10,623
Views
162
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Stability of the Ankle Joint

Analysis of the Function and Traumatology of the Ankle Ligaments

Pages 1-75 | Published online: 08 Jul 2009

References

  • Althoff B., Peterson L., Renstrom P. C. Enkel plastik av invetererade ledbandsskador i fotleden. Lakartidn. 1981; 78: 2857–2860
  • Anderson K. J., Lecocq J. F., Lecocq E. A. Recurrent anterior sublimation of the ankle joint. A report of two cases and an experimental study. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1952; 34-A: 853–860
  • Anderson K. J., Lecocq J. F. Operative treatment of injury to the fibular collateral ligament of the ankle. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1954; 36-A: 825–832
  • Ashhurst A. P. C., Bromer R. S. Classification and mechanism of fractures of the leg bones involving the ankle. Arch. Surg. 1922; 4: 51–129
  • Barnett C. H., Napier J. R. The axis of rotation at the ankle joint in man. Its influence upon the form of the talus and the mobility of the fibula. J. Anat. 1952; 86: 1–9
  • Berridge F. R., Bonnin J. G. The radiographic examination of the ankle joint including arthrography. Surg. Gyn. Obst. 1944; 79: 383–389
  • Bolin H. The fibula and its relationship to the tibia and talus in injuries of the ankle due to forced external rotation. Acta Radiol. Diagn. 1961; 56: 439–448
  • Bonnin J. G. The hypermobile ankle. Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. 1944; 37: 282–286
  • Bonnin J. G. Injuries to the ankle. William Heinemann Medical Books Ltd., London 1950
  • Boone D. C., Azen S. P., Chun-Mei L., Spence C, Baron C., Lee L. Reliability of goniometric measurements. Phys. Therapy 1978; 58: 1355–1360
  • Boone D. C., Azen S. P. Normal range of motion in male subjects. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1979; 61-A: 756–759
  • Bouretz J. C. Entorses recentes du ligament lateral extrne. Anatomo-pathologie. Rev. Chir. orthop. 1975; 61(suppl. II)128–131
  • Brooks S. C., Potter B. T., Rainey J. Treatment for partial tears of the lateral ligament of the ankle: a prospective trial. Br. med. J. 1981; 282: 606–607
  • Brostrom L. Sprained ankles I. Anatomic lesions in recent sprains. Acta Chir Scand. 1964; 128: 483–495
  • Brostrom L. Sprained ankles III. Clinical observations in recent ligament ruptures. Acta Chir. Scand. 1965; 130: 560–569
  • Brostrom L. Sprained ankles V. Treatment and prognosis in recent ligament ruptures. Acta Chir. Scand. 1966; 132: 537–550
  • Buch J., Breitegger E., Lessan D. Subluxatio supinatoria tali. Unfallchir. 1981; 7: 36–40
  • Carothers R. G. Sprained ankles. Ann. Surg. 1942; 115: 654–657
  • Castaing J., Delplace J. Entorses de la cheville. Interet de l'etude de la stabilite dans le plan sagittal pour le diagnostic de gravite. Rev. Chir. orthop. 1972; 58: 51–63
  • Cedell C.-A. Supination-outward rotation injuries of the ankle. A clinical and roentgenological study with special reference to the operative treatment. Acta Orthop. Scand. suppl. 1967; 110
  • Cedell C.-A. Rupture of the posterior talotibial ligament with the avulsion of a bone fragment from the talus. Acta Orthop. Scand. 1974; 45: 454–461
  • Close J. R. Some applications of the functional anatomy of the ankle joint. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1956; 38-A: 761–781
