413
Views
15
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Thizzin’ – Ecstasy use contexts and emergent social meanings

, , &
Pages 528-541 | Received 02 Sep 2010, Accepted 27 Nov 2010, Published online: 11 Apr 2011

References

  • Acevedo-Garcia D, Pan J, Hee-Jin J, Osypuk TL, Emmons KM. The effect of immigrant generation on smoking. Social Science and Medicine 2005; 61: 1223–1242
  • Almeida SP, Silva MTA. Characteristics of Ecstasy users in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Substance Use and Misuse 2005; 40: 395–404
  • Ames SL, Sussman S, Dent CW. Pro-drug-use myths and competing constructs in the prediction of substance use among youth at continuation high schools: A one-year prospective study. Personality and Individual Differences 1999; 26: 987–1004
  • Asian Pacific American Legal Center of Southern California (APALC). (2005). The diverse face of Asians and Pacific Islanders in California. Los Angeles, CA: APALC.
  • Arnett J. Heavy metal music and reckless behavior among adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 1991; 20: 573–592
  • Avni, S. (2007). It's the Ecstasy, stupid. truthdig. Retrieved from http://www.truthdig.com/report/item/20070703_its_the_Ecstasy_stupid
  • Baylen CA, Rosenberg H. A review of the acute subjective effects of MDMA/ecstasy. Addiction 2006; 101: 933–947
  • Becker HS. Becoming a marihuana user. American Journal of Sociology 1953; 59: 235–242
  • Berger PL, Luckmann T. The social construction of reality: A treatise in the sociology of knowledge. Anchor Books, New York, NY 1967
  • Blake SM, Ledsky R, Goodenow C, O’Donnell L. Recency of immigration, substance use, and sexual behavior among Massachusetts adolescents. American Journal of Public Health 2001; 91: 794–798
  • Boeri MW, Sterk CE, Elifson KW. Rolling beyond raves: Ecstasy use outside of the rave setting. Journal of Drug Issues 2004; 34: 831–860
  • Bogt TMT, Engels RCME. “Partying” hard: Party style, motives for and effects of MDMA use at rave parties. Substance Use and Misuse 2005; 40: 1479–1502
  • Caples, G. (2005). Nation of Thizzlam: Mac Dre's Thizz label undergoes a rebirth. San Francisco Bay Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.sfbg.com/40/07/news_dre2.html
  • Carlson RG, Falck RS, Siegal HA, McCaughan JA. MDMA/Ecstasy use among young people in Ohio: Perceived risk and barriers to intervention. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 2004; 36: 181–189
  • cbs5.com (2007). ‘Thizz’ use among Bay Area teens a growing concern. cbs5.com. Retrieved from http://cbs5.com/local/ecstasy.thizz.urban.2.460014.html
  • Chen MJ, Miller BA, Grube JW, Waiters ED. Music, substance use, and aggression. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 2006; 67: 373–381
  • Christine S. Perspectives on the meanings of symptoms among Cambodian refugees. Journal of Sociology 2001; 37: 81–98
  • Collins, H. (2006). Ghostridin’ the whip. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2006/oct/21/urban.popandrock
  • Community Epidemiology Work Group (CEWG). (2007). Epidemiologic trends in drug abuse. In Proceedings of the Community Epidemiology Work Group, Volume I: Highlights and Executive Summary (June 2007). Bethesda, MD: Department of Health and Human Services, Community Epidemiology Work Group.
