References
- Bandelt HJ, Forster P, Röhl A. 1999. Median-joining networks for inferring intraspecific phylogenies. Mol Biol Evol. 16:37–48.
- Banguera-Hinestroza E, Cardenas H, Ruiz-Garcia M, Marmontel M, Gaitan E, Vazquez R, Garcia-Vallejo F. 2002. Molecular identification of evolutionarily significant units in the Amazon River dolphin Inia sp (Cetacea: Iniidae). J Hered. 93:312–322.
- Barrows M, McArthur S, Wilkinson R. 2004. Diagnosis. In: Mcarthur S, Wilkinson R, Meyer J. editors. Medicine and surgery of tortoises and turtles. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
- Bock BC, Paez VP, White MM. 2001. Genetic population structure of two threatened South American river turtles species Podocnemis expansa and Podocnemis unifilis. Chelon Conser Biol. 4:47–52.
- Campbell TW. 2004. Hematology of reptiles. In: Thrall MA, Baker DC, Campbell TW, Denicola D, Fettman MJ, Lassen ED, Rebar A, Weiser G. editors. Veterinary hematology and clinical chemistry. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins259–276.
- Cantanhede AM, Da Silva VMF, Farias IP, Hrbek T, Lazzarini SM, Alves-Gomes J. 2005. Phylogeography and population genetics of the endangered Amazonian manatee, Trichechus inunguis Natterer, 1883 (Mammalia, Sirenia). Mol Ecol. 14:401–413.
- Caputo FP, Canestrelli D, Boitani L. 2005. Conserving the terecay (Podocnemis unifilis, Testudines: Pelomedusidae) through a community-based sustainable harvest of its eggs. Biol Conserv. 126:84–92.
- CITES. 2010. CITES Appendices I, II, and III, CITES. Available at http://www.cites.org (accessed 6 June 2011). Geneva, Switzerland.
- Coway-Gomez K. 2007. Effects of human settlements on abundance of Podocnemis unifilis and P. expansa turtles in Northeastern Bolivia. Chelon Conser Biol. 6:199–205.
- DeSalle R, Amato G. 2004. The expansion of conservation genetics. Nat Rev Genet. 5:702–713.
- Edgar RC. 2004. MUSCLE: A multiple sequence alignment method with reduced time and space complexity. BMC Bioinform. 5:1–19.
- Engstrom TN. 2003. Molecular studies of phylogenetics, ecology and conservation of softshell turtles (Family Trionychidae) and Amazon River turtles (Podocnemis unifilis), PhD, University of California, Davis.
- Ernst CH, Barbour RW. 1989. Turtles of the world. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
- Escalona T, Engstrom TN, Hernandez OE, Bock BC, Vogt RC, Valenzuela N. 2009. Population genetics of the endangered South American freshwater turtle, Podocnemis unifilis, inferred from microsatellite DNA data. Conserv Genet. 10:1683–1696.
- Excoffier L, Laval G, Schneider S. 2005. Arlequin ver. 3.0: An integrated software package for population genetics data analysis. Evol Bioinform Online. 1:1–145.
- Fantin C, Carvalho CF, Hrbek T, Sites JW, Monjelo LAS, Astolfi S, Farias IP. 2007. Microsatellite DNA markers for Podocnemis unifilis, the endangered yellow-spotted Amazon River turtle. Mol Ecol Notes. 7:1235–1238.
- Fu YX. 1997. Statistical tests of neutrality of mutations against population growth, hitchhiking and background selection. Genetics. 147:915–925.
- Hartl DL, Clark AG. 2007. Principles of population genetics. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
- Hernandez O, Espín R. 2003. Consumo ilegal de tortugas por comunidades locales en el Río Orinoco Medio, Venezuela. Acta Biológica Venezolana. 23:17–26.
- Hernandez O, Espín R. 2006. Efectos del reforzamiento sobre la población de tortuga arrau (Podocnemis expansa) en el Orinoco Medio, Venezuela. Interciencia. 31:424–430.
- Hrbek T, Farias IP, Crossa M, Sampaio I, Porto JIR, Meyer A. 2005. Population genetic analysis of Arapaima gigas, one of the largest freshwater fishes of the Amazon basin: Implications for its conservation. Animal Conserv. 8:297–308.
- IUCN. 2009. IUCN red list of threatened species, Version 2009.2. IUCN. Available at http://www.iucnredlist.org (accessed 6 June 2011).
- Jaffe R, Penaloza C, Barreto G. 2008. Monitoring an endangered freshwater turtle management program: Effects of nest relocation on growth and locomotive performance of the Giant South American Turtle (Podocnemis expansa, Podocnemididae). Chelon Conser Biol. 7:213–222.
- Jukes TH, Cantor CR. 1969. Evolution of protein molecules. In: Munro HN. editors. Mammalian protein metabolism. New York: Academic21–132.
- Kemenes A, Pezzuti JCB. 2007. Estimate of trade traffic of Podocnemis (Testudines, podocnemididae) from the middle Purus River, Amazonas, Brazil. Chelon Conserv Biol. 6:259–262.
- Kimura M. 1980. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rate of base substitution through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J Mol Evol. 16:111–120.
- Librado P, Rozas J. 2009. DnaSP v5: A software for comprehensive analysis of DNA polymorphism data. Bioinformatics. 25:1451–1452.
- Mittermeier RA. 1978. South America's river turtles: Saving them by use. Oryx. 14:222–230.
- Moll D, Moll EO. 2004. The ecology, exploitation, and conservation of river turtles. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Nei M. 1987. Molecular evolutionary genetics. New York: Columbia University Press.
- Nei M, Maruyama T, Chakraborty R. 1975. Bottleneck effect and genetic-variability in populations. Evolution. 29:1–10.
- Ojasti J. 1967. Consideraciones sobre la ecología y conservación de la tortuga Podocnemis expansa (Chelonia, Pelomedusidae). Atas Simp Biot Amaz. 7:201–206.
- Pearse DE, Crandall KA. 2004. Beyond FST: Analysis of population genetic data for conservation. Conserv Genet. 5:585–602.
- Pearse DE, Arndt AD, Valenzuela N, Miller BA, Cantarelli V, Sites JW. 2006. Estimating population structure under nonequilibrium conditions in a conservation context: Continent-wide population genetics of the giant Amazon river turtle, Podocnemis expansa (Chelonia; Podocnemididae). Mol Ecol. 15:985–1006.
- Pritchard PCH, Trebbau P, Voltolina G. 1984. The turtles of Venezuela. Athens, OH: Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles.
- Ramos-Onsins SE, Rozas J. 2002. Statistical properties of new neutrality tests against population growth. Mol Biol Evol. 19:2092–2100.
- Raymond M, Rousset F. 1995. An exact test for population differentiation. Evolution. 49:1280–1283.
- Rozen S, Skaletsky HJ. 2000. Primer3 on the WWW for general users and for biologist programmers. In: Krawetz S, Misener S. editors. Bioinformatics methods and protocols: Methods in molecular biology. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press365–386.
- Smith NJH. 1979. Aquatic turtles of amazonia south america an endangered resource. Biol Conserv. 16:165–176.
- Soini P. 1991. Bioecología de la taricaya (Podocnemis unifilis): datos nuevos y actualizados. Reporte Pacaya-Samiria. Investigaciones en la Estación Biológica Cahuana 1979–1994. Iquitos, Peru: Centro de Datos para la Conservación, Universidad Nacional Agraria la Molina.
- Soini P. 1994. Evaluación, estudio y manejo de la charapa (Podocnemis expansa) en el río Pacaya en 1994. Reporte Pacaya-Samiria. Investigaciones en la Estación Biológica Cahuana 1979–1994. Iquitos, Peru: Centro de Datos para la Conservación, Universidad Nacional Agraria la Molina.
- Soini P. 1999. Un manual para el manejo de quelonios acuáticos en la Amazonía Peruana (Charapa, Taricaya y Cupiso). Iquitos, Peru: IIAP.
- Tajima F. 1983. Evolutionary relationship of DNA sequences in finite populations. Genetics. 105:437–460.
- Tajima F. 1989. Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism. Genetics. 123:585–595.
- USFWS. 2010. Endangered species program list, USFWS. Available at http://www.fws.gov/endangered (accessed 3 August 2010). Washington DC, USA.
- von Hildebrand P, Bermudez N, Peñuela MMC. 1997. La tortuga charapa (Podocnemis expansa) en el Río Caquetá, Amazonas, Colombia, Aspectos de la biología reproductiva y técnicas para su manejo, Bogotá, Colombia, Disloque.
- von Humboldt A, Bonpland A. Viaje a las regiones equinocciales del nuevo continente hecho en 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802, 1803, y 1804, Caracas, Venezuela, Escuela técnica industrial, talleres de artes gráficas, Dirección de Cultura 1941.
- Watterson GA. 1975. On the number of segregating sites in genetical models without recombination. Theor Popul Biol. 7:256–276.
- Weir BS, Cockerham CC. 1984. Estimating F-statistics for the analysis of population structure. Evolution. 38:1358–1370.
- Willis SC, Nunes M, Montana CG, Farias IP, Orti G, Lovejoy NR. 2010. The Casiquiare river acts as a corridor between the Amazonas and Orinoco river basins: Biogeographic analysis of the genus Cichla. Mol Ecol. 19:1014–1030.