylphenidate. Neurosci Lett 284:121–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muir-Broaddus JE, Rosenstein LD, Medina DE, Soderberg C. 2002. Neuropsychological test performance of children with ADHD relative to test norms and parent behavioral ratings. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 17:671–689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy KC, Barkley R, Bush T 2001. Executive functioning and olfactory identification in young adults with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychology 15:211–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oades RD. 2000. Differential measures of “sustained attention” in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity or tic disorders: relation to monoamine metabolism. Psychiatry Res 93:165–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oades RD, Sadile AG, Sagvolden T, Viggiano D, Aase H, Zuddas A, . 2005. The control of responsiveness in ADHD by catecholamines: evidence for dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and interactive roles. Dev Sci 8:122–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oldiges M, Lütz S, Pflug S, Schroer K, Stein N, Wiendahl C. 2007. Metabolomics: current state and evolving methodologies and tools. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 76:495–511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson BS, Potenza MN, Wang Z, Zhu H, Martin A, Marsh R, . 2009. An FMRI study of the effects of psychostimulants on default-mode processing during Stroop task performance in youths with ADHD. Am J Psychiatry 166:1286–1294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plailly J, Radnovich AJ, Sabri M, Royet JP, Kareken DA. 2007. Involvement of the left anterior insula and frontopolar gyrus in odor discrimination. Hum Brain Mapp 28:363–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plessen KJ, Bansal R, Zhu H, Whiteman R, Amat J, Quackenbush GA, . 2006. Hippocampus and amygdala morphology in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 63:795–807.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pliszka SR, Maas JW, Javors MA, Rogeness GA, Baker J. 1994. Urinary catecholamines in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with and without comorbid anxiety. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 33:1165–1173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pliszka SR, Liotti M, Woldorff MG. 2000. Inhibitory control in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: event-related potentials identify the processing component and timing of an impaired right-frontal response-inhibition mechanism. Biol Psychiatry 48:238–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polanczyk G, de Lima MS, Horta BL, Biederman J, Rohde LA. 2007. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis. Am J Psychiatry 164:942–948.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollak Y, Kahana-Vax G, Hoofien D. 2008. Retrieval processes in adults with ADHD: a RAVLT study. Dev Neuropsychol 33:62–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollatos O, Albrecht J, Kopietz R, Linn J, Schoepf V, Kleemann AM, . 2007. Reduced olfactory sensitivity in subjects with depressive symptoms. J Affect Disord 102:101–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiu A, Crocetti D, Adler M, Mahone EM, Denckla MB, Miller MI, . 2009. Basal ganglia volume and shape in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 166:74–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinlan DM, Brown TE. 2003. Assessment of short-term verbal memory impairments in adolescents and adults with ADHD. J Attent Disord 6:143–152.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Richter MM, Ehlis AC, Jacob CP, Fallgatter AJ. 2007. Cortical excitability in adult patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Neurosci Lett 419:137–141.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogeness GA, Maas JW, Javors MA, Macedo CA, Fischer C, Harris WR. 1989. Attention deficit disorder symptoms and urine catecholamines. Psychiatry Res 27:241–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rolfe MH, Hamm JP, Waldie KE. 2008. Differences in paper-and-pencil versus computerized line bisection according to ADHD subtype and hand-use. Brain Cogn 66:188–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romanos M, Renner TJ, Schecklmann M, Hummel B, Roos M, von Mering C, . 2008. Improved odor sensitivity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 64:938–940.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romanos M, Weise D, Schliesser M, Schecklmann M, Loffler J, Warnke A, . 2010. Structural abnormality of the substantia nigra in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci 35:55–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubi B, Maechler P. 2010. Minireview: new roles for peripheral dopamine on metabolic control and tumor growth: let's seek the balance. Endocrinology 151:5570–5581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubia K, Smith A. 2001. Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder: current findings and treatment. Curr Opin Psychiatry 14:309–316.
   Google Scholar
• Rubia K, Halari R, Cubillo A, Mohammad AM, Scott S, Brammer M. 2009a. Disorder-specific inferior prefrontal hypofunction in boys with pure attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder compared to boys with pure conduct disorder during cognitive flexibility. Hum Brain Mapp 31:287–299.