  • Coltart W. D. “Sprained ankle”. Br. med. J. 1951; 2: 957–961
  • Cosentino R. Lesions ligamentaires de l'articulation tibio-tarsienne. Rev. Chir. orthop. 1956; 42: 211–226
  • Cox J. S., Hewes T. F. “Normal” talar tilt angle. Clin. Orthop. 1979; 140: 37–41
  • Crean D. The management of soft tissue ankle injuries. British J. Sports Med. 1981; 15: 75–76
  • D'Ambrosia R. D., Shoji H., Van Meter J. Rotational axis of the ankle joint: Comparison of normal and pathologic states. Surg. Forum 1976; XXVII: 507–508
  • Dannegger M. Bandrupturen am oberen Sprunggelenk. Diagnose und Therapie. Fortschr. Med. 1979; 97: 962–964
  • Dehne E. Die Klinik der frischen und habituellen Adduktionssupinationsdistorsion des Fusses. Deutsch. Zschr. 1934; 242: 40–61
  • Dejour H. Les lesions anciennes du ligament lateral interne de la tibio-tarsienne. Rev. Chir. orthop. 1975; 61(suppl. II)187–189
  • Delplace J., Castaing J. Apports de l'Stude radiographique du tiroir astragalien anteiieur (T.A.R.). Rev. Chir. orthop. 1975; 61(suppl. II)137–141
  • Dias L. S. The lateral ankle sprain: An experimental study. J. Trauma 1979; 19: 266–269
  • Dupuytren G. Ankelbrud I. Genetisk diagnose og reposition, N. Lauge Hansen. Thesis, Munksgard 1835, 1942.(1952)
  • Duquennoy A., Liselele D., Torabi D. J. Elements radiographiques du diagnostic de gravite de l'entorse. Cliches en varus equin force. Rev. Chir. orthop. 1975; 61(suppl. II)134–136
  • Duquennoy A., Liselele D., Torabi D. J. Resultats du traitement chirurgical de la rupture du ligament lateral externe de la cheville. Rev. Chir. orthop. 1975; 61(suppl. II)159–161
  • Dziob J. M. Ligamentous injuries about the ankle joint. Am. J. Surg. 1956; 91: 692–698
  • Edeiken J., Cotler J. M. Ankle trauma. Sem. in roentgenol. 1978; 13: 145–155
  • Evans D. L. Recurrent instability of the ankle - a method of surgical treatment. Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. 1953; 46: 343–344
  • Francillon M. R. Distorsio pedis with an isolated lesion of the ligamentum calcaneofibulare. Acta Orthop. Scand. 1962; 32: 469–475
  • Freeman M. A. R. Instability of the foot after injuries to the lateral ligament of the ankle. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1965; 47-B: 669–677
  • Frick H. Zur Entstehung, Klinik, Diagnostik und Therapie der isolierten Verletzung der tibiofibularen Syndesmose. Unfallheilkd. 1978; 81: 542–545
  • Frick H. Die ligamentaren Verletzungen des oberen Sprunggelenkes durch Supinationstraumen. Zschr. Unfallmed. Berufskr. 1981; 74: 71–74
  • Frolich H., Gotzen L., Adam U. Zur Wer-tigkeit der gehaltenen Aufnahme des oberen Sprung-gelenks. Unfallheilkd. 1980; 83: 457–461
  • Furmaier A. Zur Diagnose und Therapie der Bandverletzungen und Gabelsprengungen am oberen Sprunggelenk. Arch. Orthop. Unfall-Chir. 1951; 44: 541–552
  • Gerbert J. Ligamentous injuries of the ankle joint. J. A. P. A. 1975; 65: 802–815
  • Glanville A., Kreezer G. The maximum amplitude and velocity of joint movements in normal male human adults. Human Biol. 1937; 9: 197–211
  • Glasgow M., Jackson A., Jamieson A. M. Instability of the ankle after injury to the lateral ligament. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1980; 62-B: 196–200
  • Goldstein L. A. Tear of the lateral ligament of the ankle. New York J. Med. 1948; 48: 199–201
  • Golterman A. F. L. Diagnosis and treatment of tibiofibular diastasis. Arch. Chir. Neerl. 1964; 16: 185–204
  • Grath G.-B. Widening of the ankle mortise. A clinical and experimental study. Acta Chir. Scand. suppl. 1960; 263
  • Gschwendt N. Die fibularen Bandlasionen. Eine haufig verkannte Folge der Fussverstauchungen. Praxis 1958; 47: 809–812
  • Giittner L. Erkennung und Behandlung des Banderrisses am ausseren Knochel mit Teilver-renkung des Sprungbeines im Sinne der Supination. (Subluxatio supinatoria pedis). Arch. Orthop. Unfall-Chir. 1941; 41: 287–298
  • Hackenbruch W., Noesberger B. Ein Halteapparat zum differenzierten Nachweis der fibularen Bandlasion. Z. Orthop. 1976; 144: 699–702
  • Hackenbruch W., Noesberger B., Debrunner H. U. Differential diagnosis of ruptures of the lateral ligaments of the ankle joint. Arch, orthop. traum. Surg. 1979; 93: 293–301
  • Harrington K. D. Degenerative arthritis of the ankle secondary to long-standing lateral ligament instability. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1979; 61-A: 354–361
  • Heim U. Pathologie, Klinik und Differen-tialdiagnose der Bandrisse an den Sprunggelenken. Zschr. Unfallmed. Berufskr. 1981; 74: 39–53
  • Hendelberg T H. Om brott a bakre tibiakanten vid malleolarfrakturer jamte bidrag till kannedom om ligament- och kapselskadorna. Acta. Soc. Med. Up-sala 1943; 49: I–II
  • Henkemeyer H., Puschel R., Burri C. Ex-perimentelle Untersuchungen zur Biomechanik der Syndesmose. Langenbecks Arch. Chir. Suppl. Forum 1975; 369–371
  • Hicks J. H. The biomechanics of the foot. The joints. J. Anat. 1953; 87: 345–357
  • Hughes J. R. Sprains and subluxations of the ankle joint. Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. 1942; 35: 765–766
  • Husfeldt E. Behandling af malleolserfrakturer En efterundersøgelse af 140 tilfaelde. Hospitalsti-dende 1938; 81: 717–740
  • Husfeldt E. Diagnosen af bristning i syndesmosis tibiofibularis og dens betydning. Nord. Med. 1939; 4: 3830–3833
  • Honigschmied J. Leichenexperimente uber die Zerreissungen der Bander im Sprunggelenk mit Rucksicht auf die Entstehung der indirecten Knochelfracturen. Deutsch. Zschr. Chir. 1877; 8: 239–260
  • Inman V. T. The joints of the ankle. Williams & Wilkins Company, Baltimore 1976
  • Johannsen A. Radiological diagnosis of lateral ligament lesions of the ankle. A comparison between talar tilt and anterior drawer sign. Acta. Orthop. Scand. 1978; 49: 295–301
  • Johnson E. E., Markolf K. L., Sakai D. N., Dunn J. P. Contribution of the anterior talo-fibular ligament to ankle stability. Orthop. Transact., J. Bone Joint Surg. 1981; 5(2)214–215
  • Judet J. Resultats du traitement chirurgical de la rupture du ligament lateral externe de la cheville. Rev. Chir. orthop. 1975; 61(suppl. II)157–158
  • Kaufmann C. Die Verstauchung der grossen Extremitatengelenke. Schweiz. med. Wochenzschr. 1922; 52: 737–746
  • Kelley J. H., Janes J. M. The cronic subluxating ankle. Arch. Surg. 1956; 72: 618–621
  • Kievernagel G. W. Differenzierte Diagnostik der fibularen Kapselbandlasion des oberen Sprunggelenkes mit einem neuen Haltegerat. Akt. Trau-matol. 1981; 11: 161–164
  • Kimizuka M., Korosawa H., Fukubayashi T. Load-bearing pattern of the ankle joint. Contact area and pressure distribution. Arch, orthop. traumatol. Surg. 1980; 96: 45–49
  • Kleiger B. The diagnosis and treatment of traumatic lateral ankle instability. New York State J. Med. 1954; 54: 2573–2577
  • Kleiger B. The mechanism of ankle injuries. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1956; 38-A: 59–70
  • Kristensen T. B. Fractures of the ankle VI. Follow-up studies. A. M. A. Arch. Surg. 1956; 73: 112–121
  • Kramer J., Gudat W. Der Talo-Crural-Winkel (TC-Winkel). Zschr. Orthop. 1980; 118: 855–858
  • Landeros O., Frost H. M., Higgings C. C. Post-traumatic anterior ankle instability. Clin. Orthop. 1968; 56: 169–178
  • Lanzetta A., Meani E. An apparatus for the radiographic diagnosis of ligamentous lesions of the ankle dynamic projections. Ital. J. Orthop. Traum. 1979; 5: 245–251
  • Larsen E. Den instabile ankel Klinisk og radiologisk vurdering med henblik pa “skuffesymp-tomets” betydning. Ugeskr. lsger 1976; 138: 1989–1993
  • Lauge-Hansen N. Ankelbrud I. Genetisk diagnose og reposition. Experimental-chirurgiske og radiografiske undersgelser. Repositionsforsøg i kliniken. Thesis, Munksgard 1942, 1942
  • Lauge-Hansen N. Laesioner opstaet ved pa-tologiske bevaegelser af foden. Nord. Med. 1946; 32: 2337–2340
  • Lauge-Hansen N. “Ligamentous” ankle fractures. Diagnosis and treatment. Acta Chir. Scand. 1949; 97: 544–550
  • Lauge-Hansen N. Fractures of the ankle II. Combined experimental-surgical and experimental-roentgenologic investigations. Arch. Surg. 1950; 60: 957–985
  • Laughman R. K., Carr T. A., Chao E. Y., Youdas J. W., Sim F. H. Three-dimensional kinematics of the taped ankle before and after exercise. Am. J. Sports Med. 1980; 8: 425–431
  • Laurin C. A., Quellet R., St-Jacques R. Talar and subtalar tilt: An experimental investigation. Can. J. Surg. 1968; 11: 270–279
  • Laurin C., Mathieu J. Sagittal mobility of the normal ankle. Clin. Orthop. 1975; 108: 99–104
  • Lee H. G. Surgical repair in recurrent dislocation of the ankle joint. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1957; 39-A: 828–834
  • Leonard M. H. Injuries of the lateral ligaments of the ankle. A clinical and experimental study. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1949; 31-A: 373–377
  • Lindsjo U. Operative treatment of ankle fractures. Acta Orthop. Scand. suppl. 1981; 189
  • Lindstrand A. Lateral lesions in sprained ankles. A clinical and roentgenological study with special reference to anterior instability of the talus. Thesis, Stu-dentlitteratur, Lund, Sverige 1976
  • Lindstrand A., Mortensson W., Norman O. Talofibular compartment of the ankle joint after recent ankle sprain. Acta Radiol. Diagn. 1978; 19: 847–852
  • Magnusson R. Ligament injuries of the ankle joint. Acta Orthop. Scand. 1965; 36: 317–321
  • Maissonneuve M. J. G. Recherches sur la fracture du perone. Arch. gen. Med. 1840; 52: 165–187; 433–473
  • Makhani J. S. Lacerations of the lateral ligament of the ankle. An experimental appraisal. J. Intern. Coll. Surgeons 1962; 38: 454–466
  • McCullough C. J., Burge P. D. Rotatory instability of the load-bearing ankle. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1980; 62-B: 460–464
  • Morris J. M. Biomechanics of the foot and ankle. Clin. Orthop. 1977; 122: 10–17
  • Mullins J. M., Sallis J. G. Recurrent sprain of the ankle joint with diastasis. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1958; 40-B: 270–273
  • Murray C. R. in discussion with Carothers. Ann. Surg. 1942; 115: 655–656
  • Nevin J. E., Post R. H. Lateral ligament ankle sprains. A clinical-pathological correlation based on the production and examination of controlled sprains in preamputated extremities. J. Trauma 1964; 4: 292–300
  • Niethard F. U. Die Stabilitat des Sprunggelenkes nach Ruptur des lateralen Bandapparates. Arch, orthop. Unfall-Chir. 1974; 80: 53–61
  • Noesberger B. Ein Halteapparat zum differenzierten Nachweis der fibularen Bandlasion. Helv. chir. Acta 1976; 43: 195–203
  • Olerud S. Fibulo-talara ligamentrupturens diagnos. Sv. Lak. Tidn. 1967; 64: 1957–1960
  • Orlin J. R., Bjørang T., Due J., jr. Ruptur avlig. talofibulare anterius ved ankeldistorsjoner. Tidsskr. Nor. Laegeforen. 1980; 31: 1844–1845
  • Outland T. C. Sprains and separations of the inferior tibiofibular joint without important fracture. Am. J. Surg., N. S. 1943; 59: 320–329
  • Padovani J. P. Rappel anatomique et physiologique des ligaments lateraux de l'articulation tibio-tarsienne et des ligaments peroneo-tibiaux inferieurs. Rev. Chir. orthop. 1975; 61(suppl. II)124–127
  • Pankovich A. M., Shivaram M. S. Anatomical basis of variability in injuries of the medial malleolus and the deltoid ligament. I. Anatomical studies. Acta. Orthop. Scand. 1979; 50: 217–223
  • Parlasca R., Shoji H., D'Ambrosia R. D. Effects of ligamentous injury on ankle and subtalar joints: A kinematic study. Clin. Orthop. 1979; 140: 266–272
  • Pascoet G., Foucher G., Foucher O., Dartevelle D., Jaeger J. H. Bilan lesionel et place de la chirugie dans les traumatismes ligamentaires externes du cou-de-pied. Etude d'une serie de 221 cas. Chirurgie 1972; 98: 311–321
  • Pennal G. F. Subluxation of the ankle. Can. M. A. J. 1943; 49: 92–95
  • Percy E. C., Hill R. O., Callaghan J. E. The “sprained” ankle. J. Trauma 1969; 9: 972–986
  • Prins J. G. Diagnosis and treatment of injury to the lateral ligament of the ankle. A comparative study. Acta Chir. Scand. suppl. 1978; 486
  • Proctor H. Lateral fracture-dislocation of the ankle. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1954; 36-B: 148
  • Purvis G. D. Displaced, unstable ankle fractures. Classification, incidence, and management of a consecutive series. Clin. Orthop. 1982; 165: 91–98
  • Quellet R., St-Jacques R., Laurin C. Laxite ligamentaire de la cheville. Union Med. Can. 1968; 97: 861–868
  • Ramsay P. L., Hamilton W. Changes in tibiotalar area of contact caused by lateral talar shift. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1976; 58-A: 356–357
  • Robichon J., Pegington J., Moonje V. B., Desjardins J. P. Functional anatomy of the ankle joint and its relationship to ankle injuries. Can. J. Surg. 1972; 15: 145–150
  • Rubin G., Witten M. The talar-tilt angle and the fibular collateral ligaments. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1960; 42-A: 311–326
  • Ruth C. J. The surgical treatment of injuries of the fibular collateral ligaments of the ankle. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1961; 43-A: 229–239
  • Sammarco G. J., Burstein A. H., Frankel V. H. Biomechanics of the ankle: A kinematic study. Orthop. Clin. North Am. 1973; 4: 75–96
  • Sanders H. W.A. Ankle arthrography and ankle distorsion. Radiol. Clin. 1977; 46: 1–10
  • Sauer H.-D., Jungfer E., Jungbluth K. H. Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Reissfestigkeit des Bandapparates am menschlichen Sprunggelenk. Unfallheilkd. 1978; 131: 37–42
  • Schumann G. Uber die operative Behandlung von Knochelbruchen mit Gabelsprengung. Zbl. Chir. 1955; 80: 542–546
  • Sedlin E. D. A device for stress inversion or eversion roentgenograms of the ankle. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1960; 42-A: 1184–1190
  • Segal D. Range of motion of the ankle joint. Orthop. Transact., J. Bone Joint Surg. 1979; 3(3)346
  • Shoji H., D'Ambrosia R. D., Parlasca R. Effects of ligamentous injury on ankle and subtalar joints: A kinematic study. Surg. Forum 1976; XXVII: 509–510
  • Shoji H., D'Ambrosia R. D., Parlasca R. Biomechanics of the ankle. II. Horizontal rotation and ligamentous injury states. Am. J. Sports Med. 1977; 5: 235–237
  • Solheim L. F., Aasen A. O. Operativ behandling av laterale ankelbandskader. En sammenligning mellom tidlig og sent opererte. Tidsskr. Nor. Lsgeforen. 1976; 96: 1192–1194
  • Solheim L. F., Denstad T. F., Roaas A. Chronic lateral instability of the ankle. A method of reconstruction using the achilles tendon. Acta Orthop. Scand. 1980; 51: 193–196
  • Staples O. S. Injuries to the medial ligaments of the ankle. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1960; 42-A: 1287–1307
  • Staples O. S. Ligamentous injuries of the ankle joint. Clin. Orthop. 1965; 42: 21–35
  • Starke W., Brohl F., Pietron H. P., Schilling H. Bandverletzungen des oberen Sprunggelenkes. Behandlungsergebnisse nach Primarversorgung. Unfallheilkd. 1981; 84: 60–64
  • Sukosd L. L'importance de la lesion ligamentaire de la cheville dans la pre-arthrose. Etude biomecanique. Rev. Chir. orthop. 1981; 67(suppl. II)48–49
  • Taillard W., Meyer J.-M., Garcia J., Blanc Y. The sinus tarsi syndrome. Int. Orthop. 1981; 5: 117–130
  • Tiedtke R., Rahmanzadeh R. Vergleichende Untersuchungen zur Diagnostik und Therapie der frischen Aussenbandverletzungen. Akt. Traumatol. 1981; 11: 169–174
  • Tillaux P. Ankelbrud I. Genetisk diagnose og reposition, N. Lauge-Hansen. Thesis, Munksgard 1890, 1942, 1942
  • Vidal J., Fassio B., Buscayret C h., Escare Ph, Allieu Y. Instability externe de la cheville. Importance de l'articulation sous-astragalienne. Nouvelle technique de reparation. Rev. Chir. orthop. 1974; 60: 635–642
  • Viidik A., Sandqvist L., Magi M. Influence of postmortal storage on tensile strength characteristics and histology of rabbit ligaments. Acta- Orthop. Scand. suppl. 1965; 79
  • Viidik A., Lewin T. Changes in tensile strength characteristics and histology of rabbit ligaments induced by different modes of postmortal storage. Acta Orthop. Scand. 1966; 37: 141–155
  • de Vogel P. L. Enige functioneel-anatomische Aspecten van het bovenste Spronggewricht. Thesis, Leiden 1970, 1970
  • Weseley M. S., Koval R., Kleiger B. Roentgen measurement of ankle flexion-extension motion. Clin. Orthop. 1969; 65: 167–174
  • Wirth C. J., Artmann M. Chronische fibulare Sprunggelenksinstabilitat - Untersuchungen zur Rontgendiagnostik und Bandplastik. Arch. Orthop. Unfall-Chir. 1977; 88: 313–320
  • Wirth C. J., Kusswetter W., Jager M. Bio-mechanik und Pathomechanik des oberen Sprung-gelenkes. Unfallheilkd. 1978; 131: 10–22
  • Wyller T. The axis of the ankle joint and its importance in subtalar arthrodesis. Acta Orthop. Scand. 1963; 33: 320–328
  • Zingher E., Gianella C., Vogt B. Spatfolgen und Invaliditat bei Bandverletzungen der Sprung-gelenke. Z. Unfallmed. 1981; 74(1–2)91–95

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.