Body mass index and percent body fat in a New Zealand multi-ethnic adolescent population

References

• Cole TJ, Bellizzi MC, Flegal KM . Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey. BMJ. 2000;320:1240–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rush EC, Puniani K, Valencia ME . Estimation of body fatness from body mass index and bioelectrical impedance: comparison of New Zealand European, Maori and Pacific Island children. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003;57:1394–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniels SR, Khoury PR, Morrison JA. The utility of body mass index as a measure of body fatness in children and adolescents: differences by race and gender. Pediatrics. 1997;99:804–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis KJ. Body composition of a young, multiethnic, male population. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;66:1323–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis KJ, Abrams SA, Wong WW. Body composition of a young, multiethnic female population. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65:724–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deurenberg P, Deurenberg-Yap M, Foo LF . Differences in body composition between Singapore Chinese, Beijing Chinese and Dutch children. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003;57:405–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norgan NG. Interpretation of low body mass indices: Australian aborigines. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1994;94:229–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deurenberg P, Deurenberg Yap M, Wang J . The impact of body build on the relationship between body mass index and percent body fat. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999;23:537–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurrici S, Hartriyanti Y, Hautvast JG . Differences in the relationship between body fat and body mass index between two different Indonesian ethnic groups: The effect of body build. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1999;53:468–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rush E, Plank L, Chandu V . Body size, body composition, and fat distribution: a comparison of young New Zealand men of European, Pacific Island, and Asian Indian ethnicities. NZ Med J. 2004;117:U1203.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rush EC, Freitas I, Plank LD. Body size, body composition and fat distribution: comparative analysis of European, Maori, Pacific Island and Asian-Indian adults. Br J Nutr. 2009;102:632–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta S, Mahajan D, Steinbeck KS . Relationship between measures of fatness, lipids and ethnicity in a cohort of adolescent boys. Ann Nutr Metab. 2002;46:192–9.
   Google Scholar
• Deurenberg P, Bhaskaran K, Lian PLK. Singaporean Chinese adolescents have more subcutaneous adipose tissue than Dutch Caucasians of the same age and body mass index. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2003;12:261–5.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization Expert Consultation. Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet. 2004;363:157–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ley CJ, Lees B, Stevenson JC. Sex- and menopause-associated changes in body-fat distribution. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992;55:950–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He Q, Zhang X, He S . Higher insulin, triglycerides, and blood pressure with greater trunk fat in Tanner 1 Chinese. Obesity. 2007;15:1004–11.
   Google Scholar
• Heymsfield SB, Smith R, Aulet M . Appendicular skeletal muscle mass: measurement by dual-photon absorptiometry. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990;52:214–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valdez R. A simple model-based index of abdominal adiposity. J Clin Epidemiol. 1991;44:955–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valdez R, Seidell JC, Ahn YI . A new index of abdominal adiposity as an indicator of risk for cardiovascular disease. A cross-population study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1993;17:77–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleinbaum DG, Kupper LL, Nizam A . Applied regression analysis and other multivariable methods. 4th ed. Belmont, CA: Duxbury; 2008. 297.
   Google Scholar
• Allison DB, Paultre F, Goran MI . Statistical considerations regarding the use of ratios to adjust data. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1995;19:644–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rush EC, Plank LD, Laulu MS . Prediction of percentage body fat from anthropometric measurements: comparison of New Zealand European and Polynesian young women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;66:2–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swinburn BA, Craig PL, Daniel R . Body composition differences between Polynesians and Caucasians assessed by bioelectrical impedance. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1996;20:889–94.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swinburn BA, Ley SJ, Carmichael HE . Body size and composition in Polynesians. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999;23:1178–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyrrell VJ, Richards GE, Hofman P . Obesity in Auckland school children: a comparison of the body mass index and percentage body fat as the diagnostic criterion. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25:164–9.
   Google Scholar
• Shaw NJ, Crabtree NJ, Kibirige MS . Ethnic and gender differences in body fat in British schoolchildren as measured by DXA. Arch Dis Child. 2007;92:872–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rush EC, Scragg R, Schaaf D . Indices of fatness and relationships with age, ethnicity and lipids in New Zealand European, Maori and Pacific children. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009;63:627–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houghton P. The adaptive significance of Polynesian body form. Ann Hum Biol. 1990;17:19–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snijder MB, Kuyf BE, Deurenberg P. Effect of body build on the validity of predicted body fat from body mass index and bioelectrical impedance. Ann Nutr Metab. 1999;43:277–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor RW, Jones IE, Williams SM . Evaluation of waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and the conicity index as screening tools for high trunk fat mass, as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, in children aged 3-19 y. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72:490–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez BM, Landaeta-Jiménez M. Relationship of weight and height with waist circumference, body mass index and conicity index in adolescents. Acta Medica Auxologica. 2001;33:61–71.
   Google Scholar
• Mueller WH. Conicity: A new index of body fat distribution – What does it tell us? Am J Hum Biol. 1996;8:489–96.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heymsfield SB, Scherzer R, Pietrobelli A . Body mass index as a phenotypic expression of adiposity: quantitative contribution of muscularity in a population-based sample. Int J Obes (Lond). 2009;33(12):1363–73.
   Google Scholar
• Hulens M, Vansant G, Lysens R . Study of differences in peripheral muscle strength of lean versus obese women: An allometric approach. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25:676–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norgan NG. Population differences in body composition in relation to the body mass index. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1994;48(Suppl 3):S10–27.
   Google Scholar
• Webster JD, Hesp R, Garrow JS. The composition of excess weight in obese women estimated by body density, total body water and total body potassium. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr. 1984;38C:299–306.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor RW, Falorni A, Jones IE . Identifying adolescents with high percentage body fat: A comparison of BMI cutoffs using age and stage of pubertal development compared with BMI cutoffs using age alone. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003;57:764–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slaughter MH, Lohman TG, Boileau RA . Skinfold equations for estimation of body fatness in children and youth. Hum Biol. 1988;60:709–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luke A, Durazo-Arvizu R, Rotimi C . Relation between body mass index and body fat in black population samples from Nigeria, Jamaica, and the United States. Am J Epidemiol. 1997;145:620–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sopher AB, Thornton JC, Wang J . Measurement of percentage of body fat in 411 children and adolescents: a comparison of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry with a four-compartment model. Pediatrics. 2004;113:1285–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong WW, Hergenroeder AC, Stuff JE . Evaluating body fat in girls and female adolescents: advantages and disadvantages of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76:384–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Utter J, Faeamani G, Malakellis M . Lifestyle and obesity in South Pacific youth: Baseline results from the Pacific Obesity Prevention In Communities (OPIC) Project in New Zealand, Fiji, Tonga and Australia. Auckland: University of Auckland; 2008. Available from http://www.deakin.edu.au/hmnbs/who-obesity/conferences/pmac/opic-baseline-report.pdf.
   Google Scholar