   Google Scholar
• Rubia K, Halari R, Cubillo A, Mohammad AM, Brammer M, Taylor E. 2009b. Methylphenidate normalises activation and functional connectivity deficits in attention and motivation networks in medication-naive children with ADHD during a rewarded continuous performance task. Neuropharmacology 57:640–652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sami N, Carte ET, Hinshaw SP, Zupan BA. 2003. Performance of girls with ADHD and comparison girls on the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure: evidence for executive processing deficits. Child Neuropsychol 9:237–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savic I, Gulyas B, Larsson M, Roland P. 2000. Olfactory functions are mediated by parallel and hierarchical processing. Neuron 26:735–745.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savic I, Gulyas B, Berglund H. 2002. Odorant differentiated pattern of cerebral activation: comparison of acetone and vanillin. Hum Brain Mapp 17:17–27.
   Google Scholar
• Schecklmann M, Ehlis AC, Plichta MM, Fallgatter AJ. 2008a. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy: a long-term reliable tool for measuring brain activity during verbal fluency. Neuroimage 43:147–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schecklmann M, Ehlis AC, Plichta MM, Romanos J, Heine M, Boreatti-Hümmer, . 2008b. Diminished prefrontal oxygenation with normal and above-average verbal fluency performance in adult ADHD. J Psychiatr Res 43:98–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schecklmann M, Schenk E, Maisch A, Kreiker S, Jacob C, Warnke A, . 2010. Altered frontal and temporal brain function during olfactory stimulation in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychobiology 63:66–76.
   Google Scholar
• Schneider M, Retz W, Coogan A, Thome J, Rösler M. 2006. Anatomical and functional brain imaging in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A neurological view. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 258:192–193.
   Google Scholar
• Schreder T, Albrecht J, Kleemann AM, Schöpf V, Kopietz R, Anzinger A, . 2008. Olfactory performance of patients with anorexia nervosa and healthy subjects in hunger and satiety. Rhinology 46:175–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreiber HE, Javorsky DJ, Robinson JE, Stern RA. 1999. Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure performance in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a validation study of the Boston Qualitative Scoring System. Clin Neuropsychol 13:509–520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schweitzer JB, Faber TL, Grafton ST, Tune LE, Hoffman JM, Kilts CD. 2000. Alterations in the functional anatomy of working memory in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 157:278–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seidman LJ, Biederman J, Weber W, Hatch M, Faraone SV. 1998. Neuropsychological function in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 44:260–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sergeant JA, Geurts H, Oosterlaan J. 2002. How specific is a deficit of executive functioning for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? Behav Brain Res 130:3–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw LM, Korecka M, Clark CM, Lee V M-Y, Trojanowski JQ. 2007. Biomarkers of neurodegeration for diagnosis and monitoring therapeutics. Nat Rev 6:295–303.
   Google Scholar
• Shaw P, Greenstein D, Lerch J, Clasen L, Lenroot R, Gogtay N, . 2006. Intellectual ability and cortical development in children and adolescents. Nature 440:676–679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw P, Eckstrand K, Sharp W, Blumenthal J, Lerch JP, Greenstein D, . 2007. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a delay in cortical maturation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:19649–19654.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw P, Lalonde F, Lepage C, Rabin C, Eckstrand K, Sharp W, . 2009. Development of cortical asymmetry in typically developing children and its disruption in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66:888–896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shekim WO, Dekirmenjian H, Chapel JL. 1978. Urinary MHPG excretion in the hyperactive child syndrome and the effects of dextroamphetamine. Psychopharcol Bull 14:42–44.
   Google Scholar
• Shekim WO, Javaid J, Dekirmenjian H, Chapel JL, Davis JM. 1982. Effects of d-amphetamine on urinary metabolites of dopamine and norepinephrine in hyperactive boys. Am J Psychiatry 139:485–488.
   Google Scholar
• Sheppard DM, Bradshaw JL, Mattingley JB, Lee P. 1999. Effects of stimulant medication on the lateralisation of line bisection judgements of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 66:57–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiels K, Hawk LW Jr. 2010. Self-regulation in ADHD: the role of error processing. Clin Psychol Rev 30:951–961.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shue KL, Douglas VI. 1992. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and the frontal lobe syndrome. Brain Cogn 20:104–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slaats-Willemse D. 2003. Cognitive Endophenotypes of ADHD. Wageningen: Ponsen and Looijen BV.
   Google Scholar
• Slaats-Willemse DI, Swaab-Barneveld HJ, de Sonneville LM, Buitelaar JK. 2007. Family-genetic study of executive functioning in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Evidence for an endophenotype? Neuropsychology 21:751–760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sommer U, Hummel T, Cormann K, Mueller A, Frasnelli J, Kropp J, Reichmann H. 2004. Detection of presymptomatic Parkinson's disease: combining smell tests, transcranial sonography, and SPECT. Move Disord 19:1196–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonuga-Barke EJ. 2003. The dual-pathway model of AD/HD: an elaboration of neuro-developmental characteristics. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 27:593–604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonuga-Barke EJ, Castellanos FX. 2007. Spontaneous attentional fluctuations in impaired states and pathological conditions: a neurobiological hypothesis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 31:977–986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spiegel J, Hellwig D, Mollers MO, Behnke S, Jost W, Fassbender K, . 2006. Transcranial sonography and [123I]FP-CIT SPECT disclose complementary aspects of Parkinson's disease. Brain 129:1188–1193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stergiakouli E, Thapar A. 2010. Fitting the pieces together: current research on the genetic basis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 6:551–560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taurines R, Schmitt J, Renner T, Conner AC, Warnke A, Romanos M. 2010a. Developmental comorbidity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Attent Def Hyp Disord 2:267–289.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taurines R, Dudley E, Conner AC, Grassl J, Jans T, Guderian F, . 2010b. Serum protein profiling and proteomics in autistic spectrum disorder using magnetic bead-assisted mass spectrometry. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 260:249–255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taurines R, Dudley E, Grassl J, Warnke A, Gerlach M, Coogan AN, Thome J. 2011a. Proteomic research in psychiatry. J Psychopharmacol 25:151–196 (Review).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taurines R, Grünblatt E, Schecklmann M, Schwenk C, Albantakis L, Reefschläger L, . 2011b. Altered mRNA expression of monoaminergic candidate genes in the blood of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry 12 (Suppl. 1):104–108.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor E, Doepfner M, Sergeant J, Asherson P, Banaschewski T, Buitelaar J, . 2004. European Clinical Guidelines for Hyperkinetic Disorder – first update. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 13:7–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Ronald and Nancy Reagan Research Institute of the Alzheimer's Association and the National Institute on Aging Working Group. 1998. Consensus report of the Working Group on: Molecular and Biochemical Markers of Alzheimer's Disease. Neurobiol Aging 19:109–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thome J, Reddy DP. 2009. The current status of research into attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress on ADHD: from childhood to adult. ADHD Attentt Def Hyp Disord 1:165–174.
   Google Scholar
• Tucha O, Lange KW. 2001. Effects of methylphenidate on kinematic aspects of handwriting in hyperactive boys. J Abnorm Child Psychol 29:351–356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucha O, Prell S, Mecklinger L, Bormann-Kischkel C, Kübber S, Linder M, Walitza S, Lange KW. 2006a. Effects of methylphenidate on multiple components of attention in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychopharmacology 185:315–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucha O, Walitza S, Mecklinger L, Sontag TA, Kübber S, Linder M, Lange KW. 2006b. Attentional functioning in children with ADHD – predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type and children with ADHD – combined type. J Neural Transm 113:1943–1953.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucha L, Tucha O, Laufkötter R, Walitza S, Klein HE, Lange KW. 2008. Neuropsychological assessment of attention in adults with different subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Neural Transm 115:269–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucha L, Tucha O, Walitza S, Sontag TA, Laufkötter R, Linder M, Lange KW. 2009. Vigilance and sustained attention in children and adults with ADHD. J Attent Disord 12:410–421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucha L, Tucha O, Sontag TA, Stasik D, Laufkötter R, Lange KW. 2011. Differential Effects of Methylphenidate on Problem Solving in Adults With ADHD. J Attent Disord 15:161–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uzbekov MG. 2006. The hyperkinetic syndrome as a manifestation of a developmental disturbances of brain monoaminergic systems. In: Oades RD, editor. Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) and the Hyperkinetic Syndrome (HKS): current ideas and ways forward. New York: Nova Scientific Publishers. p. 133–154.