  • Corapçioğlu A, Ogel K. Factors associated with Ecstasy use in Turkish students. Addiction (Abingdon, England) 2004; 99: 67–76
  • Courtwright D. Forces of habit: Drugs and the making of the modern world. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA 2001
  • Csemy L, Lejčková P, Sadílek P. Substance use among Czech adolescents: An overview of trends in the international context. Journal of Drug Issues 2007; 37: 119–132
  • Curran HV, Rees H, Hoare T, Hoshi R, Bond A. Empathy and aggression: Two faces of ecstasy? A study of interpretative cognitive bias and mood change in Ecstasy users. Psychopharmacology 2004; 173: 425–433
  • D’Avanzo CE. Southeast Asians: Asian-Pacific Americans at risk for substance misuse. Substance Use and Misuse 1997; 32: 829–848
  • D’Avanzo CE, Barab SA. Depression and anxiety among Cambodian refugee women in France and the United States. Issues in Mental Health Nursing 1998; 19: 541–556
  • D’Avanzo CE, Frye B, Froman R. Culture, stress and substance use in Cambodian refugee women. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 1994; 55: 420–426
  • Degenhardt L, Barker B, Topp L. Research report patterns of Ecstasy use in Australia: Findings from a national household survey. Addiction 2004; 99: 187–195
  • Devaney ML, Reid G, Baldwin S. Prevalence of illicit drug use in Asia and the Pacific. Drug and Alcohol Review 2007; 26: 97–102
  • Diamond S, Bermudez R, Schensul JJ. What's the rap about Ecstasy?: Popular music lyrics and drug trends among American youth. Journal of Adolescent Research 2006; 21: 269–298
  • Dre, M. (2008a). Get stupid. Metrolyrics.com. Retrieved from www.metrolyrics.com/get-stupid-lyrics-mac-dre.html
  • Dre, M. (2008b). Thizzle dance. Metrolyrics.com. Retrieved from www.metrolyrics.com/thizzle-dance-lyrics-mac-dre.html
  • Ecstasy.org. (2008). Ecstasy lab results – Most recent data. Ecstasy.org. Retrieved from http://www.ecstasydata.org/
  • Eiser C, Eiser JR, Claxton-Oldfield S, Pritchard M. Attitudes, attributions, and persuasion: How young people's ideas about drugs relate to their preferences for different strategies of prevention. Journal of Substance Abuse 1988; 1: 35–44
  • Eiserman JM, Diamond S, Schensul JJ. “Rollin’ on E”: A qualitative analysis of Ecstasy use among inner city adolescents and young adults. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse 2005; 4: 9–38
  • Flom PL, Friedman SR, Kottiri BJ, Neaigus A, Curtis R. Recalled adolescent peer norms toward drug use in young adulthood in a low-income minority urban neighborhood. Journal of Drug Issues 2001; 31: 425–443
  • Forsyth AJM, Barnard M, Mckeganey NP. Musical preference as an indicator of adolescent drug use. Addiction 1997; 92: 1317–1326
  • Freudenmann RW, Oxler F, Bernschneider-Reif S. The origin of MDMA (Ecstasy) revisited: The true story reconstructed from the original documents. Addiction 2006; 101: 1241–1245
  • Glassner B, Loughlin J. Drugs in adolescent worlds: Burnouts to straights. Macmillan, London 1987
  • Golub A, Johnson BD, Dunlap E. Subcultural evolution and illicit drug use. Addiction Research and Theory 2005; 13: 217–229
  • Gowing LR, Henry-Edwards SM, Irvine RJ, Ali RL. The health effects of Ecstasy: A literature review. Drug and Alcohol Review 2002; 21: 53–63
  • Hendrickson JC, Gerstein DR. Criminal involvement among young male Ecstasy users. Substance Use and Misuse 2005; 40: 1557–1575
  • Hildebrand, L. (2004). Streets team. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved from http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/chronicle/a/2004/11/21/PKGJP9PP851.DTL&type=music
  • Hinchliff S. The meaning of Ecstasy use and clubbing to women in the late 1990s. International Journal of Drug Policy 2000; 12: 455–468
  • Hing BO. Deporting Cambodian refugees: Justice denied?. Crime and Delinquency 2005; 51: 265–290
  • Hitzler R. Pill kick: The pursuit of “Ecstasy” at techno-events. Journal of Drug Issues 2002; 32: 459–466
  • Hjern A, Allebeck P. Alcohol-related disorders in first- and second-generation immigrants in Sweden: A national cohort study. Addiction 2004; 99: 229–236
  • Hoshi R, Pratt H, Mehta S, Bond AJ, Curran HV. An investigation into the sub-acute effects of Ecstasy on aggressive interpretative bias and aggressive mood: Are there gender differences?. Journal of Psychopharmacology 2006; 20: 291–301
  • Humeniuk R, Ali R, Ling W. Substance use and treatment options in Cambodia. Drug and Alcohol Review 2004; 23: 365–367
  • Hunt G, Evans K. Dancing and drugs: A cross-national perspective. Contemporary Drug Problems 2003; 30: 779–814
  • Hunt G, Evans K, Kares F. Drug use and meanings of risk and pleasure. Journal of Youth Studies 2007; 10: 73–96
  • Hunt G, Evans K, Wu E, Reyes A. Asian American youth, the dance scene and club drugs. Journal of Drug Issues 2005; 35: 695–731
  • Hussey JM, Hallfors DD, Waller MW, Iritani BJ, Halpern CT, Bauer DJ. Sexual behavior and drug use among Asian and Latino adolescents: Association with immigrant status. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 2007; 9: 85–94
  • Johnston LD, O’Malley PM, Bachman JG, Schulenberg JE. Monitoring the future: National results on adolescent drug use: Overview of key findings, 2006. National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD 2007
  • Jones, S. (2006). Hyphy pulls a Bay Area breakout. USA Today. Retrieved from http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2006-04-13-hyphy-main_x.htm
  • Kaplan JD. Ecstasy culture and youth subculture in Cork's northside. Irish Journal of Anthropology 2002; 6: 91–112
  • Kinzie JD, Fredrickson RH, Ben R, Fleck J, Karls W. Post-traumatic stress disorder among survivors of Cambodian concentration camps. American Journal of Psychiatry 1984; 141: 645–650
  • Kit-Sang L, Jih-Heng L, Wen-Ing T, Callahan C, Shu-Fen L, Jui H, , Cottler LB, et al. Dinosaur girls, candy girls, and Trinity: Voices of Taiwanese club drug users. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse 2008; 7: 237–257
  • Kongpetch, K. (2004). Drug problem in Southeast and Southwest Asia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1025 (Current Status of Drug Dependence/Abuse Studies: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Drugs of Abuse and Neurotoxicity), 446–457.
  • Lee JP, Battle RS, Lipton R, Soller B. ‘Smoking’: Use of cigarettes, cigars and blunts among Southeast Asian American youth and young adults. Health Education Research 2010; 25: 83–96
  • Lee JP, Kirkpatrick BS. Social meanings of marijuana use for Southeast Asian youth. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse 2005; 4: 135–151
  • Leung K-S, Li J-H, Tsay W-I, Callahan C, Liu S-F, Hsu J, Hoffer L, Cottler LB. Dinosaur girls, candy girls and Trinity: Voices of Taiwanese club drug users. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse 2008; 7: 237–257
  • Lyttleton C. Relative pleasures: Drugs, development and modern dependencies in Asia's Golden Triangle. Development and Change 2004; 35: 909–935
  • Marshall GN, Berthold SM, Schell TL, Elliott MN, Chun CA, Hambarsoomians K. Rates and correlates of seeking mental health services among Cambodian refugees. American Journal of Public Health 2006; 96: 1829–1835
  • Marshall GN, Schell TL, Elliott MN, Berthold SM, Chun CA. Mental health of Cambodian refugees 2 decades after resettlement in the United States. Journal of the American Medical Association 2005; 294: 571–579
  • Martins SS, Mazzotti G, Chilcoat HD. Trends in Ecstasy use in the United States from 1995 to 2001: Comparison with marijuana users and association with other drug use. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 2005; 13: 244–252
  • Maxwell JC. The response to club drug use. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 2003; 16: 279–289
  • McElrath K. MDMA and sexual behavior: Ecstasy users’ perceptions about sexuality and sexual risk. Substance Use and Misuse 2005; 40: 1461–1477
  • McKetin R, Kozel N, Douglas J, Ali R, Vicknasingam B, Lund J, Li J-H. The rise of methamphetamine in Southeast and East Asia. Drug and Alcohol Review 2008; 27: 220–228
  • Metinko, C. ((2007). Mayor Dellums outlines public safety plans to quell Oakland violence. Oakland Tribune. Retrieved from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4176/is_/ai_n19478833
  • Mollica RF, Poole C, Son L, Murray CC, Tor S. Effects of war trauma on Cambodian refugee adolescents’ functional health and mental health status. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1997; 36: 1098–1106
  • Moloney M, Hunt G, Evans K. Asian American identity and drug consumption: From acculturation to normalization. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse 2008; 7: 376–403
  • Moore JW, Hauck WE, Erford B, Clark B. Attitudes, social choices and substance use. Psychological Reports 1988; 63: 731–740
  • Moore K, Miles S. Young people, dance and the sub-cultural consumption of drugs. Addiction Research and Theory 2004; 12: 507–523
  • Muhr, T. (2004). User's manual for ATLAS.ti (Version 5.0). Berlin: ATLAS.ti Scientific Software Development GmbH.
  • Mulder J, Bogt TT, Raaijmakers Q, Gabhainn SN, Monshouwer K, Vollebergh W. The soundtrack of substance use: Music preference and adolescent smoking and drinking. Substance Use and Misuse 2009; 44: 514–531
  • Musto, D. (Ed.). (2002). Drugs in America: A documentary history. New York, NY: New York University Press.
  • Nencini P. The shaman and the rave party: The social pharmacology of Ecstasy. Substance Use and Misuse 2002; 37: 923–939
  • Nicholson BL. The influence of pre-emigration and postemigration stressors on mental health: A study of Southeast Asian refugees. Social Work Research 1997; 21: 19–33
  • Office of Applied Statistics (OAS). (2008). Results from the 2007 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings (NSDUH Series H-34, DHHS Publication No. SMA 08-4343). Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Statistics.
  • Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP). (2004). Pulse check, trends in drug abuse: Drug markets and chronic users in 25 of America's largest cities. Washington, DC: ONDCP.
  • Ompad DC, Galea S, Fuller CM, Edwards V, Vlahov D. Ecstasy use among Hispanic and black substance users in New York City. Substance Use and Misuse 2005; 40: 1399–1407
  • Parrott, A.C. (2004). Is ecstasy MDMA? A review of the proportion of ecstasy tablets containing MDMA, their dosage levels, and the changing perceptions of purity. Psychopharmacology, 173, 234–241.
  • Portes A, Fernandez-Kelly P, Haller W. Segmented assimilation on the ground: The new second generation in early adulthood. Ethnic and Racial Studies 2005; 28: 1000–1040
  • Price RK, Risk NK, Wong MM, Klingle RS. Substance use and abuse by Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders: Preliminary results from four national epidemiological studies. Public Health Reports 2002; 117: S39–S50
  • Ream GL, Johnson BD, Sifaneck SJ, Dunlap E. Distinguishing blunts users from joints users: A comparison of marijuana use subcultures. New research on street drugs, S Cole. Nova Science Publishers, New York 2006; 245–273
  • Reid LW, Elifson KW, Sterk CE. Hug drug or thug drug? Ecstasy use and aggressive behavior. Violence and Victims 2007; 22: 104–119
  • Rosen, J. (2007). Go dumb: Why hyphy is the best hip-hop right now. Slate. Retrieved from http://www.slate.com/id/2159745/
  • Sakamoto A, Woo H. The socioeconomic attainments of second-generation Cambodian, Hmong, Laotian, and Vietnamese Americans. Sociological Inquiry 2007; 77: 44–75
  • Sanders B. In the club: Ecstasy use and supply in a London nightclub. Sociology 2005; 39: 241–258
  • Schensul JJ, Diamond S, Disch W, Bermudez R, Eiserman JM. The diffusion of Ecstasy through urban youth networks. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse 2005; 4: 39–73
  • Schensul JJ, Huebner C, Singer M, Snow M, Feliciano P, Broomhall L. The high, the money and the fame: The emergent social context of new marijuana use among urban youth. Medical Anthropology 2000; 18: 389–414
  • Sen S. Heroin trafficking in the Golden Triangle. Police Journal 1991; 64: 241–248
  • Singer M. Something dangerous: Emergent and changing illicit drug use and community health. Waveland Press, Long Grove, IL 2006
  • Singer M, Mirhej G. High notes: The role of drugs in the making of jazz. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse 2006; 5(4)1–38
  • Soller B, Lee JP. Drug-intake methods and social identity: The use of marijuana in blunts among Southeast Asian adolescents and emerging adults. Journal of Adolescent Research 2010; 25: 783–806
  • Sommers I, Baskin D. Methamphetamine use and violence. Journal of Drug Issues 2006; 36: 77–96
  • Stacy AW, Galaif ER, Sussman S, Dent CW. Self-generated drug outcomes in high-risk adolescents. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 1996; 10: 18–27
  • Swan, R. (2006). Feelin’ their thizzle: How the culture of Ecstasy has changed as the drug moved from raves to hip-hop. East Bay Express. Retrieved from http://www.eastbayexpress.com/news/feelin__their_thizzle/Content?oid=290703
  • Tackett-Gibson M. Constructions of risk and harm in online discussions of Ketamine use. Addiction Research and Theory 2008; 16: 245–257
  • Tolson GH, Cuyjet MJ. Jazz and substance abuse: Road to creative genius or pathway to premature death. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 2007; 30: 530–538
  • Tong T, Boyer EW. Club drugs, smart drugs, raves, and circuit parties: An overview of the club scene. Pediatric Emergency Care 2002; 18: 216–218
  • Tracy, S.W., & Acker, C.J. (Eds.). (2004). Altering American consciousness: The history of alcohol and drug use in the United States, 1800–2000. Amherst and Boston, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.
  • Unmacht, E. (2003, January 21). A bumpy road ahead for US deportees to Cambodia. Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved from http://www.csmonitor.com/2003/0121/p08s01-wosc.html
  • Watson L, Black J. New age seekers: MDMA use as an adjunct to spiritual pursuit. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 1991; 23: 261–270
  • Weir E. Raves: A review of the culture, the drugs and the prevention of harm. Canadian Medical Association Journal 2000; 162: 1843–1848
  • WestEd. (2005). California Health Kids Survey; West Contra Costa County Unified School District; Raw Data. (Vol. retrieved October 2006).
  • Westermeyer J. Sex differences in drug and alcohol use among ethnic groups in Laos, 1965-1975. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 1988; 14: 443–461
  • Westermeyer J, Lyfoung T, Neider J. An epidemic of opium dependence among Asian refugees in Minnesota: Characteristics and causes. Addiction 1989; 84: 785–789
  • Westermeyer J, Lyfoung T, Westermeyer M, Neider J. Opium addiction among Indochinese refugees in the United States: Characteristics of addicts and their opium use. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 1991; 17: 267–277
  • Wong FY, Huang ZJ, Thompson EE, De Leon JM, Shah MS, Park RJ, Do TD. Substance use among a sample of foreign- and US-born Southeast Asians in an urban setting. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse 2007; 6: 45–66
  • Yacoubian GS. Tracking Ecstasy trends in the United States with data from three national drug surveillance systems. Journal of Drug Education 2003; 33: 245–258
  • Yacoubian GS, Arria AM, Fost E, Wish ED. Estimating the prevalence of Ecstasy use among juvenile offenders. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 2002; 34: 209–213
  • Yee BW, Thu ND. Correlates of drug use and abuse among Indochinese refugees: Mental health implications. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 1987; 19: 77–83
  • Zinberg NE. Drug, set, and setting: The social bases of controlled drug use. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT 1984

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.