2,382
Views
99
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
TREATMENT GUIDELINES

World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) Guidelines for Biological Treatment of Schizophrenia Part 3: Update 2015 Management of special circumstances: Depression, Suicidality, substance use disorders and pregnancy and lactation

, , , , , , , & show all

References

  • Abuzzahab FS Sr, Zimmerman RL. 1982. Psychopharmacological correlates of post-psychotic depression: a double-blind investigation of haloperidol vs thiothixene in outpatient schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 43(3):105–110.
  • Addington D, Addington J, Patten S, Remington G, Moamai J, Labelle A, et al. 2002. Double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of the efficacy of sertraline as treatment for a major depressive episode in patients with remitted schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 22(1):20–25.
  • Addington DE, Mohamed S, Rosenheck RA, Davis SM, Stroup TS, McEvoy JP, et al. 2011. Impact of second-generation antipsychotics and perphenazine on depressive symptoms in a randomized trial of treatment for chronic schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 72(1):75–80.
  • Addington J, el-Guebaly N. 1998. Group treatment for substance abuse in schizophrenia. Can J Psychiatry 43(8):843–845.
  • Agabio R, Marras P, Addolorato G, Carpiniello B, Gessa GL. 2007. Baclofen suppresses alcohol intake and craving for alcohol in a schizophrenic alcohol-dependent patient: a case report. J Clin Psychopharmacol 27(3):319–320.
  • Alfredsson G, Harnryd C, Wiesel FA. 1984. Effects of sulpiride and chlorpromazine on depressive symptoms in schizophrenic patients – relationship to drug concentrations. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 84(2):237–241.
  • Altamura AC, Bassetti R, Bignotti S, Pioli R, Mundo E. 2003. Clinical variables related to suicide attempts in schizophrenic patients: a retrospective study. Schizophr Res 60(1):47–55.
  • Altamura AC, Mundo E, Bassetti R, Green A, Lindenmayer JP, Alphs L, et al. 2007. Transcultural differences in suicide attempters: analysis on a high-risk population of patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Schizophr Res 89(1–3):140–146.
  • APA. 1997. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia. American Psychiatric Association. Am J Psychiatry 154(4 Suppl):1–63.
  • Baker A, Bucci S, Lewin TJ, Kay-Lambkin F, Constable PM, Carr VJ. 2006. Cognitive-behavioural therapy for substance use disorders in people with psychotic disorders: Randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 188:439–448.
  • Baker A, Lewin T, Reichler H, Clancy R, Carr V, Garrett R, et al. 2002. Motivational interviewing among psychiatric in-patients with substance use disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand 106(3):233–240.
  • Bakst S, Rabinowitz J, Bromet EJ. 2010. Antecedents and patterns of suicide behavior in first-admission psychosis. Schizophr Bull 36(4):880–889.
  • Bandelow B, Zohar J, Hollander E, Kasper S, Möller HJ, Allgulander C, et al. 2008a. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive and post-traumatic stress disorders – first revision. World J Biol Psychiatry 9(4):248–312.
  • Bandelow B, Zohar J, Kasper S, Möller HJ. 2008b. How to grade categories of evidence. World J Biol Psychiatry 9(4):242–247.
  • Barak Y, Mirecki I, Knobler HY, Natan Z, Aizenberg D. 2004. Suicidality and second generation antipsychotics in schizophrenia patients: a case-controlled retrospective study during a 5-year period. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 175(2):215–219.
  • Barnes TR, Schizophrenia Consensus Group of British Association for P. 2011. Evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of schizophrenia: recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol 25(5):567–620.
  • Barrett EA, Sundet K, Faerden A, Nesvag R, Agartz I, Fosse R, et al. 2010. Suicidality before and in the early phases of first episode psychosis. Schizophr Res 119(1–3):11–17.
  • Barrowclough C, Haddock G, Beardmore R, Conrod P, Craig T, Davies L, et al. 2009. Evaluating integrated MI and CBT for people with psychosis and substance misuse: recruitment, retention and sample characteristics of the MIDAS trial. Addict Behav 34(10):859–866.
  • Barrowclough C, Haddock G, Tarrier N, Lewis SW, Moring J, O'Brien R, et al. 2001. Randomized controlled trial of motivational interviewing, cognitive behavior therapy, and family intervention for patients with comorbid schizophrenia and substance use disorders. Am J Psychiatry 158(10):1706–1713.
  • Barrowclough C, Haddock G, Wykes T, Beardmore R, Conrod P, Craig T, et al. 2010. Integrated motivational interviewing and cognitive behavioural therapy for people with psychosis and comorbid substance misuse: randomised controlled trial. Br Med J 341:c6325.
  • Barrowclough C, Marshall M, Gregg L, Fitzsimmons M, Tomenson B, Warburton J, et al. 2014. A phase-specific psychological therapy for people with problematic cannabis use following a first episode of psychosis: a randomized controlled trial. Psychol Med 44(13):2749–2761.
  • Beautrais AL. 2001. Suicides and serious suicide attempts: two populations or one? Psychol Med 31(5):837–845.
  • Bennedsen BE. 1998. Adverse pregnancy outcome in schizophrenic women: occurrence and risk factors. Schizophr Res 33(1–2):1–26.
  • Bennedsen BE, Mortensen PB, Olesen AV, Henriksen TB. 2001. Congenital malformations, stillbirths, and infant deaths among children of women with schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58(7):674–679.
  • Bertelsen M, Jeppesen P, Petersen L, Thorup A, Ohlenschlaeger J, le Quach P, et al. 2007. Suicidal behaviour and mortality in first-episode psychosis: the OPUS trial. Br J Psychiatry Suppl 51:s140–146.
  • Birchwood M, Iqbal Z, Chadwick P, Trower P. 2000. Cognitive approach to depression and suicidal thinking in psychosis. 1. Ontogeny of post-psychotic depression. Br J Psychiatry 177:516–521.
  • Bourgeois M, Swendsen J, Young F, Amador X, Pini S, Cassano GB, et al. 2004. Awareness of disorder and suicide risk in the treatment of schizophrenia: results of the international suicide prevention trial. Am J Psychiatry 161(8):1494–1496.
  • Brown S. 1997. Excess mortality of schizophrenia. A meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 171:502–508.
  • Buchanan RW, Kreyenbuhl J, Kelly DL, Noel JM, Boggs DL, Fischer BA, et al. 2010. The 2009 schizophrenia PORT psychopharmacological treatment recommendations and summary statements. Schizophr Bull 36(1):71–93.
  • Buckley PF, Miller BJ, Lehrer DS, Castle DJ. 2009. Psychiatric comorbidities and schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 35(2):383–402.
  • Byrne M, Agerbo E, Bennedsen B, Eaton WW, Mortensen PB. 2007. Obstetric conditions and risk of first admission with schizophrenia: a Danish national register based study. Schizophr Res 97(1–3):51–59.
  • Caldwell CB, Gottesman, II. 1990. Schizophrenics kill themselves too: a review of risk factors for suicide. Schizophr Bull 16(4):571–589.
  • Cerimele JM, Durango A. 2012. Does varenicline worsen psychiatric symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder? A review of published studies. J Clin Psychiatry 73(8):e1039–1047.
  • Crocq MA, Naber D, Lader MH, Thibaut F, Drici M, Everitt B, et al. 2010. Suicide attempts in a prospective cohort of patients with schizophrenia treated with sertindole or risperidone. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 20(12):829–838.
  • Cruz N, Sanchez-Moreno J, Torres F, Goikolea JM, Valenti M, Vieta E. 2010. Efficacy of modern antipsychotics in placebo-controlled trials in bipolar depression: a meta-analysis. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 13(1):5–14.
  • D'Souza MS, Markou A. 2012. Schizophrenia and tobacco smoking comorbidity: nAChR agonists in the treatment of schizophrenia-associated cognitive deficits. Neuropharmacology 62(3):1564–1573.
  • De Fruyt J, Deschepper E, Audenaert K, Constant E, Floris M, Pitchot W, et al. 2012. Second generation antipsychotics in the treatment of bipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychopharmacol 26(5):603–617.
  • De Hert M, Correll CU, Bobes J, Cetkovich-Bakmas M, Cohen D, Asai I, et al. 2011. Physical illness in patients with severe mental disorders. I. Prevalence, impact of medications and disparities in health care. World Psychiatry 10(1):52–77.
  • De Hert M, McKenzie K, Peuskens J. 2001. Risk factors for suicide in young people suffering from schizophrenia: a long-term follow-up study. Schizophr Res 47(2–3):127–134.
  • DGBS/DGPPN. 2014. S3-Leitlinie zur Diagnostik und Therapie Bipolarer Störungen. Langversion, 2012. http://www.dgppn.de/publikationen/leitlinien/leitlinien10.html
  • DGPPN. 2006. S3 Praxisleitlinien in Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie. Band 1 – Behandlungsleitlinie Schizophrenie. Darmstadt: Steinkopff-Verlag. http://www.dgppn.de/publikationen/leitlinien/leitlinien10.html
  • Di Fiorino M, Montagnani G, Trespi G, Kasper S. 2014. Extended-release quetiapine fumarate (quetiapine XR) versus risperidone in the treatment of depressive symptoms in patients with schizoaffective disorder or schizophrenia: a randomized, open-label, parallel-group, flexible-dose study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 29(3):166–176.
  • Dixon L, Haas G, Weiden PJ, Sweeney J, Frances AJ. 1991. Drug abuse in schizophrenic patients: clinical correlates and reasons for use. Am J Psychiatry 148(2):224–230.
  • Dixon L, Perkins D, Calmes C. 2009. Guideline Watch (September 2009): Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Schizophrenia. American Psychiatric Association. http://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/schizophrenia-watch.pdf
  • Dollfus S, Olivier V, Chabot B, Deal C, Perrin E. 2005. Olanzapine versus risperidone in the treatment of post-psychotic depression in schizophrenic patients. Schizophr Res 78(2–3):157–159.
  • Dome P, Lazary J, Kalapos MP, Rihmer Z. 2010. Smoking, nicotine and neuropsychiatric disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 34(3):295–342.
  • Drake RE, Ehrlich J. 1985. Suicide attempts associated with akathisia. Am J Psychiatry 142(4):499–501.
  • Drake RE, Mueser KT. 2000. Psychosocial approaches to dual diagnosis. Schizophr Bull 26(1):105–118.
  • Drake RE, Mueser KT. 2001. Managing comorbid schizophrenia and substance abuse. Curr Psychiatry Rep 3(5):418–422.
  • Drake RE, Mueser KT, Brunette MF, McHugo GJ. 2004. A review of treatments for people with severe mental illnesses and co-occurring substance use disorders. Psychiatr Rehabil J 27(4):360–374.
  • Dufresne RL, Valentino D, Kass DJ. 1993. Thioridazine improves affective symptoms in schizophrenic patients. Psychopharmacol Bull 29(2):249–255.
  • Einarson A, Boskovic R. 2009. Use and safety of antipsychotic drugs during pregnancy. J Psychiatr Pract 15(3):183–192.
  • Emsley RA, Buckley P, Jones AM, Greenwood MR. 2003. Differential effect of quetiapine on depressive symptoms in patients with partially responsive schizophrenia. J Psychopharmacol 17(2):210–215.
  • Englisch S, Inta D, Eer A, Zink M. 2010. Bupropion for depression in schizophrenia. Clin Neuropharmacol 33(5):257–259.
  • Englisch S, Morgen K, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Zink M. 2013. Risks and benefits of bupropion treatment in schizophrenia: a systematic review of the current literature. Clin Neuropharmacol 36(6):203–215.
  • Ertugrul A. 2002. Clozapine and suicide. Am J Psychiatry 159(2):323; author reply 324.
  • Falkai P, Wobrock T, Lieberman J, Glenthoj B, Gattaz WF, Möller HJ. 2005. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of schizophrenia, Part 1: acute treatment of schizophrenia. World J Biol Psychiatry 6(3):132–191.
  • Falkai P, Wobrock T, Lieberman J, Glenthoj B, Gattaz WF, Möller HJ. 2006. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of schizophrenia, part 2: long-term treatment of schizophrenia. World J Biol Psychiatry 7(1):5–40.
  • Fedyszyn IE, Robinson J, Matyas T, Harris MG, Paxton SJ. 2010. Temporal pattern of suicide risk in young individuals with early psychosis. Psychiatry Res 175(1–2):98–103.
  • Fortinguerra F, Clavenna A, Bonati M. 2009. Psychotropic drug use during breastfeeding: a review of the evidence. Pediatrics 124(4):e547–556.
  • Furtado VA, Srihari V. 2008. Atypical antipsychotics for people with both schizophrenia and depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1):CD005377.
  • Galbally M, Snellen M, Power J. 2014. Antipsychotic drugs in pregnancy: a review of their maternal and fetal effects. Ther Adv Drug Saf 5(2):100–109.
  • Galbally M, Snellen M, Walker S, Permezel M. 2010. Management of antipsychotic and mood stabilizer medication in pregnancy: recommendations for antenatal care. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 44(2):99–108.
  • Gentile S. 2008. Infant safety with antipsychotic therapy in breast-feeding: a systematic review. J Clin Psychiatry 69(4):666–673.
  • Gentile S. 2010. Antipsychotic therapy during early and late pregnancy. A systematic review. Schizophr Bull 36(3):518–544.
  • Glick ID, Bosch J, Casey DE. 2009. A double-blind randomized trial of mood stabilizer augmentation using lamotrigine and valproate for patients with schizophrenia who are stabilized and partially responsive. J Clin Psychopharmacol 29(3):267–271.
  • Glick ID, Zaninelli R, Hsu C, Young FK, Weiss L, Gunay I, et al. 2004. Patterns of concomitant psychotropic medication use during a 2-year study comparing clozapine and olanzapine for the prevention of suicidal behavior. J Clin Psychiatry 65(5):679–685.
  • Habermann F, Fritzsche J, Fuhlbruck F, Wacker E, Allignol A, Weber-Schoendorfer C, et al. 2013. Atypical antipsychotic drugs and pregnancy outcome: a prospective, cohort study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 33(4):453–462.
  • Harrow M, Yonan CA, Sands JR, Marengo J. 1994. Depression in schizophrenia: are neuroleptics, akinesia, or anhedonia involved? Schizophr Bull 20(2):327–338.
  • Hartz SM, Pato CN, Medeiros H, Cavazos-Rehg P, Sobell JL, Knowles JA, et al. 2014. Comorbidity of severe psychotic disorders with measures of substance use. JAMA Psychiatry 71(3):248–254.
  • Hasan A, Falkai P, Wobrock T, Lieberman J, Glenthoj B, Gattaz WF, et al. 2013. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of schizophrenia, part 2: update 2012 on the long-term treatment of schizophrenia and management of antipsychotic-induced side effects. World J Biol Psychiatry 14(1):2–44.
  • Hasan A, Falkai P, Wobrock T, Lieberman J, Glenthoj B, Gattaz WF, et al. 2012. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) Guidelines for Biological Treatment of Schizophrenia, part 1: update 2012 on the acute treatment of schizophrenia and the management of treatment resistance. World J Biol Psychiatry 13(5):318–378.
  • Haukka J, Tiihonen J, Harkanen T, Lonnqvist J. 2008. Association between medication and risk of suicide, attempted suicide and death in nationwide cohort of suicidal patients with schizophrenia. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 17(7):686–696.
  • Heila H, Isometsa ET, Henriksson MM, Heikkinen ME, Marttunen MJ, Lonnqvist JK. 1997. Suicide and schizophrenia: a nationwide psychological autopsy study on age- and sex-specific clinical characteristics of 92 suicide victims with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 154(9):1235–1242.
  • Hellerstein DJ, Rosenthal RN, Miner CR. 2001. Integrating services for schizophrenia and substance abuse. Psychiatr Q 72(4):291–306.
  • Hennen J, Baldessarini RJ. 2005. Suicidal risk during treatment with clozapine: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 73(2–3):139–145.
  • Herman SE, Frank KA, Mowbray CT, Ribisl KM, Davidson WS, 2nd, BootsMiller B, et al. 2000. Longitudinal effects of integrated treatment on alcohol use for persons with serious mental illness and substance use disorders. J Behav Health Serv Res 27(3):286–302.
  • Hor K, Taylor M. 2010. Suicide and schizophrenia: a systematic review of rates and risk factors. J Psychopharmacol 24(4 Suppl):81–90.
  • Hunt GE, Bergen J, Bashir M. 2002. Medication compliance and comorbid substance abuse in schizophrenia: impact on community survival 4 years after a relapse. Schizophr Res 54(3):253–264.
  • Hunt GE, Siegfried N, Morley K, Sitharthan T, Cleary M. 2013. Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 10:CD001088.
  • IPAP. The International Psychopharmacology Algorithm Project [Internet]. Available from: http://www.ipap.org/index.php
  • Kalyoncu A, Mirsal H, Pektas O, Unsalan N, Tan D, Beyazyurek M. 2005. Use of lamotrigine to augment clozapine in patients with resistant schizophrenia and comorbid alcohol dependence: a potent anti-craving effect? J Psychopharmacol 19(3):301–305.
  • Kasper S. 2004. Quetiapine is effective against anxiety and depressive symptoms in long-term treatment of patients with schizophrenia. Depress Anxiety 20(1):44–47.
  • Kasper S, Montagnani G, Trespi G, Di Fiorino M. 2015. Treatment of depressive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia: a randomized, open-label, parallel-group, flexible-dose subgroup analysis of patients treated with extended-release quetiapine fumarate or risperidone. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 30(1):14–22.
  • Keck PE Jr, Strakowski SM, McElroy SL. 2000. The efficacy of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of depressive symptoms, hostility, and suicidality in patients with schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 61(Suppl 3):4–9.
  • Kelly DL, McMahon RP, Weiner E, Boggs DL, Dickinson D, Conley RR, et al. 2008. Lack of beneficial galantamine effect for smoking behavior: a double-blind randomized trial in people with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 103(1–3):161–168.
  • Kelly TM, Daley DC, Douaihy AB. 2012. Treatment of substance abusing patients with comorbid psychiatric disorders. Addict Behav 37(1):11–24.
  • Kerwin R. 2003. Preventing suicide. Br J Psychiatry 182:366.
  • Khan A, Khan SR, Leventhal RM, Brown WA. 2001. Symptom reduction and suicide risk among patients treated with placebo in antipsychotic clinical trials: an analysis of the food and drug administration database. Am J Psychiatry 158(9):1449–1454.
  • Kim SW, Shin IS, Kim JM, Lee SH, Lee JH, Yoon BH, et al. 2007. Amisulpride versus risperidone in the treatment of depression in patients with schizophrenia: a randomized, open-label, controlled trial. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 31(7):1504–1509.
  • Kinon BJ, Lipkovich I, Edwards SB, Adams DH, Ascher-Svanum H, Siris SG. 2006. A 24-week randomized study of olanzapine versus ziprasidone in the treatment of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder in patients with prominent depressive symptoms. J Clin Psychopharmacol 26(2):157–162.
  • Kirli S, Caliskan M. 1998. A comparative study of sertraline versus imipramine in postpsychotic depressive disorder of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 33(1–2):103–111.
  • Kishi T, Iwata N. 2014. Varenicline for smoking cessation in people with schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2014 Nov 8. [Epub ahead of print]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25283510
  • Kjelby E, Jorgensen HA, Kroken RA, Loberg EM, Johnsen E. 2011. Anti-depressive effectiveness of olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone and ziprasidone: a pragmatic, randomized trial. BMC Psychiatry 11:145.
  • Klinger G, Stahl B, Fusar-Poli P, Merlob P. 2013. Antipsychotic drugs and breastfeeding. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 10(3):308–317.
  • Komossa K, Depping AM, Gaudchau A, Kissling W, Leucht S. 2010. Second-generation antipsychotics for major depressive disorder and dysthymia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (12):CD008121.
  • Kovasznay B, Fleischer J, Tanenberg-Karant M, Jandorf L, Miller AD, Bromet E. 1997. Substance use disorder and the early course of illness in schizophrenia and affective psychosis. Schizophr Bull 23(2):195–201.
  • Krakowski M, Czobor P, Volavka J. 1997. Effect of neuroleptic treatment on depressive symptoms in acute schizophrenic episodes. Psychiatry Res 71(1):19–26.
  • Kreyenbuhl J, Buchanan RW, Dickerson FB, Dixon LB. 2010. The Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT): updated treatment recommendations 2009. Schizophr Bull 36(1):94–103.
  • Kulkarni J, Worsley R, Gilbert H, Gavrilidis E, Van Rheenen TE, Wang W, et al. 2014. A prospective cohort study of antipsychotic medications in pregnancy: the first 147 pregnancies and 100 one year old babies. PLoS One 9(5):e94788.
  • Lacro JP, Dunn LB, Dolder CR, Leckband SG, Jeste DV. 2002. Prevalence of and risk factors for medication nonadherence in patients with schizophrenia: a comprehensive review of recent literature. J Clin Psychiatry 63(10):892–909.
  • Lako IM, Bruggeman R, Knegtering H, Wiersma D, Schoevers RA, Slooff CJ, et al. 2012. A systematic review of instruments to measure depressive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. J Affect Disord 140(1):38–47.
  • Lambert M, Karow A, Leucht S, Schimmelmann BG, Naber D. 2010. Remission in schizophrenia: validity, frequency, predictors, and patients’ perspective 5 years later. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 12(3):393–407.
  • Laursen TM, Munk-Olsen T, Gasse C. 2011. Chronic somatic comorbidity and excess mortality due to natural causes in persons with schizophrenia or bipolar affective disorder. PLoS One 6(9):e24597.
  • Leatherman SM, Liang MH, Krystal JH, Lew RA, Valley D, Thwin SS, et al. 2014. Differences in treatment effect among clinical subgroups in a randomized clinical trial of long-acting injectable risperidone and oral antipsychotics in unstable chronic schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis 202(1):13–17.
  • Lee KU, Jeon YW, Lee HK, Jun TY. 2009. Efficacy and safety of quetiapine for depressive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. Hum Psychopharmacol 24(6):447–452.
  • Lefaucheur JP, Andre-Obadia N, Antal A, Ayache SS, Baeken C, Benninger DH, et al. 2014. Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Clin Neurophysiol. 125(11):2150–2220
  • Lehman AF, Lieberman JA, Dixon LB, McGlashan TH, Miller AL, Perkins DO, et al. 2004. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia, second edition. Am J Psychiatry 161(2 Suppl):1–56.
  • Leucht S, Arbter D, Engel RR, Kissling W, Davis JM. 2009a. How effective are second-generation antipsychotic drugs? A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials. Mol Psychiatry 14(4):429–447.
  • Leucht S, Corves C, Arbter D, Engel RR, Li C, Davis JM. 2009b. Second-generation versus first-generation antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Lancet 373(9657):31–41.
  • Leucht S, Heres S, Kissling W, Davis JM. 2013. Pharmacological treatment of schizophrenia. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 81(5):e1–13.
  • Leucht S, Kissling W, Davis JM. 2009c. How to read and understand and use systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Acta Psychiatr Scand 119(6):443–450.
  • Leucht S, Kissling W, McGrath J. 2004. Lithium for schizophrenia revisited: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Psychiatry 65(2):177–186.
  • Maier W, Möller HJ. 2010. Meta-analyses: a method to maximise the evidence from clinical studies? Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 260(1):17–23.
  • Mamo DC. 2007. Managing suicidality in schizophrenia. Can J Psychiatry 52(6 Suppl 1):59–70S.
  • Martinotti G, Di Iorio G, Sepede G, De Berardis D, De Risio L, Di Giannantonio M. 2012. Cannabis use and psychosis: theme introduction. Curr Pharm Des 18(32):4991–4998.
  • Maslenikov N, Tsukarzi E, Mosolov S. 2008. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) for the treatment of depression in schizophrenia patients. Ann Gen Psychiatry 7(Suppl 1):S312.
  • Mauri MC, Bitetto A, Fabiano L, Laini V, Steinhilber C, Fornier M, et al. 1999. Depressive symptoms and schizophrenic relapses: the effect of four neuroleptic drugs. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 23(1):43–54.
  • Mazeh D, Shahal B, Saraf R, Melamed Y. 2004. Venlafaxine for the treatment of depressive episode during the course of schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 24(6):653–655.
  • McCauley-Elsom K, Kulkarni J. 2007. Managing psychosis in pregnancy. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 41(3):289–292.
  • Meltzer H. 2002a. Clozapine and suicide. Am J Psychiatry 159(2):323–324.
  • Meltzer HY. 2002b. Suicidality in schizophrenia: a review of the evidence for risk factors and treatment options. Curr Psychiatry Rep 4(4):279–283.
  • Meltzer HY. 2005. Suicide in schizophrenia, clozapine, and adoption of evidence-based medicine. J Clin Psychiatry 66(4):530–533.
  • Meltzer HY, Alphs L, Green AI, Altamura AC, Anand R, Bertoldi A, et al. 2003. Clozapine treatment for suicidality in schizophrenia: International Suicide Prevention Trial (InterSePT). Arch Gen Psychiatry 60(1):82–91.
  • Meltzer HY, Okayli G. 1995. Reduction of suicidality during clozapine treatment of neuroleptic-resistant schizophrenia: impact on risk-benefit assessment. Am J Psychiatry 152(2):183–190.
  • Miller LJ. 1997. Sexuality, reproduction, and family planning in women with schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 23(4):623–635.
  • Modestin J, Dal Pian D, Agarwalla P. 2005. Clozapine diminishes suicidal behavior: a retrospective evaluation of clinical records. J Clin Psychiatry 66(4):534–538.
  • Modrzewska K. 1980. The offspring of schizophrenic parents in a North Swedish isolate. Clin Genet 17(3):191–201.
  • Möller HJ. 2005. Occurrence and treatment of depressive comorbidity/cosyndromality in schizophrenic psychoses: conceptual and treatment issues. World J Biol Psychiatry 6(4):247–263.
  • Montout C, Casadebaig F, Lagnaoui R, Verdoux H, Philippe A, Begaud B, et al. 2002. Neuroleptics and mortality in schizophrenia: prospective analysis of deaths in a French cohort of schizophrenic patients. Schizophr Res 57(2–3):147–156.
  • Moore TA, Buchanan RW, Buckley PF, Chiles JA, Conley RR, Crismon ML, et al. 2007. The Texas Medication Algorithm Project antipsychotic algorithm for schizophrenia: 2006 update. J Clin Psychiatry 68(11):1751–1762.
  • Morrens M, Dewilde B, Sabbe B, Dom G, De Cuyper R, Moggi F. 2011. Treatment outcomes of an integrated residential programme for patients with schizophrenia and substance use disorder. Eur Addict Res 17(3):154–163.
  • Mosolov SN, Potapov AV, Ushakov UV, Shafarenko AA, Kostyukova AB. 2014. Design and validation of standardized clinical and functional remission criteria in schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 10:167–181.
  • Mueser KT, Yarnold PR, Levinson DF, Singh H, Bellack AS, Kee K, et al. 1990. Prevalence of substance abuse in schizophrenia: demographic and clinical correlates. Schizophr Bull 16(1):31–56.
  • Mulholland C, Lynch G, King DJ, Cooper SJ. 2003. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of sertraline for depressive symptoms in patients with stable, chronic schizophrenia. J Psychopharmacol 17(1):107–112.
  • Murthy P, Chand P. 2012. Treatment of dual diagnosis disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry 25(3):194–200.
  • Nelson JC, Bowers MB Jr, Sweeney DR. 1979. Exacerbation of psychosis by tricyclic antidepressants in delusional depression. Am J Psychiatry 136(4B):574–576.
  • NICE. NICE clinical guideline 178 – Psychosis and schizophrenia in adults: treatment and management – Issued: February 2014 last modified: March 2014 [Internet]. Available from: guidance.nice.org.uk/cg178
  • Nilsson E, Lichtenstein P, Cnattingius S, Murray RM, Hultman CM. 2002. Women with schizophrenia: pregnancy outcome and infant death among their offspring. Schizophr Res 58(2–3):221–229.
  • Nordentoft M, Jeppesen P, Abel M, Kassow P, Petersen L, Thorup A, et al. 2002. OPUS study: suicidal behaviour, suicidal ideation and hopelessness among patients with first-episode psychosis. One-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry Suppl 43:s98–106.
  • Nordentoft M, Laursen TM, Agerbo E, Qin P, Hoyer EH, Mortensen PB. 2004. Change in suicide rates for patients with schizophrenia in Denmark, 1981–97: nested case-control study. Br Med J 329(7460):261.
  • Nordentoft M, Mortensen PB, Pedersen CB. 2011. Absolute risk of suicide after first hospital contact in mental disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 68(10):1058–1064.
  • Palmer BA, Pankratz VS, Bostwick JM. 2005. The lifetime risk of suicide in schizophrenia: a reexamination. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62(3):247–253.
  • Pani L, Gessa GL. 2002. The substituted benzamides and their clinical potential on dysthymia and on the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 7(3):247–253.
  • Pediatrics AAo. 2000. Use of psychoactive medication during pregnancy and possible effects on the fetus and newborn. Committee on Drugs. American Academy of Pediatrics. Pediatrics 105(4 Pt 1):880–887.
  • Petrakis IL, O'Malley S, Rounsaville B, Poling J, McHugh-Strong C, Krystal JH, et al. 2004. Naltrexone augmentation of neuroleptic treatment in alcohol abusing patients with schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 172(3):291–297.
  • Plasky P. 1991. Antidepressant usage in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 17(4):649–657.
  • Pompili M, Amador XF, Girardi P, Harkavy-Friedman J, Harrow M, Kaplan K, et al. 2007. Suicide risk in schizophrenia: learning from the past to change the future. Ann Gen Psychiatry 6:10.
  • Pompili M, Lester D, Dominici G, Longo L, Marconi G, Forte A, et al. 2013. Indications for electroconvulsive treatment in schizophrenia: a systematic review. Schizophr Res 146(1–3):1–9.
  • Pompili M, Lester D, Grispini A, Innamorati M, Calandro F, Iliceto P, et al. 2009. Completed suicide in schizophrenia: evidence from a case-control study. Psychiatry Res 167(3):251–257.
  • Pompili M, Serafini G, Innamorati M, Lester D, Shrivastava A, Girardi P, et al. 2011. Suicide risk in first episode psychosis: a selective review of the current literature. Schizophr Res 129(1):1–11.
  • Prusoff BA, Williams DH, Weissman MM, Astrachan BM. 1979. Treatment of secondary depression in schizophrenia. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of amitriptyline added to perphenazine. Arch Gen Psychiatry 36(5):569–575.
  • Radhakrishnan R, Wilkinson ST, D’Souza DC. 2014. Gone to pot – a review of the association between cannabis and psychosis. Front Psychiatry 5:54.
  • RANZCP. 2005. Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of schizophrenia and related disorders. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 39(1–2):1–30.
  • Reutfors J, Brandt L, Jonsson EG, Ekbom A, Sparen P, Osby U. 2009. Risk factors for suicide in schizophrenia: findings from a Swedish population-based case-control study. Schizophr Res 108(1–3):231–237.
  • Ridgely MS, Jerrell JM. 1996. Analysis of three interventions for substance abuse treatment of severely mentally ill people. Community Ment Health J 32(6):561–572.
  • Riedel M, Mayr A, Seemuller F, Maier W, Klingberg S, Heuser I, et al. 2012. Depressive symptoms and their association with acute treatment outcome in first-episode schizophrenia patients: comparing treatment with risperidone and haloperidol. World J Biol Psychiatry 13(1):30–38.
  • Rubio G, Martinez I, Ponce G, Jimenez-Arriero MA, Lopez-Munoz F, Alamo C. 2006. Long-acting injectable risperidone compared with zuclopenthixol in the treatment of schizophrenia with substance abuse comorbidity. Can J Psychiatry 51(8):531–539.
  • Rüther T, Bobes J, De Hert M, Svensson TH, Mann K, Batra A, et al. 2014. EPA guidance on tobacco dependence and strategies for smoking cessation in people with mental illness. Eur Psychiatry 29(2):65–82.
  • Rybakowski JK, Vansteelandt K, Szafranski T, Thys E, Jarema M, Wolfgang Fleischhacker W, et al. 2012. Treatment of depression in first episode of schizophrenia: results from EUFEST. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 22(12):875–882.
  • Sacker A, Done DJ, Crow TJ. 1996. Obstetric complications in children born to parents with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of case-control studies. Psychol Med 26(2):279–287.
  • Sadowski A, Todorow M, Yazdani Brojeni P, Koren G, Nulman I. 2013. Pregnancy outcomes following maternal exposure to second-generation antipsychotics given with other psychotropic drugs: a cohort study. Br Med J Open 3(7).
  • Sands JR, Harrow M. 1999. Depression during the longitudinal course of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 25(1):157–171.
  • Sayers SL, Campbell EC, Kondrich J, Mann SC, Cornish J, O'Brien C, et al. 2005. Cocaine abuse in schizophrenic patients treated with olanzapine versus haloperidol. J Nerv Ment Dis 193(6):379–386.
  • Schennach-Wolff R, Jager M, Seemuller F, Obermeier M, Schmauss M, Laux G, et al. 2010. Outcome of suicidal patients with schizophrenia: results from a naturalistic study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 121(5):359–370.
  • Schnell T, Koethe D, Krasnianski A, Gairing S, Schnell K, Daumann J, et al. 2014. Ziprasidone versus clozapine in the treatment of dually diagnosed (DD) patients with schizophrenia and cannabis use disorders: a randomized study. Am J Addict 23(3):308–312.
  • Seeman MV. 2013. Clinical interventions for women with schizophrenia: pregnancy. Acta Psychiatr Scand 127(1):12–22.
  • Sernyak MJ, Desai R, Stolar M, Rosenheck R. 2001. Impact of clozapine on completed suicide. Am J Psychiatry 158(6):931–937.
  • Sevy S, Robinson DG, Sunday S, Napolitano B, Miller R, McCormack J, et al. 2011. Olanzapine vs. risperidone in patients with first-episode schizophrenia and a lifetime history of cannabis use disorders: 16-week clinical and substance use outcomes. Psychiatry Res 188(3):310–314.
  • Shanfield S, Tucker GJ, Harrow M, Detre T. 1970. The schizophrenic patient and depressive symptomatology. J Nerv Ment Dis 151(3):203–210.
  • Shear MK, Frances A, Weiden P. 1983. Suicide associated with akathisia and depot fluphenazine treatment. J Clin Psychopharmacol 3(4):235–236.
  • Shrivastava A, Johnston ME, Shah N, Innamorati M, Stitt L, Thakar M, et al. 2010. Persistent suicide risk in clinically improved schizophrenia patients: challenge of the suicidal dimension. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 6:633–638.
  • Siris SG. 1990. Pharmacological treatment of substance-abusing schizophrenic patients. Schizophr Bull 16(1):111–122.
  • Siris SG. 2000. Depression in schizophrenia: perspective in the era of “Atypical” antipsychotic agents. Am J Psychiatry 157(9):1379–1389.
  • Siris SG. 2001. Suicide and schizophrenia. J Psychopharmacol 15(2):127–135.
  • Siris SG, Bermanzohn PC, Mason SE, Shuwall MA. 1994. Maintenance imipramine therapy for secondary depression in schizophrenia. A controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51(2):109–115.
  • Siris SG, Mason SE, Bermanzohn PC, Shuwall MA, Aseniero MA. 1993. Adjunctive imipramine in substance-abusing dysphoric schizophrenic patients. Psychopharmacol Bull 29(1):127–133.
  • Smelson DA, Losonczy MF, Davis CW, Kaune M, Williams J, Ziedonis D. 2002. Risperidone decreases craving and relapses in individuals with schizophrenia and cocaine dependence. Can J Psychiatry 47(7):671–675.
  • Smelson DA, Ziedonis D, Williams J, Losonczy MF, Williams J, Steinberg ML, et al. 2006. The efficacy of olanzapine for decreasing cue-elicited craving in individuals with schizophrenia and cocaine dependence: a preliminary report. J Clin Psychopharmacol 26(1):9–12.
  • Soyka M, Aichmuller C, v Bardeleben U, Beneke M, Glaser T, Hornung-Knobel S, et al. 2003. Flupenthixol in relapse prevention in schizophrenics with comorbid alcoholism: results from an open clinical study. Eur Addict Res 9(2):65–72.
  • Soyka M, Albus M, Kathmann N, Finelli A, Hofstetter S, Holzbach R, et al. 1993. Prevalence of alcohol and drug abuse in schizophrenic inpatients. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 242(6):362–372.
  • Soyka M, Sand P. 1995. Successful treatment with flupenthixol decanoate of a patient with both schizophrenia and alcoholism. Pharmacopsychiatry 28(2):64–65.
  • Spielvogel AM, Lee EK. 2010. Indication for psychiatric inpatient hospitalization for pregnant psychotic women. Curr Women's Health Rev 6:44–50.
  • Tek C, Srihari V, Tek E. 2008. Successful acamprosate treatment of alcohol dependence in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 106(2–3):373.
  • Terevnikov V, Stenberg JH, Tiihonen J, Joffe M, Burkin M, Tchoukhine E, et al. 2011. Add-on mirtazapine improves depressive symptoms in schizophrenia: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study with an open-label extension phase. Hum Psychopharmacol 26(3):188–193.
  • Tiihonen J, Lonnqvist J, Wahlbeck K, Klaukka T, Niskanen L, Tanskanen A, et al. 2009. 11–year follow-up of mortality in patients with schizophrenia: a population-based cohort study (FIN11 study). Lancet 374(9690):620–627.
  • Tollefson GD, Andersen SW, Tran PV. 1999. The course of depressive symptoms in predicting relapse in schizophrenia: a double-blind, randomized comparison of olanzapine and risperidone. Biol Psychiatry 46(3):365–373.
  • Tondo L, Ghiani C, Albert M. 2001. Pharmacologic interventions in suicide prevention. J Clin Psychiatry 62(Suppl 25):51–55.
  • Tsoi DT, Porwal M, Webster AC. 2013. Interventions for smoking cessation and reduction in individuals with schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2:CD007253.
  • Tsuang J, Marder SR, Han A, Hsieh W. 2002. Olanzapine treatment for patients with schizophrenia and cocaine abuse. J Clin Psychiatry 63(12):1180–1181.
  • Usher K, Foster K, McNamara P. 2005. Antipsychotic drugs and pregnant or breastfeeding women: the issues for mental health nurses. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 12(6):713–718.
  • Van Putten T, May RP. 1978. “Akinetic depression” in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 35(9):1101–1107.
  • Vanelle JM, Douki S. 2006. A double-blind randomised comparative trial of amisulpride versus olanzapine for 2 months in the treatment of subjects with schizophrenia and comorbid depression. Eur Psychiatry 21(8):523–530.
  • Vayisoglu S, Anil Yagcioglu AE, Yagcioglu S, Karahan S, Karci O, Gurel SC, et al. 2013. Lamotrigine augmentation in patients with schizophrenia who show partial response to clozapine treatment. Schizophr Res 143(1):207–214.
  • Wagstaff A, Perry C. 2003. Clozapine: in prevention of suicide in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. CNS Drugs 17(4):273–280; discussion 281–3.
  • Walker AM, Lanza LL, Arellano F, Rothman KJ. 1997. Mortality in current and former users of clozapine. Epidemiology 8(6):671–677.
  • Wasserman D, Rihmer Z, Rujescu D, Sarchiapone M, Sokolowski M, Titelman D, et al. 2012. The European Psychiatric Association (EPA) guidance on suicide treatment and prevention. Eur Psychiatry 27(2):129–141.
  • Webb RT, Howard L, Abel KM. 2004. Antipsychotic drugs for non-affective psychosis during pregnancy and postpartum. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2):CD004411.
  • Weisman RL. 2003. Quetiapine in the successful treatment of schizophrenia with comorbid alcohol and drug dependence: a case report. Int J Psychiatry Med 33(1):85–89.
  • Whitehead C, Moss S, Cardno A, Lewis G. 2003. Antidepressants for the treatment of depression in people with schizophrenia: a systematic review. Psychol Med 33(4):589–599.
  • Wiesbeck GA, Weijers HG, Lesch OM, Glaser T, Toennes PJ, Boening J. 2001. Flupenthixol decanoate and relapse prevention in alcoholics: results from a placebo-controlled study. Alcohol Alcohol 36(4):329–334.
  • Wilkins JN. 1997. Pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia patients with comorbid substance abuse. Schizophr Bull 23(2):215–228.
  • Wilkinson G, Bacon NA. 1984. A clinical and epidemiological survey of parasuicide and suicide in Edinburgh schizophrenics. Psychol Med 14(4):899–912.
  • Wistedt B, Palmstierna T. 1983. Depressive symptoms in chronic schizophrenic patients after withdrawal of long-acting neuroleptics. J Clin Psychiatry 44(10):369–371.
  • Wobrock T, Guse B, Cordes J, Wölwer W, Winterer G, Gaebel W, et al. 2014. Left prefrontal high-frequency rTMS for the treatment of schizophrenia with predominant negative symptoms – a sham-controlled, randomized multicentre trial. Biol Psychiatry, advance online publication, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.10.009
  • Wobrock T, Soyka M. 2008. Pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia with comorbid substance use disorder-reviewing the evidence and clinical recommendations. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 32(6):1375–1385.
  • Zhornitsky S, Rizkallah E, Pampoulova T, Chiasson JP, Stip E, Rompre PP, et al. 2010. Antipsychotic agents for the treatment of substance use disorders in patients with and without comorbid psychosis. J Clin Psychopharmacol 30(4):417–424.
  • Ziedonis D, Richardson T, Lee E, Petrakis I, Kosten T. 1992. Adjunctive desipramine in the treatment of cocaine abusing schizophrenics. Psychopharmacol Bull 28(3):309–314.
  • Zisook S, Kasckow JW, Lanouette NM, Golshan S, Fellows I, Vahia I, et al. 2010. Augmentation with citalopram for suicidal ideation in middle-aged and older outpatients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder who have subthreshold depressive symptoms: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 71(7):915–922.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.