   Google Scholar
• Uzbekov MG, Misionzhnik EY. 2003. Changes in urinary monoamine excretion in hyperkinetic children. Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp 18:493–497.
   Google Scholar
• Vaidya CJ, Austin G, Kirkorian G, Ridlehuber HW, Desmond JE, Glover GH, Gabrieli JD. 1998. Selective effects of methylphenidate in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a functional magnetic resonance study. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:14494–14499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valera EM, Faraone SV, Murray KE, Seidman LJ. 2007. Meta-analysis of structural imaging findings in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 61:1361–1369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vamos E, Pardutz A, Klivenyi P, Toldi J, Vecsei L. 2009. The role of kynurenines in disorders of the central nervous system: possibilities for neuroprotection. J Neurol Sci 283:21–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Mourik R, Oosterlaan J, Sergeant JA. 2005. The Stroop revisited: a meta-analysis of interference control in AD/HD. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 46:150–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Zomeren AH, Brouwer WH. 1994. Clinical neuropsychology of attention. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Newcorn J, Fowler JS, Telang F, Solanto MV, . 2007. Brain dopamine transporter levels in treatment and drug naive adults with ADHD. Neuroimage 34:1182–1190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volkow ND, Fowler JS, Wang GJ, Telang F, Logan J, Wong C, . 2008. Methylphenidate decreased the amount of glucose needed by the brain to perform a cognitive task. PLoS ONE 3:e2017.
   Google Scholar
• Voloshina ON, Moskvitina TA. 1985. Method of estimation of platelet monoamine oxidase activity. Lab Delo 5:56–65.
   Google Scholar
• Walter U, Behnke S, Eyding J, Niehaus L, Postert T, Seidel G, . 2007. Transcranial brain parenchyma sonography in movement disorders: state of the art. Ultrasound Med Biol 33:15–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wassenberg R, Hendriksen JG, Hurks PP, Feron FJ, Vles JS, Jolles J. 2010. Speed of language comprehension is impaired in ADHD. J Attent Disord 13:374–385.
   Google Scholar
• Weissman DH, Roberts KC, Visscher KM, Woldorff MG. 2006. The neural bases of momentary lapses in attention. Nat Neurosci 9:971–978.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wender P. 1971. Minimal Brain Dysfunction in Children. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
   Google Scholar
• Westerberg H, Hirvikoski T, Forssberg H., Klingberg T. 2004. Visuo-spatial working memory span: a sensitive measure of cognitive deficits in children with ADHD. Child Neuropsychol 10:155–161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weyandt LL, Rice JA, Linterman I, Mitzlaff L, Emert E. 1998. Neuropsychological perforamance of a sample of adults with ADHD, developmental reading disorder, and controls. Dev Neuropsychol 14:643–656.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitman MC, Greer CA. 2009. Adult neurogenesis and the olfactory system. Progr Neurobiol. 89:162–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willcutt EG, Doyle AE, Nigg JT, Faraone SV, Pennington BF. 2005. Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review. Biol Psychiatry 57:1336–1346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams C, Wright B, Partridge I. 1999. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder – a review. Br J Gen Pract 49:563–571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winner B, Geyer M, Couillard-Despres S, Aigner R, Bogdahn U, Aigner L, . 2006. Striatal deafferentation increases dopaminergic neurogenesis in the adult olfactory bulb. Exp Neurol 197:113–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 1992. The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Yong-Liang G, Robaey P, Karayanidis F, Bourassa M, Pelletier G, Geoffroy G. 2000. ERPs and behavioural inhibition in a Go/No-go task in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Brain Cogn 43:215–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zadori D, Klivenyi P, Plangar I, Toldi J, Vecsei L. 2011. Endogenous neuroprotection in chronic neurodegenerative disorders with particular regard to the kynurenines. J Cell Mol Med 15:701–717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zecca L, Berg D, Arzberger T, Ruprecht P, Rausch WD, Musicco M, . 2005. In vivo detection of iron and neuromelanin by transcranial sonography: a new approach for early detection of substantia nigra damage. Move Disord 20:1278–1285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar