REFERENCES

• LernerAB.CaseJD.TakahashiY.LeeTH.MoriN.Isolation of melatonin, the pineal gland factor that lightens melanocytes.J Am Chem Soc.1958802587
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ArendtJ.Melatonin and the Mammalian Pineal Gland. London, UK: Chapman & Hall;1995
   Google Scholar
• LewyAJ.TetsuoM.MarkeySP.GoodwinFK.KopinIJ.Pinealectomy abolishes plasma melatonin in the rat.J Clin Endocr Metab.1980502042057350183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NeuweltEA.LewyAJ.Disappearance of plasma melatonin after removal of a neoplastic pineal gland.N Engl J Med.1983308113211356835337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GoldmanBD.DarrowJM.The pineal gland and mammalian photoperiodism.Neuroendocrínology.198337386396
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UnderwoodH.Circadian rhythms in lizards: phase response curve for melatonin.J Pineal Res.198631871963723331
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ArmstrongSM.ThomasEMV.ChesworthMJ.Melatonin-induced phaseshifts of rat circadian rhythms. In: Reiter RJ, Pang SF, eds.Advances in Pineal Research. London, UK: John Libbey;1989265290
   Google Scholar
• LewyAJ.SackRL.LathamJM.Exogenous melatonin administration shifts circadian rhythms according to a phase response curve. Presented at The Vth Colloquium of the European Pineal Study Group. Guildford, UK; Abstract 021. 1990
   Google Scholar
• LewyAJ.SackRL.LathamJM.Circadian phase shifting of blind and sighted people with exogenous melatonin administration: evidence for a phase response curve.Soc Light Treatment Biol Rhythms Abst.1990222
   Google Scholar
• LewyAJ.SackRL.LathamJ.A phase response curve for melatonin administration in humans.Sleep Res.199120461
   Google Scholar
• LewyAJ.SackRL.LathamJM.Melatonin and the acute suppressant effect of light may help regulate circadian rhythms in humans. In: Arendt J, Pevét P, eds.Advances in Pineal Research. London, UK: John Libbey;1991285293
   Google Scholar
• LewyAJ.The pineal gland. In: Wyngaarden JB, Smith LH, Bennett JC, eds.Cecil Textbook of Medicine. Philadephia, Pa: WB Saunders;199112461248
   Google Scholar
• LewyAJ.AhmedS.JacksonJML.SackRL.Melatonin shifts circadian rhythms according to a phase-response curve.Chronobiol Int.199293803921394610
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PickardGE.TurekFW.The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus mediates the photoperiodic control of reproduction but not the effects of light on the circadian rhythm of activity.Neurosci Lett.19834367726199696
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HendricksonAE.WaggonerN.CowanWM.An autoradiographic and electron microscopic study of retino-hypothalamic connections.Z Zellforsch.19721351264629413
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• StephanFK.ZuckerI.Circadian rhythms in drinking behavior and locomotor activity of rats are eliminated by hypothalamic lesions.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.197269158315864556464
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MooreRY.EichlerVB.Loss of circadian adrenal corticosterone rhythm following suprachiasmatic lesions in the rat.Brain Res.1972422012065047187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VesselyLH.LewyAJ.Melatonin as a hormone and as a marker for circadian phase position in humans. In: Pfaff D, Arnold A, Etgen A, Fahrbach S, Rubin R, eds.Hormones, Brain and Behavior, Vol 5. San Diego, Calif: Elsevier Science;2002121141
   Google Scholar
• Ariëns-KappersJ.The development, topographical relations and innervation of the epiphysis cerebri in the albino rat.Z Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat.19605216321513751359
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• AxelrodJ.ZatzM.The β-adrenergic receptor and the regulation of circadian rhythms in the pineal gland. In: Litwack G, ed.Biochemical Actions of Hormones. New York, NY: Academic Press;1977249268
   Google Scholar
• ReppertSM.WeaverDR.RivkeesSA.StopaEG.Putative melatonin receptors are located in a human biological clock.Science.198824278812845576
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DubocovichML.BenloucifS.MasanaMl.Melatonin receptors in the mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus.Behav Brain Res.1996731411478788492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GekakisN.StaknisD.NguyenHB.et al.Role of the CLOCK protein in the mammalian circadian mechanism.Science.1998280156415699616112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BersonDM.DunnFA.TakaoM.Phototransduction by retinal ganglion cells that set circadian clock.Science.20022951070107311834835
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ProvencioI.RodriguezIR.JiangG.HayesWP.MoreiraEF.RollagMD.A novel human opsin in the inner retina.J Neurosci.20002060060510632589
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MooreRY.LennNJ.A retinohypothalamic projection in the rat.J Comp Neurol.19721461144116104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SchwartzWJ.DavidsenLC.SmithCB.In vivo metabolic activity of a putative circadian oscillator, the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus.J Comp Neurol.19801891571677351445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SchwartzWJ.GainerH.Localization of the “biological clock” in the brain.JAMA.19812466817253124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IllnerováH.Melatonin in rat pineal gland and serum; rapid parallel decline after light exposure at night.Neurosci Lett.197818919319605216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LewyAJ.SackRL.SingerCM.Immediate and delayed effects of bright light on human melatonin production: shifting “dawn” and “dusk” shifts the dim light melatonin onset (DLMO).Ann N Y Acad Sci.19854532532593865585
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AschoffJ.Annual rhythms in man. In: Aschoff J, ed.Handbook of Behavioral Neurobiology. New York, NY: Plenum Press;1981475487
   Google Scholar
• WehrTA.AeschbachD.DuncanWC.Evidence for a biological dawn and dusk in the human circadian timing system.J Physiol.200193795111559786
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LewyAJ.SackRL.FredricksonRH.ReavesM.DenneyD.ZielskeDR.The use of bright light in the treatment of chronobiologic sleep and mood disorders: the phase-response curve.Psychopharmacol Bull.1983195235256635127
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WeverR.PolasekJ.WildgruberC.Bright light affects human circadian rhythms.Eur J Physiol.19833968587
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LewyAJ.SackRL.SingerCM.Assessment and treatment of chronobiologic disorders using plasma melatonin levels and bright light exposure: the clock-gate model and the phase response curve.Psychopharmacol Bull.1984205615656473662
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LewyAJ.SackRL.MillerS.HobanTM.Antidepressant and circadian phase-shifting effects of light.Science.19872353523543798117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CzeislerCA.AllanJS.StrogatzSH.et al.Bright light resets the human circadian pacemaker independent of the timing of the sleep-wake cycle.Science.19862336676713726555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EastmanCI.MiesckeKJ.Bright light improves the entrainment of the circadian body temperature rhythm to a 26-h sleep-wake schedule in humans.Sleep Res.198615271
   Google Scholar
• LewyAJ.Melatonin secretion as a neurobiological “marker” and effects of light in humans.Psychopharmacol Bull.1982181271297156273
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LewyAJ.Human melatonin secretion (II): a marker for the circadian system and the effects of light. In: Post RM, Ballenger JC, ed.Neurobiology of Mood Disorders. Baltimore, Md: Williams and Wilkins;1984215226
   Google Scholar
• LewyAJ.BauerVK.HaslerBP.KendallAR.PiresMLN.SackRL.Capturing the circadian rhythms of free-running blind people with 0.5 mg melatonin.Brain Res.20019189610011684046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LewyAJ.CutlerNL.SackRL.The endogenous melatonin profile as a marker for circadian phase position.J Biol Rhythms.19991422723610452335
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LewyAJ.SackRL.The dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) as a marker for circadian phase position.Chronobiol Int.19896931022706705
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LewyAJ.BauerVK.AhmedS.et al.The human phase response curve (PRC) to melatonin is about 1 2 hours out of phase with the PRC to light.Chronobiol Int .19981571839493716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LewyAJ.BauerVK.CutlerNL.et al.Morning versus evening light treatment of patients with winter depression.Arch Gen Psychiatry.1998558908969783559
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AschoffJ.HoffmannK.PohlH.WeverR.Re-entrainment of circadian rhythms after phase shifts of the zeitgeber.Chronobiologia.1975223781192905
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LewyAJ.Regulation of melatonin production in humans by bright artificial light: evidence for a clock-gate model and a phase response curve. In: Brown GM, Wainwright SD, ed.The Pineal Gland: Endocrine Aspects. Advances in the Biosciences. Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press;1985203208
   Google Scholar
• HonmaK.HonmaS.A human phase response curve for bright light pulses.Jpn J Psychiatry.198842167168
   Google Scholar
• CzeislerCA.KronauerRE.AllanJS.et al.Bright light induction of strong (type O) resetting of the human circadian pacemaker.Science.1989244132813332734611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WeverRA.Light effects on human circadian rhythms. A review of recent Andechs experiments.J Biol Rhythms.198941611862519587
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MinorsDS.WaterhouseJM.Wirz-JusticeA.A human phase-response curve to light.Neurosci Lett.199113336401791996
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EastmanCI.Bright light on the night shift: circadian rhythms can advance or delay.Sleep Res.199120453
   Google Scholar
• LewyAJ.WehrTA.GoodwinFK.NewsomeDA.MarkeySP.Light suppresses melatonin secretion in humans.Science.1980210126712697434030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LewyAJ.KernHA.RosenthalNE.WehrTA.Bright artificial light treatment of a manic-depressive patient with a seasonal mood cycle.Am J Psychiatry.1982139149614987137404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RosenthalNE.SackDA.GillinJC.et al.Seasonal affective disorder: a description of the syndrome and preliminary findings with light therapy.Arch Gen Psychiatry.19844172806581756
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KripkeDF.RischSC.JanowskyD.Effect on depression of early awakening and bright light.Sleep Res.198211123
   Google Scholar
• ParryBL.MaurerE.Light treatment of mood disorders.Dialogues Clin Neurosci.2003535336522033495
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wirz-JusticeA.Chronobiology and mood disorders.Dialogues Clin Neurosci.2003531532522033593
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Praschak-RiederN.WilleitM.Treatment of seasonal affective disorders.Dialogues Clin Neurosci.20035391400
   Google Scholar
• LewyAJ.SackRL.Minireview: light therapy and psychiatry.Proc Soc Exp Biol Med.198618311183529100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LewyAJ.SackRL.SingerCM.WhiteDM.HobanTM.Winter depression and the phase shift hypothesis for bright light's therapeutic effects: history, theory and experimental evidence.J Biol Rhythms.198831211342979635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AveryDH.KhanA.DagerSR.CoxGB.DunnerDL.Bright light treatment of winter depression: morning versus evening light.Acta Psychiatr Scand.1990823353382281802
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SackRL.LewyAJ.WhiteDM.SingerCM.FiremanMJ.VandiverR.Morning versus evening light treatment for winter depression: evidence that the therapeutic effects of light are mediated by circadian phase shifts.Arch Gen Psychiatry.1990473433512322085
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TermanM.TermanJS.QuitkinFM.et al.Dosing dimensions of light therapy: duration and time of day. In: Thompson C, Silverstone T, ed.Seasonal Affective Disorder. London, UK: CNS (Clinical Neuroscience) Publishers;1989187204
   Google Scholar
• LewyAJ.Treating chronobiologic sleep and mood disorders with bright light.Psychiatry Ann.198717664669
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ThalénB-E.KjellmanBF.MorkridL.WibomR.WetterbergL.Light treatment in seasonal and nonseasonal depression.Acta Psychiatr Scand.1995913523607639093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wirz-JusticeA.GrawP.KrauchiK.et al.Light therapy in seasonal affective disorder is independent of time of day or circadian phase.Arch Gen Psychiatry.1993509299378250678
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EastmanCI.YoungMA.FoggLF.LiuL.MeadenPM.Bright light treatment of winter depression: a placebo-controlled trial.Arch Gen Psychiatry.1998558838899783558
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TermanM.TermanJS.RossDC.A controlled trial of timed bright light and negative air ionization for treatment of winter depression.Arch Gen Psychiatry.1998558758829783557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TermanM.Problems and prospects for use of bright light as a therapeutic intervention. In: Wetterberg L, ed.Light and Biological Rhythms in Man. Stockholm, Sweden: Pergamon Press;1993421436
   Google Scholar
• TermanJS.TermanM.LoES.CooperTB.Circadian time of morning light administration and therapeutic response in winter depression.Arch Gen Psychiatry.200158697511146760
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VoultsiosA.KennawayDJ.DawsonD.Salivary melatonin as a circadian phase marker: validation and comparison to plasma melatonin.J Biol Rhythms.1997124574669376644
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZaidanR.GeoffriauM.BrunJ.et al.Melatonin is able to influence its secretion in humans: description of a phase-response curve.Neuroendocrinology.1994601051128090277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MiddletonB.ArendtJ.StoneBM.Complex effects of melatonin on human circadian rhythms in constant dim light.J Biol Rhythms.1997124674779376645
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LewyAJ.BauerVK.CutlerNL.SackRL.Melatonin treatment of winter depression: a pilot study.Psychiatry Res.199877576110710176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SackRL.LewyAJ.HobanTM.Free-running melatonin rhythms in blind people: phase shifts with melatonin and triazolam administration. In: Rensing L, an der Heiden U, Mackey MC, ed.Temporal Disorder in Human Oscillatory Systems. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag;1987219224
   Google Scholar
• SackRL.KeithD.LewyAJ.Cortisol and melatonin rhythms in free-running blind people have identical periods.Sleep Res.198918441
   Google Scholar
• NakagawaH.SackRL.LewyAJ.Sleep propensity free-running in parallel with the melatonin rhythm in a totally blind person.Sleep Res.199120467
   Google Scholar
• NakagawaH.SackRL.LewyAJ.Sleep propensity free-runs with the temperature, Cortisol and melatonin rhythms in a totally blind person.Sleep.1992153303361519008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WaterhouseJM.MinorsDS.Masking and entrainment. In: Hekkens WTJM, Kerkhof GA, Rietveld WJ, ed.Trends in Chronobiology. Oxford, UK: Pergamon;1988163171
   Google Scholar
• SackRL.LewyAJ.BloodML.KeithLD.NakagawaH.Circadian rhythm abnormalities in totally blind people: incidence and clinical significance.J Clin Endocr Metab.1992751271341619000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LockleySW.SkeneDJ.ArendtJ.Changes in sleep in relation to circadian phase in the blind. In: Touitou Y, ed.Biological Clocks. Mechanisms and Applications. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier;1998247252
   Google Scholar
• SkeneDJ.LockleySW.ArendtJ.Melatonin in circadian sleep disorders in the blind.Biol Signals Receptors.199989095
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LewyAJ.Human plasma melatonin studies: effects of light and implications for biological rhythm research. In: Birau N, Scholoot W, ed.Melatonin: Current Status and Perspectives. Advances in the Biosciences. Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press;1981397400
   Google Scholar
• LewyAJ.NewsomeDA.Different types of melatonin circadian secretory rhythms in some blind subjects.J Clin Endocrinol Metab.198356110311076841552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RedmanJ.ArmstrongS.NgKT.Free-running activity rhythms in the rat: entrainment by melatonin.Science.1983219108910916823571
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SackRL.BrandesRW.KendallAR.LewyAJ.Entrainment of free-running circadian rhythms by melatonin in blind people.N Engl J Med.20003431070107711027741
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SackRL.StevensonJ.LewyAJ.Entrainment of a previously free-running blind human with melatonin administration.Sleep Res.199019404
   Google Scholar
• SackRL.LewyAJ.Melatonin administration phase advances endogenous rhythms in humans.Sleep Res.198817396
   Google Scholar
• SackRL.LewyAJ.BloodML.StevensonJ.KeithLD.Melatonin administration to blind people: phase advances and entrainment.J Biol Rhythms.199162492611773095
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SackRL.BrandesRL.DeJonghEA.PenS.NordstromS.LewyAJ.Melatonin entrains free-running circadian rhythms in a totally blind person.Sleep.199922(suppl)S138
   Google Scholar
• LewyAJ.EmensJS.SackRL.HaslerBP.BernertRA.Low, but not high, doses of melatonin entrained a free-running blind person with a long circadian period.Chronobiol Int.20021964965812069043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LewyAJ.HaslerBP.EmensJS.SackRL.Pretreatment circadian period in free-running blind people may predict the phase angle of entrainment to melatonin.Neurosci Lett.200131315816011682151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LewyAJ.BauerBK.SingerCW.MinkunasDV.SackRL.Later circadian phase of plasma melatonin relative to usual waketime in older subjects.Sleep.200023(suppl 2)A188
   Google Scholar
• GekakisN.SaezL.Delahaye-BrownA.et al.Isolation of timeless by PER protein interaction: defective interaction between timeless protein and long-period mutant PER.Science.19952708118157481773
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YoungMW.The tick-tock of the biological clock.Sci Am.2000647110736840
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BersonDM.DunnFA.TakaoM.Phototransduction by retinal ganglion cells that set circadian clock.Science.20022951070107311834835
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PittendrighCS.DaanS.A functional analysis of circadian pacemakers in nocturnal rodents: IV. Entrainment: pacemaker as a clock.J Comp Physiol.1976106291331
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LockleySW.SkeneDJ.JamesK.ThapanK.WrightJ.ArendtJ.Melatonin administration can entrain the free-running circadian system of blind subjects.J Endocrinol.2000164R1R610607943
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LewyAJ.EmensJS.BernertRA.LeflerBJ.Eventual entrainment of the human circadian pacemaker by melatonin is independent of the circadian phase of treatment initiation: clinical implications.J Biol Rhythms. In press.
   Google Scholar
• LewyAJ.EmensJS.SackRL.HaslerBP.BernertRA.Zeitgeber heirarchy in humans: resetting the circadian phase positions of blind people using melatonin.Chronobiol Int.20032083785214535357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DahlitzM.AlvarezB.VignauJ.EnglishJ.ArendtJ.ParkesJD.Delayed sleep phase syndrome response to melatonin.Lancet.1991337112111231674014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RosenthalNE.Joseph-VanderpoolJR.Levendosky AA, et al. Phototherapy for delayed sleep phase syndrome.Biol Psychiatry.19912940S
   Google Scholar
• SchenckCH.MahowaldMW.SackRL.Assessment and management of insomnia.JAMA.20032892475247912759306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LewyAJ.SackRL.SingerCM.Melatonin, light and chronobiological disorders. In: Evered D, Clark S, ed.Photoperiodism, Melatonin and the Pineal. London, UK: Pitman;1985231252
   Google Scholar
• HerxheimerA.PétrieKJ.Melatonin for the prevention and treatment of jet lag.Cochrane Library.2002Disk issue 4CD001520
   Google Scholar
• SackRL.Shift work and jet lag. In: Lee-Chiong TL, Sateia MJ, Carskadon MA, ed.Sleep Medicine. Philadelphia, Pa: Hanley and Belfus;2002
   Google Scholar
• DaanS.LewyAJ.Scheduled exposure to daylight: a potential strategy to reduce “jet lag” following transmeridian flight.Psychopharmacol Bull.1984205665686473663
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ArendtJ.AldhousM.MarksV.Alleviation of “jet lag” by melatonin: preliminary results of controlled double-blind trial.BMJ.198629211703085768
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EastmanCI.Bright light in work-sleep schedules for shift workers: application of circadian rhythm principles. In: Rensing L, an der Heiden U, Mackey MC, ed.Temporal Disorder in Human Oscillatory Systems. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag;1987176185
   Google Scholar
• SackRL.BloodML.LewyAJ.Melatonin rhythms in night shift workers.Sleep.1992154344411455127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SackRL.BloodML.LewyAJ.Melatonin administration promotes circadian adaptation to night-shift work.Sleep Res.199423509
   Google Scholar
• EastmanCI.MartinSK.How to use light and dark to produce circadian adaptation to night shift work.Ann Med.199931879810344580
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar