Biological properties of extracellular vesicles and their physiological functions

References

• Waters CM, Bassler BL. Quorum sensing: cell-to-cell communication in bacteria. Ann Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2005; 21: 319–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chargaff E, West R. The biological significance of the thromboplastic protein of blood. J Biol Chem. 1946; 166: 189–97.
   Google Scholar
• Wolf P. The nature and significance of platelet products in human plasma. Br J Haematol. 1967; 13: 269–88.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson HC. Vesicles associated with calcification in the matrix of epiphyseal cartilage. J Cell Biol. 1969; 41: 59–72.
   Google Scholar
• De Broe M, Wieme R, Roels F. Letter: membrane fragments with koinozymic properties released from villous adenoma of the rectum. Lancet. 1975; 2: 1214–15.
   Google Scholar
• Benz EW Jr., Moses HL. Small, virus-like particles detected in bovine sera by electron microscopy. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1974; 52: 1931–4.
   Google Scholar
• Dalton AJ. Microvesicles and vesicles of multivesicular bodies versus “virus-like” particles. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1975; 54: 1137–48.
   Google Scholar
• Stegmayr B, Ronquist G. Promotive effect on human sperm progressive motility by prostasomes. Urol Res. 1982; 10: 253–7.
   Google Scholar
• Ronquist G, Brody I, Gottfries A, Stegmayr B. An Mg2+ and Ca2+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase in human prostatic fluid: part I. Andrology. 1978; 10: 261–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor DD, Homesley HD, Doellgast GJ. Binding of specific peroxidase-labeled antibody to placental-type phosphatase on tumor-derived membrane fragments. Cancer Res. 1980; 40: 4064–9.
   Google Scholar
• Dvorak HF, Quay SC, Orenstein NS, Dvorak AM, Hahn P, Bitzer AMet al. Tumor shedding and coagulation. Science. 1981; 212: 923–4.
   Google Scholar
• Harding C, Heuser J, Stahl P. Endocytosis and intracellular processing of transferrin and colloidal gold-transferrin in rat reticulocytes: demonstration of a pathway for receptor shedding. Eur J Cell Biol. 1984; 35: 256–63.
   Google Scholar
• Pan BT, Johnstone RM. Fate of the transferrin receptor during maturation of sheep reticulocytes in vitro: selective externalization of the receptor. Cell. 1983; 33: 967–78.
   Google Scholar
• Johnstone RM, Adam M, Hammond JR, Orr L, Turbide C. Vesicle formation during reticulocyte maturation. Association of plasma membrane activities with released vesicles (exosomes). J Biol Chem. 1987; 262: 9412–20.
   Google Scholar
• Raposo G, Nijman HW, Stoorvogel W, Liejendekker R, Harding CV, Melief CJet al. B lymphocytes secrete antigen-presenting vesicles. J Exp Med. 1996; 183: 1161–72.
   Google Scholar
• Valadi H, Ekstrom K, Bossios A, Sjostrand M, Lee JJ, Lotvall JO. Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells. Nat Cell Biol. 2007; 9: 654–9.
   Google Scholar
• Ratajczak J, Miekus K, Kucia M, Zhang J, Reca R, Dvorak Pet al. Embryonic stem cell-derived microvesicles reprogram hematopoietic progenitors: evidence for horizontal transfer of mRNA and protein delivery. Leukemia. 2006; 20: 847–56.
   Google Scholar
• Pisitkun T, Shen RF, Knepper MA. Identification and proteomic profiling of exosomes in human urine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004; 101: 13368–73.
   Google Scholar
• Lasser C, Eldh M, Lotvall J. Isolation and characterization of RNA-containing exosomes. J Vis Exp. 2012; 3037.
   Google Scholar
• Keller S, Ridinger J, Rupp AK, Janssen JW, Altevogt P. Body fluid derived exosomes as a novel template for clinical diagnostics. J Transl Med. 2011; 9: 86.
   Google Scholar
• Caby MP, Lankar D, Vincendeau-Scherrer C, Raposo G, Bonnerot C. Exosomal-like vesicles are present in human blood plasma. Int Immunol. 2005; 17: 879–87.
   Google Scholar
• Poliakov A, Spilman M, Dokland T, Amling CL, Mobley JA. Structural heterogeneity and protein composition of exosome-like vesicles (prostasomes) in human semen. Prostate. 2009; 69: 159–67.
   Google Scholar
• Lasser C, O'Neil SE, Ekerljung L, Ekstrom K, Sjostrand M, Lotvall J. RNA-containing exosomes in human nasal secretions. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2011; 25: 89–93.
   Google Scholar
• Gould SJ, Raposo G. As we wait: coping with an imperfect nomenclature for extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles. 2013; 2 20389, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jev.v2i0.20389.
   Google Scholar
• Colombo M, Raposo G, Thery C. Biogenesis, secretion, and intercellular interactions of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles. Ann Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2014; 30: 255–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalra H, Adda CG, Liem M, Ang CS, Mechler A, Simpson RJet al. Comparative proteomics evaluation of plasma exosome isolation techniques and assessment of the stability of exosomes in normal human blood plasma. Proteomics. 2013; 13: 3354–64.
   Google Scholar
• Tauro BJ, Greening DW, Mathias RA, Ji H, Mathivanan S, Scott AM et al. Comparison of ultracentrifugation, density gradient separation, and immunoaffinity capture methods for isolating human colon cancer cell line LIM1863-derived exosomes. Methods. 2013; 56: 293–304.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathivanan S, Lim JW, Tauro BJ, Ji H, Moritz RL, Simpson RJ. Proteomics analysis of A33 immunoaffinity-purified exosomes released from the human colon tumor cell line LIM1215 reveals a tissue-specific protein signature. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2010; 9: 197–208.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor DD, Gercel-Taylor C. MicroRNA signatures of tumor-derived exosomes as diagnostic biomarkers of ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2008; 110: 13–21.
   Google Scholar
• Atai NA, Balaj L, van Veen H, Breakefield XO, Jarzyna PA, Van Noorden CJet al. Heparin blocks transfer of extracellular vesicles between donor and recipient cells. J Neurooncol. 2013; 115: 343–51.
   Google Scholar
• Graner MW, Alzate O, Dechkovskaia AM, Keene JD, Sampson JH, Mitchell DAet al. Proteomic and immunologic analyses of brain tumor exosomes. FASEB J. 2009; 23: 1541–57.
   Google Scholar
• Epple LM, Griffiths SG, Dechkovskaia AM, Dusto NL, White J, Ouellette RJet al. Medulloblastoma exosome proteomics yield functional roles for extracellular vesicles. PLoS One. 2012; 7: e42064.
   Google Scholar
• Kang D, Oh S, Ahn SM, Lee BH, Moon MH. Proteomic analysis of exosomes from human neural stem cells by flow field-flow fractionation and nanoflow liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Proteome Res. 2008; 7: 3475–80.
   Google Scholar
• Kalra H, Simpson RJ, Ji H, Aikawa E, Altevogt P, Askenase Pet al. Vesiclepedia: a compendium for extracellular vesicles with continuous community annotation. PLoS Biol. 2012; 10: e1001450.
   Google Scholar
• Kim DK, Kang B, Kim OY, Choi DS, Lee J, Kim SR. EVpedia: an integrated database of high-throughput data for systemic analyses of extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles. 2013; 2 20384, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jev.v2i0.20384.
   Google Scholar
• Simpson RJ, Kalra H, Mathivanan S. ExoCarta as a resource for exosomal research. J Extracell Vesicles. 2012; 1 18374, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jev.v1i0.18374.
   Google Scholar
• Escrevente C, Keller S, Altevogt P, Costa J. Interaction and uptake of exosomes by ovarian cancer cells. BMC Cancer. 2011; 11: 108.
   Google Scholar
• Gonzales PA, Pisitkun T, Hoffert JD, Tchapyjnikov D, Star RA, Kleta Ret al. Large-scale proteomics and phosphoproteomics of urinary exosomes. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009; 20: 363–79.
   Google Scholar
• Jeppesen DK, Nawrocki A, Jensen SG, Thorsen K, Whitehead B, Howard KAet al. Quantitative proteomics of fractionated membrane and lumen exosome proteins from isogenic metastatic and non-metastatic bladder cancer cells reveal differential expression of EMT factors. Proteomics. 2014; 14: 699–712.
   Google Scholar
• Ostergaard O, Nielsen CT, Iversen LV, Jacobsen S, Tanassi JT, Heegaard NH. Quantitative proteome profiling of normal human circulating microparticles. J Proteome Res. 2012; 11: 2154–63.
   Google Scholar
• Tauro BJ, Greening DW, Mathias RA, Mathivanan S, Ji H, Simpson RJ. Two distinct populations of exosomes are released from LIM1863 colon carcinoma cell-derived organoids. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2013; 12: 587–98.
   Google Scholar
• Pallet N, Sirois I, Bell C, Hanafi LA, Hamelin K, Dieude Met al. A comprehensive characterization of membrane vesicles released by autophagic human endothelial cells. Proteomics. 2013; 13: 1108–20.
   Google Scholar
• Aatonen MT, Öhman T, Nyman TA, Laitinen S, Grönholm M, Siljander PR. Isolation and characterization of platelet-derived extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles. 2014; 3 24692, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jev.v3.24692.
   Google Scholar
• Bobrie A, Thery C. Exosomes and communication between tumours and the immune system: are all exosomes equal?. Biochem Soc Trans. 2013; 41: 263–7.
   Google Scholar
• Colombo M, Moita C, van Niel G, Kowal J, Vigneron J, Benaroch Pet al. Analysis of ESCRT functions in exosome biogenesis, composition and secretion highlights the heterogeneity of extracellular vesicles. J Cell Sci. 2013; 126: 5553–65.
   Google Scholar
• Witwer KW, Buzás EI, Bemis LT, Bora A, Lässer C, Lötvall Jet al. Standardization of sample collection, isolation and analysis methods in extracellular vesicle research. J Extracell Vesicles. 2013; 2 20360, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jev.v2i0.20360.
   Google Scholar
• Crescitelli R, Lässer C, Szabó TG, Kittel A, Eldh M, Dianzani Iet al. Distinct RNA profiles in subpopulations of extracellular vesicles: apoptotic bodies, microvesicles and exosomes. J Extracell Vesicles. 2013; 2 http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jev.v2i0.20677.
   Google Scholar
• Yoshioka Y, Konishi Y, Kosaka N, Katsuda T, Kato T, Ochiya T. Comparative marker analysis of extracellular vesicles in different human cancer types. J Extracell Vesicles. 2013; 2 20424, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jev.v2i0.20424.
   Google Scholar
• Krishnamoorthy L, Bess JW Jr., Preston AB, Nagashima K, Mahal LK. HIV-1 and microvesicles from T cells share a common glycome, arguing for a common origin. Nat Chem Biol. 2009; 5: 244–50.
   Google Scholar
• Batista BS, Eng WS, Pilobello KT, Hendricks-Munoz KD, Mahal LK. Identification of a conserved glycan signature for microvesicles. J Proteome Res. 2011; 10: 4624–33.
   Google Scholar
• Staubach S, Schadewaldt P, Wendel U, Nohroudi K, Hanisch FG. Differential glycomics of epithelial membrane glycoproteins from urinary exovesicles reveals shifts toward complex-type N-glycosylation in classical galactosemia. J Proteome Res. 2012; 11: 906–16.
   Google Scholar
• Gerlach JQ, Kruger A, Gallogly S, Hanley SA, Hogan MC, Ward CJet al. Surface glycosylation profiles of urine extracellular vesicles. PLoS One. 2013; 8: e74801.
   Google Scholar
• Heijnen HF, Schiel AE, Fijnheer R, Geuze HJ, Sixma JJ. Activated platelets release two types of membrane vesicles: microvesicles by surface shedding and exosomes derived from exocytosis of multivesicular bodies and alpha-granules. Blood. 1999; 94: 3791–9.
   Google Scholar
• Saunderson SC, Dunn AC, Crocker PR, McLellan AD. CD169 mediates the capture of exosomes in spleen and lymph node. Blood. 2014; 123: 208–16.
   Google Scholar
• Looze C, Yui D, Leung L, Ingham M, Kaler M, Yao Xet al. Proteomic profiling of human plasma exosomes identifies PPARgamma as an exosome-associated protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2009; 378: 433–8.
   Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Begne M, Lu B, Han X, Hagen FK, Hand AR, Melvin JEet al. Proteomic analysis of human parotid gland exosomes by multidimensional protein identification technology (MudPIT). J Proteome Res. 2009; 8: 1304–14.
   Google Scholar
• Hosseini-Beheshti E, Pham S, Adomat H, Li N, Tomlinson Guns ES. Exosomes as biomarker enriched microvesicles: characterization of exosomal proteins derived from a panel of prostate cell lines with distinct AR phenotypes. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2012; 11: 863–85.
   Google Scholar
• Escrevente C, Grammel N, Kandzia S, Zeiser J, Tranfield EM, Conradt HSet al. Sialoglycoproteins and N-glycans from secreted exosomes of ovarian carcinoma cells. PLoS One. 2013; 8: e78631.
   Google Scholar
• Welton JL, Khanna S, Giles PJ, Brennan P, Brewis IA, Staffurth Jet al. Proteomics analysis of bladder cancer exosomes. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2010; 9: 1324–38.
   Google Scholar
• Ogawa Y, Kanai-Azuma M, Akimoto Y, Kawakami H, Yanoshita R. Exosome-like vesicles with dipeptidyl peptidase IV in human saliva. Biol Pharm Bull. 2008; 31: 1059–62.
   Google Scholar
• Choi DS, Park JO, Jang SC, Yoon YJ, Jung JW, Choi DYet al. Proteomic analysis of microvesicles derived from human colorectal cancer ascites. Proteomics. 2011; 11: 2745–51.
   Google Scholar
• Barres C, Blanc L, Bette-Bobillo P, Andre S, Mamoun R, Gabius HJet al. Galectin-5 is bound onto the surface of rat reticulocyte exosomes and modulates vesicle uptake by macrophages. Blood. 2010; 115: 696–705.
   Google Scholar
• Liang Y, Eng WS, Colquhoun DR, Dinglasan RR, Graham DR, Mahal LK. Complex N-linked glycans serve as a determinant for exosome/microvesicle cargo recruitment. J Biol Chem. 2014; 289: 32526–37.
   Google Scholar
• Menck K, Scharf C, Bleckmann A, Dyck L, Rost U, Wenzel D et al. Tumor-derived microvesicles mediate human breast cancer invasion through differentially glycosylated EMMPRIN. J Mol Cell Biol. 2015;7:143–53
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christianson HC, Svensson KJ, van Kuppevelt TH, Li JP, Belting M. Cancer cell exosomes depend on cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans for their internalization and functional activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2013; 110: 17380–5.
   Google Scholar
• Kralj-Iglic V. Stability of membranous nanostructures: a possible key mechanism in cancer progression. Int J Nanomedicine. 2012; 7: 3579–96.
   Google Scholar
• Capraro BR, Yoon Y, Cho W, Baumgart T. Curvature sensing by the epsin N-terminal homology domain measured on cylindrical lipid membrane tethers. J Am Chem Soc. 2010; 132: 1200–1.
   Google Scholar
• Hsieh WT, Hsu CJ, Capraro BR, Wu T, Chen CM, Yang Set al. Curvature sorting of peripheral proteins on solid-supported wavy membranes. Langmuir. 2012; 28: 12838–43.
   Google Scholar
• Sorre B, Callan-Jones A, Manneville JB, Nassoy P, Joanny JF, Prost Jet al. Curvature-driven lipid sorting needs proximity to a demixing point and is aided by proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009; 106: 5622–6.
   Google Scholar
• van Meer G, Vaz WL. Membrane curvature sorts lipids. Stabilized lipid rafts in membrane transport. EMBO Rep. 2005; 6: 418–19.
   Google Scholar
• Huang KC, Ramamurthi KS. Macromolecules that prefer their membranes curvy. Mol Microbiol. 2010; 76: 822–32.
   Google Scholar
• Ramamurthi KS. Protein localization by recognition of membrane curvature. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2010; 13: 753–7.
   Google Scholar
• Kralj-Iglič V, Veranič P. Curvature-induced sorting of bilayer membrane constituents and formation of membrane rafts. Adv Planar Lipid Bilayers Liposomes. 2006; 5: 129–49.
   Google Scholar
• Perez-Hernandez D, Gutierrez-Vazquez C, Jorge I, Lopez-Martin S, Ursa A, Sanchez-Madrid Fet al. The intracellular interactome of tetraspanin-enriched microdomains reveals their function as sorting machineries toward exosomes. J Biol Chem. 2013; 288: 11649–61.
   Google Scholar
• Nazarenko I, Rana S, Baumann A, McAlear J, Hellwig A, Trendelenburg Met al. Cell surface tetraspanin Tspan8 contributes to molecular pathways of exosome-induced endothelial cell activation. Cancer Res. 2010; 70: 1668–78.
   Google Scholar
• Yanez-Mo M, Barreiro O, Gordon-Alonso M, Sala-Valdes M, Sanchez-Madrid F. Tetraspanin-enriched microdomains: a functional unit in cell plasma membranes. Trends Cell Biol. 2009; 19: 434–46.
   Google Scholar
• Hagerstrand H, Mrowczynska L, Salzer U, Prohaska R, Michelsen KA, Kralj-Iglic V et al. Curvature-dependent lateral distribution of raft markers in the human erythrocyte membrane. Mol Membrane Biol. 2006; 23: 277–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bari R, Guo Q, Xia B, Zhang YH, Giesert EE, Levy Set al. Tetraspanins regulate the protrusive activities of cell membrane. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2011; 415: 619–26.
   Google Scholar
• Andreu Z, Yanez-Mo M. Tetraspanins in extracellular vesicle formation and function. Front Immunol. 2014; 5: 442.
   Google Scholar
• Arkhipov A, Yin Y, Schulten K. Four-scale description of membrane sculpting by BAR domains. Biophys J. 2008; 95: 2806–21.
   Google Scholar
• Yin Y, Arkhipov A, Schulten K. Simulations of membrane tubulation by lattices of amphiphysin N-BAR domains. Structure. 2009; 17: 882–92.
   Google Scholar
• Hanson PI, Shim S, Merrill SA. Cell biology of the ESCRT machinery. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2009; 21: 568–74.
   Google Scholar
• Metcalf D, Isaacs AM. The role of ESCRT proteins in fusion events involving lysosomes, endosomes and autophagosomes. Biochem Soc Trans. 2010; 38: 1469–73.
   Google Scholar
• Fyfe I, Schuh AL, Edwardson JM, Audhya A. Association of the endosomal sorting complex ESCRT-II with the Vps20 subunit of ESCRT-III generates a curvature-sensitive complex capable of nucleating ESCRT-III filaments. J Biol Chem. 2011; 286: 34262–70.
   Google Scholar
• Wollert T, Wunder C, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Hurley JH. Membrane scission by the ESCRT-III complex. Nature. 2009; 458: 172–7.
   Google Scholar
• Hanson PI, Cashikar A. Multivesicular body morphogenesis. Ann Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2012; 28: 337–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baietti MF, Zhang Z, Mortier E, Melchior A, Degeest G, Geeraerts Aet al. Syndecan-syntenin-ALIX regulates the biogenesis of exosomes. Nat Cell Biol. 2012; 14: 677–85.
   Google Scholar
• Ghossoub R, Lembo F, Rubio A, Gaillard CB, Bouchet J, Vitale Net al. Syntenin-ALIX exosome biogenesis and budding into multivesicular bodies are controlled by ARF6 and PLD2. Nat Commun. 2014; 5: 3477.
   Google Scholar
• Sala-Valdes M, Ursa A, Charrin S, Rubinstein E, Hemler ME, Sanchez-Madrid Fet al. EWI-2 and EWI-F link the tetraspanin web to the actin cytoskeleton through their direct association with ezrin-radixin-moesin proteins. J Biol Chem. 2006; 281: 19665–75.
   Google Scholar
• Fang Y, Wu N, Gan X, Yan W, Morrell JC, Gould SJ. Higher-order oligomerization targets plasma membrane proteins and HIV gag to exosomes. PLoS Biol. 2007; 5: e158.
   Google Scholar
• Shen B, Wu N, Yang JM, Gould SJ. Protein targeting to exosomes/microvesicles by plasma membrane anchors. J Biol Chem. 2011; 286: 14383–95.
   Google Scholar
• Mathivanan S, Fahner CJ, Reid GE, Simpson RJ. ExoCarta 2012: database of exosomal proteins, RNA and lipids. Nucleic Acids Res. 2012; 40: D1241–4.
   Google Scholar
• Mack M, Kleinschmidt A, Bruhl H, Klier C, Nelson PJ, Cihak Jet al. Transfer of the chemokine receptor CCR5 between cells by membrane-derived microparticles: a mechanism for cellular human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection. Nat Med. 2000; 6: 769–75.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Nedawi K, Meehan B, Micallef J, Lhotak V, May L, Guha Aet al. Intercellular transfer of the oncogenic receptor EGFRvIII by microvesicles derived from tumour cells. Nat Cell Biol. 2008; 10: 619–24.
   Google Scholar
• Peinado H, Aleckovic M, Lavotshkin S, Matei I, Costa-Silva B, Moreno-Bueno Get al. Melanoma exosomes educate bone marrow progenitor cells toward a pro-metastatic phenotype through MET. Nat Med. 2012; 18: 883–91.
   Google Scholar
• Morelli AE, Larregina AT, Shufesky WJ, Sullivan ML, Stolz DB, Papworth GDet al. Endocytosis, intracellular sorting, and processing of exosomes by dendritic cells. Blood. 2004; 104: 3257–66.
   Google Scholar
• Feng D, Zhao WL, Ye YY, Bai XC, Liu RQ, Chang LFet al. Cellular internalization of exosomes occurs through phagocytosis. Traffic. 2010; 11: 675–87.
   Google Scholar
• Fitzner D, Schnaars M, van Rossum D, Krishnamoorthy G, Dibaj P, Bakhti Met al. Selective transfer of exosomes from oligodendrocytes to microglia by macropinocytosis. J Cell Sci. 2011; 124: 447–58.
   Google Scholar
• Parolini I, Federici C, Raggi C, Lugini L, Palleschi S, De Milito Aet al. Microenvironmental pH is a key factor for exosome traffic in tumor cells. J Biol Chem. 2009; 284: 34211–22.
   Google Scholar
• Thery C, Ostrowski M, Segura E. Membrane vesicles as conveyors of immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol. 2009; 9: 581–93.
   Google Scholar
• Laulagnier K, Grand D, Dujardin A, Hamdi S, Vincent-Schneider H, Lankar Det al. PLD2 is enriched on exosomes and its activity is correlated to the release of exosomes. FEBS Lett. 2004; 572: 11–14.
   Google Scholar
• Laulagnier K, Motta C, Hamdi S, Roy S, Fauvelle F, Pageaux JFet al. Mast cell- and dendritic cell-derived exosomes display a specific lipid composition and an unusual membrane organization. Biochem J. 2004; 380: 161–71.
   Google Scholar
• Subra C, Laulagnier K, Perret B, Record M. Exosome lipidomics unravels lipid sorting at the level of multivesicular bodies. Biochimie. 2007; 89: 205–12.
   Google Scholar
• van der Goot FG, Gruenberg J. Intra-endosomal membrane traffic. Trends Cell Biology. 2006; 16: 514–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka M, Itai T, Adachi M, Nagata S. Downregulation of Fas ligand by shedding. Nat Med. 1998; 4: 31–6.
   Google Scholar
• Schneider P, Holler N, Bodmer JL, Hahne M, Frei K, Fontana Aet al. Conversion of membrane-bound Fas(CD95) ligand to its soluble form is associated with downregulation of its proapoptotic activity and loss of liver toxicity. J Exp Med. 1998; 187: 1205–13.
   Google Scholar
• Shimoda M, Khokha R. Proteolytic factors in exosomes. Proteomics. 2013; 13: 1624–36.
   Google Scholar
• Rand ML, Wang H, Bang KW, Packham MA, Freedman J. Rapid clearance of procoagulant platelet-derived microparticles from the circulation of rabbits. J Thromb Haemost. 2006; 4: 1621–3.
   Google Scholar
• Willekens FL, Werre JM, Kruijt JK, Roerdinkholder-Stoelwinder B, Groenen-Dopp YA, van den Bos AGet al. Liver Kupffer cells rapidly remove red blood cell-derived vesicles from the circulation by scavenger receptors. Blood. 2005; 105: 2141–5.
   Google Scholar
• Takahashi Y, Nishikawa M, Shinotsuka H, Matsui Y, Ohara S, Imai Tet al. Visualization and in vivo tracking of the exosomes of murine melanoma B16-BL6 cells in mice after intravenous injection. J Biotechnol. 2013; 165: 77–84.
   Google Scholar
• Rank A, Nieuwland R, Crispin A, Grutzner S, Iberer M, Toth Bet al. Clearance of platelet microparticles in vivo. Platelets. 2011; 22: 111–16.
   Google Scholar
• Clayton A, Harris CL, Court J, Mason MD, Morgan BP. Antigen-presenting cell exosomes are protected from complement-mediated lysis by expression of CD55 and CD59. Eur J Immunol. 2003; 33: 522–31.
   Google Scholar
• Hao S, Bai O, Li F, Yuan J, Laferte S, Xiang J. Mature dendritic cells pulsed with exosomes stimulate efficient cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses and antitumour immunity. Immunology. 2007; 120: 90–102.
   Google Scholar
• Dasgupta SK, Abdel-Monem H, Niravath P, Le A, Bellera RV, Langlois Ket al. Lactadherin and clearance of platelet-derived microvesicles. Blood. 2009; 113: 1332–9.
   Google Scholar
• Komura H, Miksa M, Wu R, Goyert SM, Wang P. Milk fat globule epidermal growth factor-factor VIII is down-regulated in sepsis via the lipopolysaccharide-CD14 pathway. J Immunol. 2009; 182: 581–7.
   Google Scholar
• Dasgupta SK, Le A, Chavakis T, Rumbaut RE, Thiagarajan P. Developmental endothelial locus-1 (Del-1) mediates clearance of platelet microparticles by the endothelium. Circulation. 2012; 125: 1664–72.
   Google Scholar
• Nolte-‘t Hoen EN, Buschow SI, Anderton SM, Stoorvogel W, Wauben MH. Activated T cells recruit exosomes secreted by dendritic cells via LFA-1. Blood. 2009; 113: 1977–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segura E, Guerin C, Hogg N, Amigorena S, Thery C. CD8+ dendritic cells use LFA-1 to capture MHC-peptide complexes from exosomes in vivo. J Immunol. 2007; 179: 1489–96.
   Google Scholar
• Simons M, Raposo G. Exosomes – vesicular carriers for intercellular communication. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2009; 21: 575–81.
   Google Scholar
• Fevrier B, Vilette D, Archer F, Loew D, Faigle W, Vidal Met al. Cells release prions in association with exosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004; 101: 9683–8.
   Google Scholar
• Katzmann DJ, Odorizzi G, Emr SD. Receptor downregulation and multivesicular-body sorting. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2002; 3: 893–905.
   Google Scholar
• Keller S, Sanderson MP, Stoeck A, Altevogt P. Exosomes: from biogenesis and secretion to biological function. Immunol Lett. 2006; 107: 102–8.
   Google Scholar
• Raiborg C, Rusten TE, Stenmark H. Protein sorting into multivesicular endosomes. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2003; 15: 446–55.
   Google Scholar
• Stoorvogel W, Kleijmeer MJ, Geuze HJ, Raposo G. The biogenesis and functions of exosomes. Traffic. 2002; 3: 321–30.
   Google Scholar
• Calzolari A, Raggi C, Deaglio S, Sposi NM, Stafsnes M, Fecchi Ket al. TfR2 localizes in lipid raft domains and is released in exosomes to activate signal transduction along the MAPK pathway. J Cell Sci. 2006; 119: 4486–98.
   Google Scholar
• Clayton A, Turkes A, Dewitt S, Steadman R, Mason MD, Hallett MB. Adhesion and signaling by B cell-derived exosomes: the role of integrins. FASEB J. 2004; 18: 977–9.
   Google Scholar
• Clayton A, Mitchell JP, Court J, Linnane S, Mason MD, Tabi Z. Human tumor-derived exosomes down-modulate NKG2D expression. J Immunol. 2008; 180: 7249–58.
   Google Scholar
• Viaud S, Terme M, Flament C, Taieb J, Andre F, Novault Set al. Dendritic cell-derived exosomes promote natural killer cell activation and proliferation: a role for NKG2D ligands and IL-15Ralpha. PLoS One. 2009; 4: e4942.
   Google Scholar
• Macario AJ, Cappello F, Zummo G, Conway de Macario E. Chaperonopathies of senescence and the scrambling of interactions between the chaperoning and the immune systems. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010; 1197: 85–93.
   Google Scholar
• Gross C, Schmidt-Wolf IG, Nagaraj S, Gastpar R, Ellwart J, Kunz-Schughart LAet al. Heat shock protein 70-reactivity is associated with increased cell surface density of CD94/CD56 on primary natural killer cells. Cell Stress Chaperones. 2003; 8: 348–60.
   Google Scholar
• Campanella C, Bucchieri F, Merendino AM, Fucarino A, Burgio G, Corona DFet al. The odyssey of Hsp60 from tumor cells to other destinations includes plasma membrane-associated stages and Golgi and exosomal protein-trafficking modalities. PLoS One. 2012; 7: e42008.
   Google Scholar
• Merendino AM, Bucchieri F, Campanella C, Marciano V, Ribbene A, David Set al. Hsp60 is actively secreted by human tumor cells. PLoS One. 2010; 5: e9247.
   Google Scholar
• Subra C, Grand D, Laulagnier K, Stella A, Lambeau G, Paillasse Met al. Exosomes account for vesicle-mediated transcellular transport of activatable phospholipases and prostaglandins. J Lipid Res. 2010; 51: 2105–20.
   Google Scholar
• Lugini L, Cecchetti S, Huber V, Luciani F, Macchia G, Spadaro Fet al. Immune surveillance properties of human NK cell-derived exosomes. J Immunol. 2012; 189: 2833–42.
   Google Scholar
• Cai Z, Yang F, Yu L, Yu Z, Jiang L, Wang Qet al. Activated T cell exosomes promote tumor invasion via Fas signaling pathway. J Immunol. 2012; 188: 5954–61.
   Google Scholar
• Andreola G, Rivoltini L, Castelli C, Huber V, Perego P, Deho Pet al. Induction of lymphocyte apoptosis by tumor cell secretion of FasL-bearing microvesicles. J Exp Med. 2002; 195: 1303–16.
   Google Scholar
• Huber V, Fais S, Iero M, Lugini L, Canese P, Squarcina Pet al. Human colorectal cancer cells induce T-cell death through release of proapoptotic microvesicles: role in immune escape. Gastroenterology. 2005; 128: 1796–804.
   Google Scholar
• MacKenzie A, Wilson HL, Kiss-Toth E, Dower SK, North RA, Surprenant A. Rapid secretion of interleukin-1beta by microvesicle shedding. Immunity. 2001; 15: 825–35.
   Google Scholar
• Qu Y, Franchi L, Nunez G, Dubyak GR. Nonclassical IL-1 beta secretion stimulated by P2X7 receptors is dependent on inflammasome activation and correlated with exosome release in murine macrophages. J Immunol. 2007; 179: 1913–25.
   Google Scholar
• Pizzirani C, Ferrari D, Chiozzi P, Adinolfi E, Sandona D, Savaglio Eet al. Stimulation of P2 receptors causes release of IL-1beta-loaded microvesicles from human dendritic cells. Blood. 2007; 109: 3856–64.
   Google Scholar
• Berda-Haddad Y, Robert S, Salers P, Zekraoui L, Farnarier C, Dinarello CAet al. Sterile inflammation of endothelial cell-derived apoptotic bodies is mediated by interleukin-1 alpha. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011; 108: 20684–9.
   Google Scholar
• Gulinelli S, Salaro E, Vuerich M, Bozzato D, Pizzirani C, Bolognesi Get al. IL-18 associates to microvesicles shed from human macrophages by a LPS/TLR-4 independent mechanism in response to P2X receptor stimulation. Eur J Immunol. 2012; 42: 3334–45.
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan R, Saez F, Girouard J, Frenette G. Role of exosomes in sperm maturation during the transit along the male reproductive tract. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2005; 35: 1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Hasegawa H, Thomas HJ, Schooley K, Born TL. Native IL-32 is released from intestinal epithelial cells via a non-classical secretory pathway as a membrane-associated protein. Cytokine. 2011; 53: 74–83.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang HG, Liu C, Su K, Yu S, Zhang L, Zhang Set al. A membrane form of TNF-alpha presented by exosomes delays T cell activation-induced cell death. J Immunol. 2006; 176: 7385–93.
   Google Scholar
• Kandere-Grzybowska K, Letourneau R, Kempuraj D, Donelan J, Poplawski S, Boucher Wet al. IL-1 induces vesicular secretion of IL-6 without degranulation from human mast cells. J Immunol. 2003; 171: 4830–6.
   Google Scholar
• Kim HK, Song KS, Chung JH, Lee KR, Lee SN. Platelet microparticles induce angiogenesis in vitro. Br J Haematol. 2004; 124: 376–84.
   Google Scholar
• Taraboletti G, D'Ascenzo S, Giusti I, Marchetti D, Borsotti P, Millimaggi Det al. Bioavailability of VEGF in tumor-shed vesicles depends on vesicle burst induced by acidic pH. Neoplasia. 2006; 8: 96–103.
   Google Scholar
• Baj-Krzyworzeka M, Weglarczyk K, Mytar B, Szatanek R, Baran J, Zembala M. Tumour-derived microvesicles contain interleukin-8 and modulate production of chemokines by human monocytes. Anticancer Res. 2011; 31: 1329–35.
   Google Scholar
• Truman LA, Ford CA, Pasikowska M, Pound JD, Wilkinson SJ, Dumitriu IEet al. CX3CL1/fractalkine is released from apoptotic lymphocytes to stimulate macrophage chemotaxis. Blood. 2008; 112: 5026–36.
   Google Scholar
• Chen T, Guo J, Yang M, Zhu X, Cao X. Chemokine-containing exosomes are released from heat-stressed tumor cells via lipid raft-dependent pathway and act as efficient tumor vaccine. J Immunol. 2011; 186: 2219–28.
   Google Scholar
• Wang GJ, Liu Y, Qin A, Shah SV, Deng ZB, Xiang Xet al. Thymus exosomes-like particles induce regulatory T cells. J Immunol. 2008; 181: 5242–8.
   Google Scholar
• Szajnik M, Czystowska M, Szczepanski MJ, Mandapathil M, Whiteside TL. Tumor-derived microvesicles induce, expand and up-regulate biological activities of human regulatory T cells (Treg). PLoS One. 2010; 5: e11469.
   Google Scholar
• Clayton A, Mitchell JP, Court J, Mason MD, Tabi Z. Human tumor-derived exosomes selectively impair lymphocyte responses to interleukin-2. Cancer Res. 2007; 67: 7458–66.
   Google Scholar
• Xiang X, Poliakov A, Liu C, Liu Y, Deng ZB, Wang Jet al. Induction of myeloid-derived suppressor cells by tumor exosomes. Int J Cancer. 2009; 124: 2621–33.
   Google Scholar
• Webber J, Steadman R, Mason MD, Tabi Z, Clayton A. Cancer exosomes trigger fibroblast to myofibroblast differentiation. Cancer Res. 2010; 70: 9621–30.
   Google Scholar
• Webber JP, Spary LK, Sanders AJ, Chowdhury R, Jiang WG, Steadman Ret al. Differentiation of tumour-promoting stromal myofibroblasts by cancer exosomes. Oncogene. 2015; 34: 290–302.
   Google Scholar
• Chen TS, Lai RC, Lee MM, Choo AB, Lee CN, Lim SK. Mesenchymal stem cell secretes microparticles enriched in pre-microRNAs. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010; 38: 215–24.
   Google Scholar
• Batagov AO, Kurochkin IV. Exosomes secreted by human cells transport largely mRNA fragments that are enriched in the 3’-untranslated regions. Biol Direct. 2013; 8: 12.
   Google Scholar
• Baj-Krzyworzeka M, Szatanek R, Weglarczyk K, Baran J, Urbanowicz B, Branski Pet al. Tumour-derived microvesicles carry several surface determinants and mRNA of tumour cells and transfer some of these determinants to monocytes. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2006; 55: 808–18.
   Google Scholar
• Huang X, Yuan T, Tschannen M, Sun Z, Jacob H, Du Met al. Characterization of human plasma-derived exosomal RNAs by deep sequencing. BMC Genomics. 2013; 14: 319.
   Google Scholar
• Kogure T, Yan IK, Lin WL, Patel T. Extracellular vesicle-mediated transfer of a novel long noncoding RNA TUC339: a mechanism of intercellular signaling in human hepatocellular cancer. Genes Cancer. 2013; 4: 261–72.
   Google Scholar
• Pigati L, Yaddanapudi SC, Iyengar R, Kim DJ, Hearn SA, Danforth Det al. Selective release of microRNA species from normal and malignant mammary epithelial cells. PLoS One. 2010; 5: e13515.
   Google Scholar
• Mittelbrunn M, Gutierrez-Vazquez C, Villarroya-Beltri C, Gonzalez S, Sanchez-Cabo F, Gonzalez MAet al. Unidirectional transfer of microRNA-loaded exosomes from T cells to antigen-presenting cells. Nat Commun. 2011; 2: 282.
   Google Scholar
• Bellingham SA, Coleman BM, Hill AF. Small RNA deep sequencing reveals a distinct miRNA signature released in exosomes from prion-infected neuronal cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 2012; 40: 10937–49.
   Google Scholar
• Nolte-‘t Hoen EN, Buermans HP, Waasdorp M, Stoorvogel W, Wauben MH, t Hoen PA. Deep sequencing of RNA from immune cell-derived vesicles uncovers the selective incorporation of small non-coding RNA biotypes with potential regulatory functions. Nucleic Acids Research. 2012; 40: 9272–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miranda KC, Bond DT, Levin JZ, Adiconis X, Sivachenko A, Russ Cet al. Massively parallel sequencing of human urinary exosome/microvesicle RNA reveals a predominance of non-coding RNA. PLoS One. 2014; 9: e96094.
   Google Scholar
• Jenjaroenpun P, Kremenska Y, Nair VM, Kremenskoy M, Joseph B, Kurochkin IV. Characterization of RNA in exosomes secreted by human breast cancer cell lines using next-generation sequencing. Peer J. 2013; 1: e201.
   Google Scholar
• Cheng L, Sharples RA, Scicluna BJ, Hill AF. Exosomes provide a protective and enriched source of miRNA for biomarker profiling compared to intracellular and cell-free blood. J Extracell Vesicles. 2014; 3 23743, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jev.v3.23743.
   Google Scholar
• Li L, Zhu D, Huang L, Zhang J, Bian Z, Chen Xet al. Argonaute 2 complexes selectively protect the circulating microRNAs in cell-secreted microvesicles. PLoS One. 2012; 7: e46957.
   Google Scholar
• Shelke GV, Lässer C, Gho YS, Lötvall J. Importance of exosome depletion protocols to eliminate functional and RNA-containing extracellular vesicles from fetal bovine serum. J Extracell Vesicles. 2014; 3 24783, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jev.v3.24783.
   Google Scholar
• Ostenfeld MS, Jeppesen DK, Laurberg JR, Boysen AT, Bramsen JB, Primdal-Bengtson Bet al. Cellular disposal of miR23b by RAB27-dependent exosome release is linked to acquisition of metastatic properties. Cancer Res. 2014; 74: 5758–71.
   Google Scholar
• Arroyo JD, Chevillet JR, Kroh EM, Ruf IK, Pritchard CC, Gibson DFet al. Argonaute2 complexes carry a population of circulating microRNAs independent of vesicles in human plasma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011; 108: 5003–8.
   Google Scholar
• Turchinovich A, Weiz L, Langheinz A, Burwinkel B. Characterization of extracellular circulating microRNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 2011; 39: 7223–33.
   Google Scholar
• Vickers KC, Palmisano BT, Shoucri BM, Shamburek RD, Remaley AT. MicroRNAs are transported in plasma and delivered to recipient cells by high-density lipoproteins. Nat Cell Biol. 2011; 13: 423–33.
   Google Scholar
• Melo SA, Sugimoto H, O'Connell JT, Kato N, Villanueva A, Vidal Aet al. Cancer exosomes perform cell-independent microRNA biogenesis and promote tumorigenesis. Cancer Cell. 2014; 26: 707–21.
   Google Scholar
• Gibbings DJ, Ciaudo C, Erhardt M, Voinnet O. Multivesicular bodies associate with components of miRNA effector complexes and modulate miRNA activity. Nat Cell Biol. 2009; 11: 1143–9.
   Google Scholar
• Ratajczak J, Wysoczynski M, Hayek F, Janowska-Wieczorek A, Ratajczak MZ. Membrane-derived microvesicles: important and underappreciated mediators of cell-to-cell communication. Leukemia. 2006; 20: 1487–95.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Liu D, Chen X, Li J, Li L, Bian Zet al. Secreted monocytic miR-150 enhances targeted endothelial cell migration. Mol Cell. 2010; 39: 133–44.
   Google Scholar
• Villarroya-Beltri C, Baixauli F, Gutierrez-Vazquez C, Sanchez-Madrid F, Mittelbrunn M. Sorting it out: regulation of exosome loading. Semin Cancer Biol. 2014; 28: 3–13.
   Google Scholar
• Batagov AO, Kuznetsov VA, Kurochkin IV. Identification of nucleotide patterns enriched in secreted RNAs as putative cis-acting elements targeting them to exosome nano-vesicles. BMC Genomics. 2011; 12(Suppl 3): S18.
   Google Scholar
• Villarroya-Beltri C, Gutierrez-Vazquez C, Sanchez-Cabo F, Perez-Hernandez D, Vazquez J, Martin-Cofreces Net al. Sumoylated hnRNPA2B1 controls the sorting of miRNAs into exosomes through binding to specific motifs. Nat Commun. 2013; 4: 2980.
   Google Scholar
• Squadrito ML, Baer C, Burdet F, Maderna C, Gilfillan GD, Lyle Ret al. Endogenous RNAs modulate microRNA sorting to exosomes and transfer to acceptor cells. Cell Rep. 2014; 8: 1432–46.
   Google Scholar
• Bolukbasi MF, Mizrak A, Ozdener GB, Madlener S, Strobel T, Erkan EPet al. miR-1289 and “Zipcode”-like Sequence Enrich mRNAs in Microvesicles. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 2012; 1: e10.
   Google Scholar
• Koppers-Lalic D, Hackenberg M, Bijnsdorp IV, van Eijndhoven MA, Sadek P, Sie Det al. Nontemplated nucleotide additions distinguish the small RNA composition in cells from exosomes. Cell Rep. 2014; 8: 1649–58.
   Google Scholar
• Deregibus MC, Cantaluppi V, Calogero R, Lo Iacono M, Tetta C, Biancone Let al. Endothelial progenitor cell derived microvesicles activate an angiogenic program in endothelial cells by a horizontal transfer of mRNA. Blood. 2007; 110: 2440–8.
   Google Scholar
• Bruno S, Grange C, Collino F, Deregibus MC, Cantaluppi V, Biancone Let al. Microvesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells enhance survival in a lethal model of acute kidney injury. PLoS One. 2012; 7: e33115.
   Google Scholar
• Bruno S, Grange C, Deregibus MC, Calogero RA, Saviozzi S, Collino Fet al. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived microvesicles protect against acute tubular injury. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009; 20: 1053–67.
   Google Scholar
• Eldh M, Ekstrom K, Valadi H, Sjostrand M, Olsson B, Jernas Met al. Exosomes communicate protective messages during oxidative stress; possible role of exosomal shuttle RNA. PLoS One. 2010; 5: e15353.
   Google Scholar
• Gennebäck N, Hellman U, Malm L, Larsson G, Ronquist G, Waldenström Aet al. Growth factor stimulation of cardiomyocytes induces changes in the transcriptional contents of secreted exosomes. J Extracell Vesicles. 2013; 2 20167, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jev.v2i0.20167.
   Google Scholar
• Kucharzewska P, Christianson HC, Welch JE, Svensson KJ, Fredlund E, Ringner Met al. Exosomes reflect the hypoxic status of glioma cells and mediate hypoxia-dependent activation of vascular cells during tumor development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2013; 110: 7312–17.
   Google Scholar
• Muller G, Schneider M, Biemer-Daub G, Wied S. Microvesicles released from rat adipocytes and harboring glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins transfer RNA stimulating lipid synthesis. Cell Signal. 2011; 23: 1207–23.
   Google Scholar
• de Candia P, Torri A, Gorletta T, Fedeli M, Bulgheroni E, Cheroni Cet al. Intracellular modulation, extracellular disposal and serum increase of MiR-150 mark lymphocyte activation. PLoS One. 2013; 8: e75348.
   Google Scholar
• Russo F, Di Bella S, Nigita G, Macca V, Lagana A, Giugno Ret al. miRandola: extracellular circulating microRNAs database. PLoS One. 2012; 7: e47786.
   Google Scholar
• Collino F, Deregibus MC, Bruno S, Sterpone L, Aghemo G, Viltono Let al. Microvesicles derived from adult human bone marrow and tissue specific mesenchymal stem cells shuttle selected pattern of miRNAs. PLoS One. 2010; 5: e11803.
   Google Scholar
• Hunter MP, Ismail N, Zhang X, Aguda BD, Lee EJ, Yu Let al. Detection of microRNA expression in human peripheral blood microvesicles. PLoS One. 2008; 3: e3694.
   Google Scholar
• Ogawa R, Tanaka C, Sato M, Nagasaki H, Sugimura K, Okumura Ket al. Adipocyte-derived microvesicles contain RNA that is transported into macrophages and might be secreted into blood circulation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2010; 398: 723–9.
   Google Scholar
• Chen X, Liang H, Zhang J, Zen K, Zhang CY. Secreted microRNAs: a new form of intercellular communication. Trends Cell Biol. 2012; 22: 125–32.
   Google Scholar
• Hu G, Drescher KM, Chen XM. Exosomal miRNAs: biological properties and therapeutic potential. Front Genet. 2012; 3: 56.
   Google Scholar
• Lee Y, El Andaloussi S, Wood MJ. Exosomes and microvesicles: extracellular vesicles for genetic information transfer and gene therapy. Hum Mol Genet. 2012; 21: R125–34.
   Google Scholar
• Mittelbrunn M, Sanchez-Madrid F. Intercellular communication: diverse structures for exchange of genetic information. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2012; 13: 328–35.
   Google Scholar
• Katsuda T, Ikeda S, Yoshioka Y, Kosaka N, Kawamata M, Ochiya T. Physiological and pathological relevance of secretory microRNAs and a perspective on their clinical application. Biol Chem. 2014; 395: 365–73.
   Google Scholar
• Fernandez-Messina L, Gutierrez-Vazquez C, Rivas-Garcia E, Sanchez-Madrid F, de la Fuente H. Immunomodulatory role of microRNAs transferred by extracellular vesicles. Biol Cell. 2015; 107: 61–77.
   Google Scholar
• Okoye IS, Coomes SM, Pelly VS, Czieso S, Papayannopoulos V, Tolmachova Tet al. MicroRNA-containing T-regulatory-cell-derived exosomes suppress pathogenic T helper 1 cells. Immunity. 2014; 41: 89–103.
   Google Scholar
• Ekström K, Valadi H, Sjöstrand M, Malmhäll C, Bossios A, Eldh Met al. Characterization of mRNA and microRNA in human mast cell-derived exosomes and their transfer to other mast cells and blood CD34 progenitor cells. J Extracell Vesicles. 2012; 1 18389, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jev.v1i0.18389.
   Google Scholar
• Ismail N, Wang Y, Dakhlallah D, Moldovan L, Agarwal K, Batte Ket al. Macrophage microvesicles induce macrophage differentiation and miR-223 transfer. Blood. 2013; 121: 984–95.
   Google Scholar
• Kosaka N, Izumi H, Sekine K, Ochiya T. microRNA as a new immune-regulatory agent in breast milk. Silence. 2010; 1: 7.
   Google Scholar
• Zhou Q, Li M, Wang X, Li Q, Wang T, Zhu Qet al. Immune-related microRNAs are abundant in breast milk exosomes. Int J Biol Sci. 2012; 8: 118–23.
   Google Scholar
• Ouyang Y, Mouillet JF, Coyne CB, Sadovsky Y. Review: placenta-specific microRNAs in exosomes – good things come in nano-packages. Placenta. 2014; 35(Suppl): S69–73.
   Google Scholar
• Cantaluppi V, Biancone L, Figliolini F, Beltramo S, Medica D, Deregibus MCet al. Microvesicles derived from endothelial progenitor cells enhance neoangiogenesis of human pancreatic islets. Cell Transplant. 2012; 21: 1305–20.
   Google Scholar
• Zernecke A, Bidzhekov K, Noels H, Shagdarsuren E, Gan L, Denecke Bet al. Delivery of microRNA-126 by apoptotic bodies induces CXCL12-dependent vascular protection. Sci Signal. 2009; 2: ra81.
   Google Scholar
• Hergenreider E, Heydt S, Treguer K, Boettger T, Horrevoets AJ, Zeiher AMet al. Atheroprotective communication between endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells through miRNAs. Nat Cell Biol. 2012; 14: 249–56.
   Google Scholar
• Morel L, Regan M, Higashimori H, Ng SK, Esau C, Vidensky Set al. Neuronal exosomal miRNA-dependent translational regulation of astroglial glutamate transporter GLT1. J Biol Chem. 2013; 288: 7105–16.
   Google Scholar
• Forterre A, Jalabert A, Chikh K, Pesenti S, Euthine V, Granjon Aet al. Myotube-derived exosomal miRNAs downregulate Sirtuin1 in myoblasts during muscle cell differentiation. Cell Cycle. 2014; 13: 78–89.
   Google Scholar
• Santonocito M, Vento M, Guglielmino MR, Battaglia R, Wahlgren J, Ragusa Met al. Molecular characterization of exosomes and their microRNA cargo in human follicular fluid: bioinformatic analysis reveals that exosomal microRNAs control pathways involved in follicular maturation. Fertil Steril. 2014; 102: 1751–61, e1.
   Google Scholar
• Xu JF, Yang GH, Pan XH, Zhang SJ, Zhao C, Qiu BSet al. Altered microRNA expression profile in exosomes during osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. PLoS One. 2014; 9: e114627.
   Google Scholar
• Salvucci O, Jiang K, Gasperini P, Maric D, Zhu J, Sakakibara Set al. MicroRNA126 contributes to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-induced hematopoietic progenitor cell mobilization by reducing the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1. Haematologica. 2012; 97: 818–26.
   Google Scholar
• Yuan A, Farber EL, Rapoport AL, Tejada D, Deniskin R, Akhmedov NBet al. Transfer of microRNAs by embryonic stem cell microvesicles. PLoS One. 2009; 4: e4722.
   Google Scholar
• Nair R, Santos L, Awasthi S, von Erlach T, Chow LW, Bertazzo Set al. Extracellular vesicles derived from preosteoblasts influence embryonic stem cell differentiation. Stem Cells Dev. 2014; 23: 1625–35.
   Google Scholar
• Turchinovich A, Weiz L, Burwinkel B. Extracellular miRNAs: the mystery of their origin and function. Trends Biochem Sci. 2012; 37: 460–5.
   Google Scholar
• Holmgren L, Szeles A, Rajnavolgyi E, Folkman J, Klein G, Ernberg Iet al. Horizontal transfer of DNA by the uptake of apoptotic bodies. Blood. 1999; 93: 3956–63.
   Google Scholar
• Balaj L, Lessard R, Dai L, Cho YJ, Pomeroy SL, Breakefield XOet al. Tumour microvesicles contain retrotransposon elements and amplified oncogene sequences. Nat Commun. 2011; 2: 180.
   Google Scholar
• Guescini M, Genedani S, Stocchi V, Agnati LF. Astrocytes and Glioblastoma cells release exosomes carrying mtDNA. J Neural Transm. 2010; 117: 1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Thakur BK, Zhang H, Becker A, Matei I, Huang Y, Costa-Silva Bet al. Double-stranded DNA in exosomes: a novel biomarker in cancer detection. Cell Res. 2014; 24: 766–9.
   Google Scholar
• Waldenstrom A, Genneback N, Hellman U, Ronquist G. Cardiomyocyte microvesicles contain DNA/RNA and convey biological messages to target cells. PLoS One. 2012; 7: e34653.
   Google Scholar
• Lee TH, Chennakrishnaiah S, Audemard E, Montermini L, Meehan B, Rak J. Oncogenic ras-driven cancer cell vesiculation leads to emission of double-stranded DNA capable of interacting with target cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2014; 451: 295–301.
   Google Scholar
• Lazaro-Ibanez E, Sanz-Garcia A, Visakorpi T, Escobedo-Lucea C, Siljander P, Ayuso-Sacido Aet al. Different gDNA content in the subpopulations of prostate cancer extracellular vesicles: apoptotic bodies, microvesicles, and exosomes. Prostate. 2014; 74: 1379–90.
   Google Scholar
• Arienti G, Carlini E, Polci A, Cosmi EV, Palmerini CA. Fatty acid pattern of human prostasome lipid. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1998; 358: 391–5.
   Google Scholar
• Arvidson G, Ronquist G, Wikander G, Ojteg AC. Human prostasome membranes exhibit very high cholesterol/phospholipid ratios yielding high molecular ordering. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1989; 984: 167–73.
   Google Scholar
• Choi DS, Kim DK, Kim YK, Gho YS. Proteomics, transcriptomics and lipidomics of exosomes and ectosomes. Proteomics. 2013; 13: 1554–71.
   Google Scholar
• Kooijmans SA, Vader P, van Dommelen SM, van Solinge WW, Schiffelers RM. Exosome mimetics: a novel class of drug delivery systems. Int J Nanomedicine. 2012; 7: 1525–41.
   Google Scholar
• Record M, Carayon K, Poirot M, Silvente-Poirot S. Exosomes as new vesicular lipid transporters involved in cell–cell communication and various pathophysiologies. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2014; 1841: 108–20.
   Google Scholar
• Baig S, Lim JY, Fernandis AZ, Wenk MR, Kale A, Su LLet al. Lipidomic analysis of human placental syncytiotrophoblast microvesicles in adverse pregnancy outcomes. Placenta. 2013; 34: 436–42.
   Google Scholar
• Smyth TJ, Redzic JS, Graner MW, Anchordoquy TJ. Examination of the specificity of tumor cell derived exosomes with tumor cells in vitro. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2014; 1838: 2954–65.
   Google Scholar
• Biro E, Akkerman JW, Hoek FJ, Gorter G, Pronk LM, Sturk Aet al. The phospholipid composition and cholesterol content of platelet-derived microparticles: a comparison with platelet membrane fractions. J Thromb Haemost. 2005; 3: 2754–63.
   Google Scholar
• Del Conde I, Shrimpton CN, Thiagarajan P, Lopez JA. Tissue-factor-bearing microvesicles arise from lipid rafts and fuse with activated platelets to initiate coagulation. Blood. 2005; 106: 1604–11.
   Google Scholar
• Simons K, Sampaio JL. Membrane organization and lipid rafts. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2011; 3: a004697.
   Google Scholar
• Llorente A, van Deurs B, Sandvig K. Cholesterol regulates prostasome release from secretory lysosomes in PC-3 human prostate cancer cells. Eur J Cell Biol. 2007; 86: 405–15.
   Google Scholar
• Pilzer D, Gasser O, Moskovich O, Schifferli JA, Fishelson Z. Emission of membrane vesicles: roles in complement resistance, immunity and cancer. Springer Semin Immunopathol. 2005; 27: 375–87.
   Google Scholar
• Trajkovic K, Hsu C, Chiantia S, Rajendran L, Wenzel D, Wieland Fet al. Ceramide triggers budding of exosome vesicles into multivesicular endosomes. Science. 2008; 319: 1244–7.
   Google Scholar
• Matsuo H, Chevallier J, Mayran N, Le Blanc I, Ferguson C, Faure Jet al. Role of LBPA and Alix in multivesicular liposome formation and endosome organization. Science. 2004; 303: 531–4.
   Google Scholar
• Beloribi S, Ristorcelli E, Breuzard G, Silvy F, Bertrand-Michel J, Beraud Eet al. Exosomal lipids impact notch signaling and induce death of human pancreatic tumoral SOJ-6 cells. PLoS One. 2012; 7: e47480.
   Google Scholar
• Kim CW, Lee HM, Lee TH, Kang C, Kleinman HK, Gho YS. Extracellular membrane vesicles from tumor cells promote angiogenesis via sphingomyelin. Cancer Res. 2002; 62: 6312–17.
   Google Scholar
• Palmerini CA, Cametti C, Sennato S, Gaudino D, Carlini E, Bordi Fet al. Role of cholesterol, DOTAP, and DPPC in prostasome/spermatozoa interaction and fusion. J Membr Biol. 2006; 211: 185–90.
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan R, Saez F. Epididymosomes, prostasomes, and liposomes: their roles in mammalian male reproductive physiology. Reproduction. 2013; 146: R21–35.
   Google Scholar
• Sato S, Zhu XL, Sly WS. Carbonic anhydrase isozymes IV and II in urinary membranes from carbonic anhydrase II-deficient patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1990; 87: 6073–6.
   Google Scholar
• Kanno K, Sasaki S, Hirata Y, Ishikawa S, Fushimi K, Nakanishi Set al. Urinary excretion of aquaporin-2 in patients with diabetes insipidus. N Engl J Med. 1995; 332: 1540–5.
   Google Scholar
• Dear JW, Street JM, Bailey MA. Urinary exosomes: a reservoir for biomarker discovery and potential mediators of intrarenal signalling. Proteomics. 2013; 13: 1572–80.
   Google Scholar
• Hara M, Yanagihara T, Hirayama Y, Ogasawara S, Kurosawa H, Sekine Set al. Podocyte membrane vesicles in urine originate from tip vesiculation of podocyte microvilli. Hum Pathol. 2010; 41: 1265–75.
   Google Scholar
• Prunotto M, Farina A, Lane L, Pernin A, Schifferli J, Hochstrasser DFet al. Proteomic analysis of podocyte exosome-enriched fraction from normal human urine. J Proteomics. 2013; 82: 193–229.
   Google Scholar
• Keller S, Rupp C, Stoeck A, Runz S, Fogel M, Lugert Set al. CD24 is a marker of exosomes secreted into urine and amniotic fluid. Kidney Int. 2007; 72: 1095–102.
   Google Scholar
• Dimov I, Jankovic Velickovic L, Stefanovic V. Urinary exosomes. ScientificWorldJournal. 2009; 9: 1107–18.
   Google Scholar
• Gonzales P, Pisitkun T, Knepper MA. Urinary exosomes: is there a future?. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008; 23: 1799–801.
   Google Scholar
• Moon PG, You S, Lee JE, Hwang D, Baek MC. Urinary exosomes and proteomics. Mass Spectrom Rev. 2011; 30: 1185–202.
   Google Scholar
• Nilsson J, Skog J, Nordstrand A, Baranov V, Mincheva-Nilsson L, Breakefield XOet al. Prostate cancer-derived urine exosomes: a novel approach to biomarkers for prostate cancer. Br J Cancer. 2009; 100: 1603–7.
   Google Scholar
• Fang DY, King HW, Li JY, Gleadle JM. Exosomes and the kidney: blaming the messenger. Nephrology (Carlton). 2013; 18: 1–10.
   Google Scholar
• van Balkom BW, Pisitkun T, Verhaar MC, Knepper MA. Exosomes and the kidney: prospects for diagnosis and therapy of renal diseases. Kidney Int. 2011; 80: 1138–45.
   Google Scholar
• Knepper MA, Pisitkun T. Exosomes in urine: who would have thought …?. Kidney Int. 2007; 72: 1043–5.
   Google Scholar
• Simpson RJ, Jensen SS, Lim JW. Proteomic profiling of exosomes: current perspectives. Proteomics. 2008; 8: 4083–99.
   Google Scholar
• Kamsteeg EJ, Hendriks G, Boone M, Konings IB, Oorschot V, van der Sluijs Pet al. Short-chain ubiquitination mediates the regulated endocytosis of the aquaporin-2 water channel. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006; 103: 18344–9.
   Google Scholar
• McKee JA, Kumar S, Ecelbarger CA, Fernandez-Llama P, Terris J, Knepper MA. Detection of Na(+) transporter proteins in urine. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2000; 11: 2128–32.
   Google Scholar
• Esteva-Font C, Wang X, Ars E, Guillen-Gomez E, Sans L, Gonzalez Saavedra Iet al. Are sodium transporters in urinary exosomes reliable markers of tubular sodium reabsorption in hypertensive patients?. Nephron Physiol. 2010; 114: 25–34.
   Google Scholar
• Olivieri O, Chiecchi L, Pizzolo F, Castagna A, Raffaelli R, Gunasekaran Met al. Urinary prostasin in normotensive individuals: correlation with the aldosterone to renin ratio and urinary sodium. Hypertens Res. 2013; 36: 528–33.
   Google Scholar
• Hiemstra TF, Charles PD, Gracia T, Hester SS, Gatto L, Al-Lamki Ret al. Human urinary exosomes as innate immune effectors. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014; 25: 2017–27.
   Google Scholar
• Kleinjan A, Boing AN, Sturk A, Nieuwland R. Microparticles in vascular disorders: how tissue factor-exposing vesicles contribute to pathology and physiology. Thromb Res. 2012; 130(Suppl 1): S71–3.
   Google Scholar
• Ogawa Y, Miura Y, Harazono A, Kanai-Azuma M, Akimoto Y, Kawakami Het al. Proteomic analysis of two types of exosomes in human whole saliva. Biol Pharm Bull. 2011; 34: 13–23.
   Google Scholar
• Xiao H, Wong DT. Proteomic analysis of microvesicles in human saliva by gel electrophoresis with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta. 2012; 723: 61–7.
   Google Scholar
• Palanisamy V, Sharma S, Deshpande A, Zhou H, Gimzewski J, Wong DT. Nanostructural and transcriptomic analyses of human saliva derived exosomes. PLoS One. 2010; 5: e8577.
   Google Scholar
• Ogawa Y, Taketomi Y, Murakami M, Tsujimoto M, Yanoshita R. Small RNA transcriptomes of two types of exosomes in human whole saliva determined by next generation sequencing. Biol Pharm Bull. 2013; 36: 66–75.
   Google Scholar
• Gallo A, Tandon M, Alevizos I, Illei GG. The majority of microRNAs detectable in serum and saliva is concentrated in exosomes. PLoS One. 2012; 7: e30679.
   Google Scholar
• Lasser C, Alikhani VS, Ekstrom K, Eldh M, Paredes PT, Bossios Aet al. Human saliva, plasma and breast milk exosomes contain RNA: uptake by macrophages. J Transl Med. 2011; 9: 9.
   Google Scholar
• Berckmans RJ, Sturk A, van Tienen LM, Schaap MC, Nieuwland R. Cell-derived vesicles exposing coagulant tissue factor in saliva. Blood. 2011; 117: 3172–80.
   Google Scholar
• Kapsogeorgou EK, Abu-Helu RF, Moutsopoulos HM, Manoussakis MN. Salivary gland epithelial cell exosomes: a source of autoantigenic ribonucleoproteins. Arthritis Rheum. 2005; 52: 1517–21.
   Google Scholar
• Gyorgy B, Szabo TG, Turiak L, Wright M, Herczeg P, Ledeczi Zet al. Improved flow cytometric assessment reveals distinct microvesicle (cell-derived microparticle) signatures in joint diseases. PLoS One. 2012; 7: e49726.
   Google Scholar
• Skriner K, Adolph K, Jungblut PR, Burmester GR. Association of citrullinated proteins with synovial exosomes. Arthritis Rheum. 2006; 54: 3809–14.
   Google Scholar
• Mor-Vaknin N, Kappes F, Dick AE, Legendre M, Damoc C, Teitz-Tennenbaum Set al. DEK in the synovium of patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: characterization of DEK antibodies and posttranslational modification of the DEK autoantigen. Arthritis Rheum. 2011; 63: 556–67.
   Google Scholar
• Witek RP, Yang L, Liu R, Jung Y, Omenetti A, Syn WKet al. Liver cell-derived microparticles activate hedgehog signaling and alter gene expression in hepatic endothelial cells. Gastroenterology. 2009; 136: 320–30 e2.
   Google Scholar
• Masyuk AI, Huang BQ, Ward CJ, Gradilone SA, Banales JM, Masyuk TVet al. Biliary exosomes influence cholangiocyte regulatory mechanisms and proliferation through interaction with primary cilia. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2010; 299: G990–9.
   Google Scholar
• Masyuk AI, Huang BQ, Radtke BN, Gajdos GB, Splinter PL, Masyuk TVet al. Ciliary subcellular localization of TGR5 determines the cholangiocyte functional response to bile acid signaling. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2013; 304: G1013–24.
   Google Scholar
• Emerich DF, Skinner SJ, Borlongan CV, Vasconcellos AV, Thanos CG. The choroid plexus in the rise, fall and repair of the brain. Bioessays. 2005; 27: 262–74.
   Google Scholar
• Marzesco AM, Janich P, Wilsch-Brauninger M, Dubreuil V, Langenfeld K, Corbeil Det al. Release of extracellular membrane particles carrying the stem cell marker prominin-1 (CD133) from neural progenitors and other epithelial cells. J Cell Sci. 2005; 118: 2849–58.
   Google Scholar
• Street JM, Barran PE, Mackay CL, Weidt S, Balmforth C, Walsh TSet al. Identification and proteomic profiling of exosomes in human cerebrospinal fluid. J Transl Med. 2012; 10: 5.
   Google Scholar
• Zappaterra MD, Lisgo SN, Lindsay S, Gygi SP, Walsh CA, Ballif BA. A comparative proteomic analysis of human and rat embryonic cerebrospinal fluid. J Proteome Res. 2007; 6: 3537–48.
   Google Scholar
• An K, Klyubin I, Kim Y, Jung JH, Mably AJ, O'Dowd STet al. Exosomes neutralize synaptic-plasticity-disrupting activity of Abeta assemblies in vivo. Mol Brain. 2013; 6: 47.
   Google Scholar
• Admyre C, Grunewald J, Thyberg J, Gripenback S, Tornling G, Eklund Aet al. Exosomes with major histocompatibility complex class II and co-stimulatory molecules are present in human BAL fluid. Eur Respir J. 2003; 22: 578–83.
   Google Scholar
• Levanen B, Bhakta NR, Torregrosa Paredes P, Barbeau R, Hiltbrunner S, Pollack JLet al. Altered microRNA profiles in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid exosomes in asthmatic patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013; 131: 894–903.
   Google Scholar
• Torregrosa Paredes P, Esser J, Admyre C, Nord M, Rahman QK, Lukic Aet al. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid exosomes contribute to cytokine and leukotriene production in allergic asthma. Allergy. 2012; 67: 911–19.
   Google Scholar
• Esser J, Gehrmann U, D'Alexandri FL, Hidalgo-Estevez AM, Wheelock CE, Scheynius Aet al. Exosomes from human macrophages and dendritic cells contain enzymes for leukotriene biosynthesis and promote granulocyte migration. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010; 126: 1032–40, 40 e1-4.
   Google Scholar
• Zhu M, Li Y, Shi J, Feng W, Nie G, Zhao Y. Exosomes as extrapulmonary signaling conveyors for nanoparticle-induced systemic immune activation. Small. 2012; 8: 404–12.
   Google Scholar
• Bhatnagar S, Shinagawa K, Castellino FJ, Schorey JS. Exosomes released from macrophages infected with intracellular pathogens stimulate a proinflammatory response in vitro and in vivo. Blood. 2007; 110: 3234–44.
   Google Scholar
• Almqvist N, Lonnqvist A, Hultkrantz S, Rask C, Telemo E. Serum-derived exosomes from antigen-fed mice prevent allergic sensitization in a model of allergic asthma. Immunology. 2008; 125: 21–7.
   Google Scholar
• Kulshreshtha A, Ahmad T, Agrawal A, Ghosh B. Proinflammatory role of epithelial cell-derived exosomes in allergic airway inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013; 131 1194–203, 203 e1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Shin TS, Kim JH, Kim YS, Jeon SG, Zhu Z, Gho YSet al. Extracellular vesicles are key intercellular mediators in the development of immune dysfunction to allergens in the airways. Allergy. 2010; 65: 1256–65.
   Google Scholar
• Villalba M, Rodriguez R, Batanero E. The spectrum of olive pollen allergens. From structures to diagnosis and treatment. Methods. 2014; 66: 44–54.
   Google Scholar
• Denzer K, van Eijk M, Kleijmeer MJ, Jakobson E, de Groot C, Geuze HJ. Follicular dendritic cells carry MHC class II-expressing microvesicles at their surface. J Immunol. 2000; 165: 1259–65.
   Google Scholar
• Prado N, Canamero M, Villalba M, Rodriguez R, Batanero E. Bystander suppression to unrelated allergen sensitization through intranasal administration of tolerogenic exosomes in mouse. Mol Immunol. 2010; 47: 2148–51.
   Google Scholar
• Camacho AI, de Souza J, Sanchez-Gomez S, Pardo-Ros M, Irache JM, Gamazo C. Mucosal immunization with Shigella flexneri outer membrane vesicles induced protection in mice. Vaccine. 2011; 29: 8222–9.
   Google Scholar
• Zhuang X, Xiang X, Grizzle W, Sun D, Zhang S, Axtell RCet al. Treatment of brain inflammatory diseases by delivering exosome encapsulated anti-inflammatory drugs from the nasal region to the brain. Mol Ther. 2011; 19: 1769–79.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Dossary AA, Strehler EE, Martin-Deleon PA. Expression and secretion of plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase 4a (PMCA4a) during murine estrus: association with oviductal exosomes and uptake in sperm. PLoS One. 2013; 8: e80181.
   Google Scholar
• Griffiths GS, Galileo DS, Reese K, Martin-Deleon PA. Investigating the role of murine epididymosomes and uterosomes in GPI-linked protein transfer to sperm using SPAM1 as a model. Mol Reprod Dev. 2008; 75: 1627–36.
   Google Scholar
• Ng YH, Rome S, Jalabert A, Forterre A, Singh H, Hincks CLet al. Endometrial exosomes/microvesicles in the uterine microenvironment: a new paradigm for embryo-endometrial cross talk at implantation. PLoS One. 2013; 8: e58502.
   Google Scholar
• Kumamoto K, Yang XZ, Hasegawa A, Komori S, Koyama K. CD52 expression is induced in the mouse uterus at the time of embryo implantation. J Reprod Immunol. 2009; 82: 32–9.
   Google Scholar
• Kabir-Salmani M, Nikzad H, Shiokawa S, Akimoto Y, Iwashita M. Secretory role for human uterodomes (pinopods): secretion of LIF. Mol Hum Reprod. 2005; 11: 553–9.
   Google Scholar
• Aghajanova L, Altmae S, Bjuresten K, Hovatta O, Landgren BM, Stavreus-Evers A. Disturbances in the LIF pathway in the endometrium among women with unexplained infertility. Fertil Steril. 2009; 91: 2602–10.
   Google Scholar
• Asea A, Jean-Pierre C, Kaur P, Rao P, Linhares IM, Skupski Det al. Heat shock protein-containing exosomes in mid-trimester amniotic fluids. J Reprod Immunol. 2008; 79: 12–17.
   Google Scholar
• Jean-Pierre C, Perni SC, Bongiovanni AM, Kalish RB, Karasahan E, Ravich Met al. Extracellular 70-kd heat shock protein in mid-trimester amniotic fluid and its effect on cytokine production by ex vivo-cultured amniotic fluid cells. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006; 194: 694–8.
   Google Scholar
• Bretz NP, Ridinger J, Rupp AK, Rimbach K, Keller S, Rupp Cet al. Body fluid exosomes promote secretion of inflammatory cytokines in monocytic cells via TLR signaling. J Biol Chem. 2013; 288: 36691–702.
   Google Scholar
• Admyre C, Johansson SM, Qazi KR, Filen JJ, Lahesmaa R, Norman Met al. Exosomes with immune modulatory features are present in human breast milk. J Immunol. 2007; 179: 1969–78.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor DD, Akyol S, Gercel-Taylor C. Pregnancy-associated exosomes and their modulation of T cell signaling. J Immunol. 2006; 176: 1534–42.
   Google Scholar
• Reinhardt TA, Lippolis JD, Nonnecke BJ, Sacco RE. Bovine milk exosome proteome. J Proteomics. 2012; 75: 1486–92.
   Google Scholar
• Izumi H, Kosaka N, Shimizu T, Sekine K, Ochiya T, Takase M. Purification of RNA from milk whey. Methods Mol Biol. 2013; 1024: 191–201.
   Google Scholar
• Sun Q, Chen X, Yu J, Zen K, Zhang CY, Li L. Immune modulatory function of abundant immune-related microRNAs in microvesicles from bovine colostrum. Protein Cell. 2013; 4: 197–210.
   Google Scholar
• Gu Y, Li M, Wang T, Liang Y, Zhong Z, Wang Xet al. Lactation-related microRNA expression profiles of porcine breast milk exosomes. PLoS One. 2012; 7: e43691.
   Google Scholar
• Melnik BC, John SM, Schmitz G. Milk is not just food but most likely a genetic transfection system activating mTORC1 signaling for postnatal growth. Nutr J. 2013; 12: 103.
   Google Scholar
• George JN, Thoi LL, McManus LM, Reimann TA. Isolation of human platelet membrane microparticles from plasma and serum. Blood. 1982; 60: 834–40.
   Google Scholar
• Gemmell CH, Sefton MV, Yeo EL. Platelet-derived microparticle formation involves glycoprotein IIb-IIIa. Inhibition by RGDS and a Glanzmann's thrombasthenia defect. J Biol Chem. 1993; 268: 14586–9.
   Google Scholar
• Hill AF, Pegtel DM, Lambertz U, Leonardi T, O'Driscoll L, Pluchino Set al. ISEV position paper: extracellular vesicle RNA analysis and bioinformatics. J Extracell Vesicles. 2013; 2 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jev.v2i0.22859.
   Google Scholar
• Arraud N, Linares R, Tan S, Gounou C, Pasquet JM, Mornet Set al. Extracellular vesicles from blood plasma: determination of their morphology, size, phenotype and concentration. J Thromb Haemost. 2014; 12: 614–27.
   Google Scholar
• Gehrmann U, Qazi KR, Johansson C, Hultenby K, Karlsson M, Lundeberg Let al. Nanovesicles from Malassezia sympodialis and host exosomes induce cytokine responses – novel mechanisms for host–microbe interactions in atopic eczema. PLoS One. 2011; 6: e21480.
   Google Scholar
• Ren Y, Yang J, Xie R, Gao L, Yang Y, Fan Het al. Exosomal-like vesicles with immune-modulatory features are present in human plasma and can induce CD4+ T-cell apoptosis in vitro. Transfusion. 2011; 51: 1002–11.
   Google Scholar
• Flaumenhaft R, Dilks JR, Richardson J, Alden E, Patel-Hett SR, Battinelli Eet al. Megakaryocyte-derived microparticles: direct visualization and distinction from platelet-derived microparticles. Blood. 2009; 113: 1112–21.
   Google Scholar
• Aatonen M, Gronholm M, Siljander PR. Platelet-derived microvesicles: multitalented participants in intercellular communication. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2012; 38: 102–13.
   Google Scholar
• Boudreau LH, Duchez AC, Cloutier N, Soulet D, Martin N, Bollinger Jet al. Platelets release mitochondria serving as substrate for bactericidal group IIA-secreted phospholipase A2 to promote inflammation. Blood. 2014; 124: 2173–83.
   Google Scholar
• Skog J, Wurdinger T, van Rijn S, Meijer DH, Gainche L, Sena-Esteves Met al. Glioblastoma microvesicles transport RNA and proteins that promote tumour growth and provide diagnostic biomarkers. Nat Cell Biol. 2008; 10: 1470–6.
   Google Scholar
• Sabapatha A, Gercel-Taylor C, Taylor DD. Specific isolation of placenta-derived exosomes from the circulation of pregnant women and their immunoregulatory consequences. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2006; 56: 345–55.
   Google Scholar
• Koga Y, Yasunaga M, Moriya Y, Akasu T, Fujita S, Yamamoto Set al. Exosome can prevent RNase from degrading microRNA in feces. J Gastrointest Oncol. 2011; 2: 215–22.
   Google Scholar
• Park K-S, Kim J-W, Lee J, Kim OY, Jang SC, Kim SRet al. Induction of peritoneal and sepsis-like systemic inflammation by bacteria-free extracellular vesicles from faeces. J Extracell Vesicles. 2014; 3 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jev.v3.24214 [PubMed Abstract].
   Google Scholar
• Kang CS, Ban M, Choi EJ, Moon HG, Jeon JS, Kim DKet al. Extracellular vesicles derived from gut microbiota, especially Akkermansia muciniphila, protect the progression of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. PLoS One. 2013; 8: e76520.
   Google Scholar
• Sahlen G, Nilsson O, Larsson A, Carlsson L, Norlen BJ, Ronquist G. Secretions from seminal vesicles lack characteristic markers for prostasomes. Ups J Med Sci. 2010; 115: 107–12.
   Google Scholar
• Saez F, Frenette G, Sullivan R. Epididymosomes and prostasomes: their roles in posttesticular maturation of the sperm cells. J Androl. 2003; 24: 149–54.
   Google Scholar
• Frenette G, Girouard J, Sullivan R. Comparison between epididymosomes collected in the intraluminal compartment of the bovine caput and cauda epididymidis. Biol Reprod. 2006; 75: 885–90.
   Google Scholar
• Utleg AG, Yi EC, Xie T, Shannon P, White JT, Goodlett DRet al. Proteomic analysis of human prostasomes. Prostate. 2003; 56: 150–61.
   Google Scholar
• Brouwers JF, Aalberts M, Jansen JW, van Niel G, Wauben MH, Stout TAet al. Distinct lipid compositions of two types of human prostasomes. Proteomics. 2013; 13: 1660–6.
   Google Scholar
• Aalberts M, Sostaric E, Wubbolts R, Wauben MW, Nolte-‘t Hoen EN, Gadella BMet al. Spermatozoa recruit prostasomes in response to capacitation induction. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013; 1834: 2326–35.
   Google Scholar
• Aalberts M, van Dissel-Emiliani FM, van Adrichem NP, van Wijnen M, Wauben MH, Stout TAet al. Identification of distinct populations of prostasomes that differentially express prostate stem cell antigen, annexin A1, and GLIPR2 in humans. Biol Reprod. 2012; 86: 82.
   Google Scholar
• Owens AP, Mackman N. Microparticles in hemostasis and thrombosis. Circ Res. 2011; 108: 1284–97.
   Google Scholar
• Castaman G, Yu-Feng L, Rodeghiero F. A bleeding disorder characterised by isolated deficiency of platelet microvesicle generation. Lancet. 1996; 347: 700–1.
   Google Scholar
• Stormorken H, Sjaastad O, Langslet A, Sulg I, Egge K, Diderichsen J. A new syndrome: thrombocytopathia, muscle fatigue, asplenia, miosis, migraine, dyslexia and ichthyosis. Clin Genet. 1985; 28: 367–74.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss HJ, Vicic WJ, Lages BA, Rogers J. Isolated deficiency of platelet procoagulant activity. Am J Med. 1979; 67: 206–13.
   Google Scholar
• Toti F, Satta N, Fressinaud E, Meyer D, Freyssinet JM. Scott syndrome, characterized by impaired transmembrane migration of procoagulant phosphatidylserine and hemorrhagic complications, is an inherited disorder. Blood. 1996; 87: 1409–15.
   Google Scholar
• Malvezzi M, Chalat M, Janjusevic R, Picollo A, Terashima H, Menon AKet al. Ca2+-dependent phospholipid scrambling by a reconstituted TMEM16 ion channel. Nat Commun. 2013; 4: 2367.
   Google Scholar
• Chen YW, Chen YC, Wang JS. Absolute hypoxic exercise training enhances in vitro thrombin generation by increasing procoagulant platelet-derived microparticles under high shear stress in sedentary men. Clin Sci (Lond). 2013; 124: 639–49.
   Google Scholar
• Suades R, Padro T, Vilahur G, Badimon L. Circulating and platelet-derived microparticles in human blood enhance thrombosis on atherosclerotic plaques. Thromb Haemost. 2012; 108: 1208–19.
   Google Scholar
• Davila M, Robles-Carrillo L, Unruh D, Huo Q, Gardiner C, Sargent ILet al. Microparticle association and heterogeneity of tumor-derived tissue factor in plasma: is it important for coagulation activation?. J Thromb Haemost. 2014; 12: 186–96.
   Google Scholar
• van der Pol E, Boing AN, Harrison P, Sturk A, Nieuwland R. Classification, functions, and clinical relevance of extracellular vesicles. Pharmacol Rev. 2012; 64: 676–705.
   Google Scholar
• Aleman MM, Gardiner C, Harrison P, Wolberg AS. Differential contributions of monocyte- and platelet-derived microparticles towards thrombin generation and fibrin formation and stability. J Thromb Haemost. 2011; 9: 2251–61.
   Google Scholar
• Jy W, Johansen ME, Bidot C Jr., Horstman LL, Ahn YS. Red cell-derived microparticles (RMP) as haemostatic agent. Thromb Haemost. 2013; 110: 751–60.
   Google Scholar
• Schecter AD, Spirn B, Rossikhina M, Giesen PL, Bogdanov V, Fallon JTet al. Release of active tissue factor by human arterial smooth muscle cells. Circ Res. 2000; 87: 126–32.
   Google Scholar
• Egorina EM, Sovershaev MA, Osterud B. Regulation of tissue factor procoagulant activity by post-translational modifications. Thromb Res. 2008; 122: 831–7.
   Google Scholar
• Aharon A, Tamari T, Brenner B. Monocyte-derived microparticles and exosomes induce procoagulant and apoptotic effects on endothelial cells. Thromb haemost. 2008; 100: 878–85.
   Google Scholar
• Falati S, Liu Q, Gross P, Merrill-Skoloff G, Chou J, Vandendries Eet al. Accumulation of tissue factor into developing thrombi in vivo is dependent upon microparticle P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 and platelet P-selectin. J Exp Med. 2003; 197: 1585–98.
   Google Scholar
• Satta N, Toti F, Feugeas O, Bohbot A, Dachary-Prigent J, Eschwege Vet al. Monocyte vesiculation is a possible mechanism for dissemination of membrane-associated procoagulant activities and adhesion molecules after stimulation by lipopolysaccharide. J Immunol. 1994; 153: 3245–55.
   Google Scholar
• Nieuwland R, Berckmans RJ, McGregor S, Boing AN, Romijn FP, Westendorp RGet al. Cellular origin and procoagulant properties of microparticles in meningococcal sepsis. Blood. 2000; 95: 930–5.
   Google Scholar
• Mesri M, Altieri DC. Leukocyte microparticles stimulate endothelial cell cytokine release and tissue factor induction in a JNK1 signaling pathway. J Biol Chem. 1999; 274: 23111–18.
   Google Scholar
• Mackman N. New insights into the mechanisms of venous thrombosis. J Clin Invest. 2012; 122: 2331–6.
   Google Scholar
• Geddings JE, Mackman N. Tumor-derived tissue factor-positive microparticles and venous thrombosis in cancer patients. Blood. 2013; 122: 1873–80.
   Google Scholar
• Matsumoto N, Nomura S, Kamihata H, Kimura Y, Iwasaka T. Increased level of oxidized LDL-dependent monocyte-derived microparticles in acute coronary syndrome. Thromb Haemost. 2004; 91: 146–54.
   Google Scholar
• Markiewicz M, Richard E, Marks N, Ludwicka-Bradley A. Impact of endothelial microparticles on coagulation, inflammation, and angiogenesis in age-related vascular diseases. J Aging Res. 2013; 2013: 734509.
   Google Scholar
• VanWijk MJ, Boer K, Berckmans RJ, Meijers JC, van der Post JA, Sturk Aet al. Enhanced coagulation activation in preeclampsia: the role of APC resistance, microparticles and other plasma constituents. Thromb Haemost. 2002; 88: 415–20.
   Google Scholar
• Gardiner C, Tannetta DS, Simms CA, Harrison P, Redman CW, Sargent IL. Syncytiotrophoblast microvesicles released from pre-eclampsia placentae exhibit increased tissue factor activity. PLoS One. 2011; 6: e26313.
   Google Scholar
• Osterud B. Tissue factor/TFPI and blood cells. Thromb Res. 2012; 129: 274–8.
   Google Scholar
• Aharon A, Katzenell S, Tamari T, Brenner B. Microparticles bearing tissue factor and tissue factor pathway inhibitor in gestational vascular complications. J Thromb Haemost. 2009; 7: 1047–50.
   Google Scholar
• Steppich B, Mattisek C, Sobczyk D, Kastrati A, Schomig A, Ott I. Tissue factor pathway inhibitor on circulating microparticles in acute myocardial infarction. Thromb Haemost. 2005; 93: 35–9.
   Google Scholar
• Berckmans RJ, Nieuwland R, Boing AN, Romijn FP, Hack CE, Sturk A. Cell-derived microparticles circulate in healthy humans and support low grade thrombin generation. Thromb Haemost. 2001; 85: 639–46.
   Google Scholar
• Lacroix R, Plawinski L, Robert S, Doeuvre L, Sabatier F, Martinez de Lizarrondo Set al. Leukocyte- and endothelial-derived microparticles: a circulating source for fibrinolysis. Haematologica. 2012; 97: 1864–72.
   Google Scholar
• Yuana Y, Bertina RM, Osanto S. Pre-analytical and analytical issues in the analysis of blood microparticles. Thromb Haemost. 2011; 105: 396–408.
   Google Scholar
• Hargett LA, Bauer NN. On the origin of microparticles: from “platelet dust” to mediators of intercellular communication. Pulm Circ. 2013; 3: 329–40.
   Google Scholar
• Harding C, Heuser J, Stahl P. Receptor-mediated endocytosis of transferrin and recycling of the transferrin receptor in rat reticulocytes. J Cell Biol. 1983; 97: 329–39.
   Google Scholar
• Vidal M. Exosomes in erythropoiesis. Transfus Clin Biol. 2010; 17: 131–7.
   Google Scholar
• Blanc L, Vidal M. Reticulocyte membrane remodeling: contribution of the exosome pathway. Curr Opin Hematol. 2010; 17: 177–83.
   Google Scholar
• Lespagnol A, Duflaut D, Beekman C, Blanc L, Fiucci G, Marine JCet al. Exosome secretion, including the DNA damage-induced p53-dependent secretory pathway, is severely compromised in TSAP6/Steap3-null mice. Cell Death Differ. 2008; 15: 1723–33.
   Google Scholar
• Blanc L, Vidal M. [Secreted exosomes from reticulocytes express an eat-me signal]. Med Sci (Paris). 2008; 24: 462–3.
   Google Scholar
• Rieu S, Geminard C, Rabesandratana H, Sainte-Marie J, Vidal M. Exosomes released during reticulocyte maturation bind to fibronectin via integrin alpha4beta1. Eur J Biochem. 2000; 267: 583–90.
   Google Scholar
• Blanc L, Liu J, Vidal M, Chasis JA, An X, Mohandas N. The water channel aquaporin-1 partitions into exosomes during reticulocyte maturation: implication for the regulation of cell volume. Blood. 2009; 114: 3928–34.
   Google Scholar
• Carayon K, Chaoui K, Ronzier E, Lazar I, Bertrand-Michel J, Roques Vet al. Proteolipidic composition of exosomes changes during reticulocyte maturation. J Biol Chem. 2011; 286: 34426–39.
   Google Scholar
• Martin-Jaular L, Nakayasu ES, Ferrer M, Almeida IC, Del Portillo HA. Exosomes from Plasmodium yoelii-infected reticulocytes protect mice from lethal infections. PLoS One. 2011; 6: e26588.
   Google Scholar
• Rhee JS, Black M, Schubert U, Fischer S, Morgenstern E, Hammes HPet al. The functional role of blood platelet components in angiogenesis. Thromb Haemost. 2004; 92: 394–402.
   Google Scholar
• Rohde E, Bartmann C, Schallmoser K, Reinisch A, Lanzer G, Linkesch Wet al. Immune cells mimic the morphology of endothelial progenitor colonies in vitro. Stem Cells. 2007; 25: 1746–52.
   Google Scholar
• de Jong OG, Verhaar MC, Chen Y, Vader P, Gremmels H, Posthuma Get al. Cellular stress conditions are reflected in the protein and RNA content of endothelial cell-derived exosomes. J Extracell Vesicles. 2012; 1 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jev.v1i0.18396.
   Google Scholar
• Baer C, Squadrito ML, Iruela-Arispe ML, De Palma M. Reciprocal interactions between endothelial cells and macrophages in angiogenic vascular niches. Exp Cell Res. 2013; 319: 1626–34.
   Google Scholar
• Noguera-Troise I, Daly C, Papadopoulos NJ, Coetzee S, Boland P, Gale NWet al. Blockade of Dll4 inhibits tumour growth by promoting non-productive angiogenesis. Nature. 2006; 444: 1032–7.
   Google Scholar
• Sheldon H, Heikamp E, Turley H, Dragovic R, Thomas P, Oon CEet al. New mechanism for Notch signaling to endothelium at a distance by Delta-like 4 incorporation into exosomes. Blood. 2010; 116: 2385–94.
   Google Scholar
• Salomon C, Ryan J, Sobrevia L, Kobayashi M, Ashman K, Mitchell Met al. Exosomal signaling during hypoxia mediates microvascular endothelial cell migration and vasculogenesis. PLoS One. 2013; 8: e68451.
   Google Scholar
• Umezu T, Tadokoro H, Azuma K, Yoshizawa S, Ohyashiki K, Ohyashiki JH. Exosomal miR-135b shed from hypoxic multiple myeloma cells enhances angiogenesis by targeting factor-inhibiting HIF-1. Blood. 2014; 124: 3748–57.
   Google Scholar
• Martinez MC, Andriantsitohaina R. Microparticles in angiogenesis: therapeutic potential. Circ Res. 2011; 109: 110–19.
   Google Scholar
• Finn NA, Searles CD. Intracellular and extracellular miRNAs in regulation of angiogenesis signaling. Curr Angiogenes. 2012; 4: 299–307.
   Google Scholar
• Katoh M. Therapeutics targeting angiogenesis: genetics and epigenetics, extracellular miRNAs and signaling networks (Review). Int J Mol Med. 2013; 32: 763–7.
   Google Scholar
• Jansen F, Yang X, Hoyer FF, Paul K, Heiermann N, Becher MUet al. Endothelial microparticle uptake in target cells is annexin I/phosphatidylserine receptor dependent and prevents apoptosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012; 32: 1925–35.
   Google Scholar
• Jansen F, Yang X, Hoelscher M, Cattelan A, Schmitz T, Proebsting Set al. Endothelial microparticle-mediated transfer of MicroRNA-126 promotes vascular endothelial cell repair via SPRED1 and is abrogated in glucose-damaged endothelial microparticles. Circulation. 2013; 128: 2026–38.
   Google Scholar
• van Balkom BW, de Jong OG, Smits M, Brummelman J, den Ouden K, de Bree PMet al. Endothelial cells require miR-214 to secrete exosomes that suppress senescence and induce angiogenesis in human and mouse endothelial cells. Blood. 2013; 121: 3997–4006, S1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Wang JG, Williams JC, Davis BK, Jacobson K, Doerschuk CM, Ting JPYet al. Monocytic microparticles activate endothelial cells in an IL-1 beta-dependent manner. Blood. 2011; 118: 2366–74.
   Google Scholar
• Oehmcke S, Morgelin M, Malmstrom J, Linder A, Chew M, Thorlacius Het al. Stimulation of blood mononuclear cells with bacterial virulence factors leads to the release of pro-coagulant and pro-inflammatory microparticles. Cell Microbiol. 2012; 14: 107–19.
   Google Scholar
• Mastronardi ML, Mostefai HA, Meziani F, Martinez MC, Asfar P, Andriantsitohaina R. Circulating microparticles from septic shock patients exert differential tissue expression of enzymes related to inflammation and oxidative stress. Crit Care Med. 2011; 39: 1739–48.
   Google Scholar
• Prakash PS, Caldwell CC, Lentsch AB, Pritts TA, Robinson BRH. Human microparticles generated during sepsis in patients with critical illness are neutrophil-derived and modulate the immune response. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012; 73: 401–6.
   Google Scholar
• Boilard E, Nigrovic PA, Larabee K, Watts GF, Coblyn JS, Weinblatt MEet al. Platelets amplify inflammation in arthritis via collagen-dependent microparticle production. Science. 2010; 327: 580–3.
   Google Scholar
• Cloutier N, Tan S, Boudreau LH, Cramb C, Subbaiah R, Lahey Let al. The exposure of autoantigens by microparticles underlies the formation of potent inflammatory components: the microparticle-associated immune complexes. EMBO Mol Med. 2013; 5: 235–49.
   Google Scholar
• Hoyer FF, Giesen MK, Franca CN, Lutjohann D, Nickenig G, Werner N. Monocytic microparticles promote atherogenesis by modulating inflammatory cells in mice. J Cell Mol Med. 2012; 16: 2777–88.
   Google Scholar
• Hotamisligil GS. Inflammation and metabolic disorders. Nature. 2006; 444: 860–7.
   Google Scholar
• Holder BS, Tower CL, Jones CJP, Aplin JD, Abrahams VM. Heightened pro-inflammatory effect of preeclamptic placental microvesicles on peripheral blood immune cells in humans. Biol Reprod. 2012; 86:103, 1–7
   Google Scholar
• Stahl AL, Sartz L, Karpman D. Complement activation on platelet-leukocyte complexes and microparticles in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli-induced hemolytic uremic syndrome. Blood. 2011; 117: 5503–13.
   Google Scholar
• Nielsen CT, Ostergaard O, Stener L, Iversen LV, Truedsson L, Gullstrand Bet al. Increased IgG on cell-derived plasma microparticles in systemic lupus erythematosus is associated with autoantibodies and complement activation. Arthritis Rheum. 2012; 64: 1227–36.
   Google Scholar
• Biro E, Nieuwland R, Tak PP, Pronk LM, Schaap MCL, Sturk Aet al. Activated complement components and complement activator molecules on the surface of cell-derived microparticles in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and healthy individuals. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007; 66: 1085–92.
   Google Scholar
• van Eijk IC, Tushuizen ME, Sturk A, Dijkmans BA, Boers M, Voskuyl AEet al. Circulating microparticles remain associated with complement activation despite intensive anti-inflammatory therapy in early rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010; 69: 1378–82.
   Google Scholar
• Renner B, Klawitter J, Goldberg R, McCullough JW, Ferreira VP, Cooper JEet al. Cyclosporine induces endothelial cell release of complement-activating microparticles. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013; 24: 1849–62.
   Google Scholar
• Yin W, Ghebrehiwet B, Peerschke EIB. Expression of complement components and inhibitors on platelet microparticles. Platelets. 2008; 19: 225–33.
   Google Scholar
• Gasser O, Schifferli JA. Activated polymorphonuclear neutrophils disseminate anti-inflammatory microparticles by ectocytosis. Blood. 2004; 104: 2543–8.
   Google Scholar
• Schiller M, Heyder P, Ziegler S, Niessen A, Classen L, Lauffer Aet al. During apoptosis HMGB1 is translocated into apoptotic cell-derived membraneous vesicles. Autoimmunity. 2013; 46: 342–6.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas LM, Salter RD. Activation of macrophages by P2X7-induced microvesicles from myeloid cells is mediated by phospholipids and is partially dependent on TLR4. J Immunol. 2010; 185: 3740–9.
   Google Scholar
• Fabbri M, Paone A, Calore F, Galli R, Croce CM. A new role for microRNAs, as ligands of Toll-like receptors. RNA Biol. 2013; 10: 169–74.
   Google Scholar
• Schiller M, Parcina M, Heyder P, Foermer S, Ostrop J, Leo Aet al. Induction of type I IFN is a physiological immune reaction to apoptotic cell-derived membrane microparticles. J Immunol. 2012; 189: 1747–56.
   Google Scholar
• Atay S, Gercel-Taylor C, Taylor DD. Human trophoblast-derived exosomal fibronectin induces pro-inflammatory Il-1 beta production by macrophages. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2011; 66: 259–69.
   Google Scholar
• Bhatnagar S, Schorey JS. Exosomes released from infected macrophages contain mycobacterium avium glycopeptidolipids and are proinflammatory. J Biol Chem. 2007; 282: 25779–89.
   Google Scholar
• O'Neill HC, Quah BJC. Exosomes secreted by bacterially infected macrophages are proinflammatory. Sci Signal. 2008; 1: pe8.
   Google Scholar
• Bianco F, Pravettoni E, Colombo A, Schenk U, Moller T, Matteoli Met al. Astrocyte-derived ATP induces vesicle shedding and IL-1 beta release from microglia. J Immunol. 2005; 174: 7268–77.
   Google Scholar
• Obregon C, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Gerber P, Gehr P, Nicod LP. Active uptake of dendritic cell-derived exovesicles by epithelial cells induces the release of inflammatory mediators through a TNF-alpha-mediated pathway. Am J Pathol. 2009; 175: 696–705.
   Google Scholar
• Cestari I, Ansa-Addo E, Deolindo P, Inal JM, Ramirez MI. Trypanosoma cruzi immune evasion mediated by host cell-derived microvesicles. J Immunol. 2012; 188: 1942–52.
   Google Scholar
• Sarkar A, Mitra S, Mehta S, Raices R, Wewers MD. Monocyte derived microvesicles deliver a cell death message via encapsulated caspase-1. PLoS One. 2009; 4: e7140.
   Google Scholar
• Qu Y, Ramachandra L, Mohr S, Franchi L, Harding CV, Nunez Get al. P2X7 receptor-stimulated secretion of MHC class II-containing exosomes requires the ASC/NLRP3 inflammasome but is independent of caspase-1. J Immunol. 2009; 182: 5052–62.
   Google Scholar
• Teo BHD, Wong SH. MHC class II-associated invariant chain (Ii) modulates dendritic cells-derived microvesicles (DCMV)-mediated activation of microglia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2010; 400: 673–8.
   Google Scholar
• Singh PP, Smith VL, Karakousis PC, Schorey JS. Exosomes isolated from mycobacteria-infected mice or cultured macrophages can recruit and activate immune cells in vitro and in vivo. J Immunol. 2012; 189: 777–85.
   Google Scholar
• Walters SB, Kieckbusch J, Nagalingam G, Swain A, Latham SL, Grau GEet al. Microparticles from mycobacteria-infected macrophages promote inflammation and cellular migration. J Immunol. 2013; 190: 669–77.
   Google Scholar
• Hassani K, Olivier M. Immunomodulatory impact of leishmania-induced macrophage exosomes: a comparative proteomic and functional analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013; 7: e2185.
   Google Scholar
• Timar CI, Lorincz AM, Csepanyi-Komi R, Valyi-Nagy A, Nagy G, Buzas EIet al. Antibacterial effect of microvesicles released from human neutrophilic granulocytes. Blood. 2013; 121: 510–18.
   Google Scholar
• Dalli J, Serhan CN. Specific lipid mediator signatures of human phagocytes: microparticles stimulate macrophage efferocytosis and pro-resolving mediators. Blood. 2012; 120: e60–72.
   Google Scholar
• Eken C, Gasser O, Zenhaeusern G, Oehri I, Hess C, Schifferli JA. Polymorphonuclear neutrophil-derived ectosomes interfere with the maturation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J Immunol. 2008; 180: 817–24.
   Google Scholar
• Dalli J, Norling LV, Renshaw D, Cooper D, Leung KY, Perretti M. Annexin 1 mediates the rapid anti-inflammatory effects of neutrophil-derived microparticles. Blood. 2008; 112: 2512–19.
   Google Scholar
• Lim K, Sumagin R, Hyun YM. Extravasating neutrophil-derived microparticles preserve vascular barrier function in inflamed tissue. Immune Netw. 2013; 13: 102–6.
   Google Scholar
• Watanabe J, Marathe GK, Neilsen PO, Weyrich AS, Harrison KA, Murphy RCet al. Endotoxins stimulate neutrophil adhesion followed by synthesis and release of platelet-activating factor in microparticles. J Biol Chem. 2003; 278: 33161–8.
   Google Scholar
• Pluskota E, Woody NM, Szpak D, Ballantyne CM, Soloviev DA, Simon DIet al. Expression, activation, and function of integrin alphaMbeta2 (Mac-1) on neutrophil-derived microparticles. Blood. 2008; 112: 2327–35.
   Google Scholar
• Timar CI, Lorincz AM, Ligeti E. Changing world of neutrophils. Pflugers Arch. 2013; 465: 1521–33.
   Google Scholar
• Caligiuri MA. Human natural killer cells. Blood. 2008; 112: 461–9.
   Google Scholar
• Fernandez-Messina L, Reyburn HT, Vales-Gomez M. Human NKG2D-ligands: cell biology strategies to ensure immune recognition. Front Immunol. 2012; 3: 299.
   Google Scholar
• Kim HP, Morse D, Choi AM. Heat-shock proteins: new keys to the development of cytoprotective therapies. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2006; 10: 759–69.
   Google Scholar
• Elsner L, Flugge PF, Lozano J, Muppala V, Eiz-Vesper B, Demiroglu SYet al. The endogenous danger signals HSP70 and MICA cooperate in the activation of cytotoxic effector functions of NK cells. J Cell Mol Med. 2010; 14: 992–1002.
   Google Scholar
• Elsner L, Muppala V, Gehrmann M, Lozano J, Malzahn D, Bickeboller Het al. The heat shock protein HSP70 promotes mouse NK cell activity against tumors that express inducible NKG2D ligands. J Immunol. 2007; 179: 5523–33.
   Google Scholar
• Binici J, Koch J. BAG-6, a jack of all trades in health and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2014; 71: 1829–37.
   Google Scholar
• Baginska J, Viry E, Paggetti J, Medves S, Berchem G, Moussay Eet al. The Critical role of the tumor microenvironment in shaping natural killer cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity. Front Immunol. 2013; 4: 490.
   Google Scholar
• Whiteside TL. Immune modulation of T-cell and NK (natural killer) cell activities by TEXs (tumour-derived exosomes). Biochem Soc Trans. 2013; 41: 245–51.
   Google Scholar
• Ashiru O, Boutet P, Fernandez-Messina L, Aguera-Gonzalez S, Skepper JN, Vales-Gomez Met al. Natural killer cell cytotoxicity is suppressed by exposure to the human NKG2D ligand MICA*008 that is shed by tumor cells in exosomes. Cancer Res. 2010; 70: 481–9.
   Google Scholar
• Fais S. NK cell-released exosomes: natural nanobullets against tumors. Oncoimmunology. 2013; 2: e22337.
   Google Scholar
• Norling LV, Spite M, Yang R, Flower RJ, Perretti M, Serhan CN. Cutting edge: humanized nano-proresolving medicines mimic inflammation-resolution and enhance wound healing. J Immunol. 2011; 186: 5543–7.
   Google Scholar
• Rodewald HR, Feyerabend TB. Widespread immunological functions of mast cells: fact or fiction?. Immunity. 2012; 37: 13–24.
   Google Scholar
• Shefler I, Salamon P, Hershko AY, Mekori YA. Mast cells as sources and targets of membrane vesicles. Curr Pharm Des. 2011; 17: 3797–804.
   Google Scholar
• Carroll-Portillo A, Surviladze Z, Cambi A, Lidke DS, Wilson BS. Mast cell synapses and exosomes: membrane contacts for information exchange. Front Immunol. 2012; 3: 46.
   Google Scholar
• Skokos D, Botros HG, Demeure C, Morin J, Peronet R, Birkenmeier Get al. Mast cell-derived exosomes induce phenotypic and functional maturation of dendritic cells and elicit specific immune responses in vivo. J Immunol. 2003; 170: 3037–45.
   Google Scholar
• Izquierdo-Useros N, Lorizate M, Puertas MC, Rodriguez-Plata MT, Zangger N, Erikson Eet al. Siglec-1 is a novel dendritic cell receptor that mediates HIV-1 trans-infection through recognition of viral membrane gangliosides. PLoS Biol. 2012; 10: e1001448.
   Google Scholar
• Montecalvo A, Larregina AT, Shufesky WJ, Stolz DB, Sullivan ML, Karlsson JMet al. Mechanism of transfer of functional microRNAs between mouse dendritic cells via exosomes. Blood. 2012; 119: 756–66.
   Google Scholar
• Zech D, Rana S, Buchler MW, Zoller M. Tumor-exosomes and leukocyte activation: an ambivalent crosstalk. Cell Commun Signal. 2012; 10: 37.
   Google Scholar
• Montecalvo A, Shufesky WJ, Stolz DB, Sullivan MG, Wang Z, Divito SJet al. Exosomes as a short-range mechanism to spread alloantigen between dendritic cells during T cell allorecognition. J Immunol. 2008; 180: 3081–90.
   Google Scholar
• Mallegol J, Van Niel G, Lebreton C, Lepelletier Y, Candalh C, Dugave Cet al. T84-intestinal epithelial exosomes bear MHC class II/peptide complexes potentiating antigen presentation by dendritic cells. Gastroenterology. 2007; 132: 1866–76.
   Google Scholar
• Aline F, Bout D, Amigorena S, Roingeard P, Dimier-Poisson I. Toxoplasma gondii antigen-pulsed-dendritic cell-derived exosomes induce a protective immune response against T. gondii infection. Infect Immun. 2004; 72: 4127–37.
   Google Scholar
• Walker JD, Maier CL, Pober JS. Cytomegalovirus-infected human endothelial cells can stimulate allogeneic CD4+ memory T cells by releasing antigenic exosomes. J Immunol. 2009; 182: 1548–59.
   Google Scholar
• Dai S, Wan T, Wang B, Zhou X, Xiu F, Chen Tet al. More efficient induction of HLA-A*0201-restricted and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-specific CTL response by immunization with exosomes prepared from heat-stressed CEA-positive tumor cells. Clin Cancer Res. 2005; 11: 7554–63.
   Google Scholar
• Marton A, Vizler C, Kusz E, Temesfoi V, Szathmary Z, Nagy Ket al. Melanoma cell-derived exosomes alter macrophage and dendritic cell functions in vitro. Immunol Lett. 2012; 148: 34–8.
   Google Scholar
• Thery C, Regnault A, Garin J, Wolfers J, Zitvogel L, Ricciardi-Castagnoli Pet al. Molecular characterization of dendritic cell-derived exosomes. Selective accumulation of the heat shock protein hsc73. J Cell Biol. 1999; 147: 599–610.
   Google Scholar
• Giri PK, Schorey JS. Exosomes derived from M. Bovis BCG infected macrophages activate antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One. 2008; 3: e2461.
   Google Scholar
• Obregon C, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Gitahi SK, Gehr P, Nicod LP. Exovesicles from human activated dendritic cells fuse with resting dendritic cells, allowing them to present alloantigens. Am J Pathol. 2006; 169: 2127–36.
   Google Scholar
• Rialland P, Lankar D, Raposo G, Bonnerot C, Hubert P. BCR-bound antigen is targeted to exosomes in human follicular lymphoma B-cells. Biol Cell. 2006; 98: 491–501.
   Google Scholar
• Colino J, Snapper CM. Exosomes from bone marrow dendritic cells pulsed with diphtheria toxoid preferentially induce type 1 antigen-specific IgG responses in naive recipients in the absence of free antigen. J Immunol. 2006; 177: 3757–62.
   Google Scholar
• Segura E, Nicco C, Lombard B, Veron P, Raposo G, Batteux Fet al. ICAM-1 on exosomes from mature dendritic cells is critical for efficient naive T-cell priming. Blood. 2005; 106: 216–23.
   Google Scholar
• Thery C, Duban L, Segura E, Veron P, Lantz O, Amigorena S. Indirect activation of naive CD4+ T cells by dendritic cell-derived exosomes. Nat Immunol. 2002; 3: 1156–62.
   Google Scholar
• Qazi KR, Gehrmann U, Domange Jordo E, Karlsson MC, Gabrielsson S. Antigen-loaded exosomes alone induce Th1-type memory through a B-cell-dependent mechanism. Blood. 2009; 113: 2673–83.
   Google Scholar
• Schnitzer JK, Berzel S, Fajardo-Moser M, Remer KA, Moll H. Fragments of antigen-loaded dendritic cells (DC) and DC-derived exosomes induce protective immunity against Leishmania major. Vaccine. 2010; 28: 5785–93.
   Google Scholar
• Ramachandra L, Qu Y, Wang Y, Lewis CJ, Cobb BA, Takatsu Ket al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis synergizes with ATP to induce release of microvesicles and exosomes containing major histocompatibility complex class II molecules capable of antigen presentation. Infect Immun. 2010; 78: 5116–25.
   Google Scholar
• Admyre C, Bohle B, Johansson SM, Focke-Tejkl M, Valenta R, Scheynius Aet al. B cell-derived exosomes can present allergen peptides and activate allergen-specific T cells to proliferate and produce TH2-like cytokines. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007; 120: 1418–24.
   Google Scholar
• Peche H, Heslan M, Usal C, Amigorena S, Cuturi MC. Presentation of donor major histocompatibility complex antigens by bone marrow dendritic cell-derived exosomes modulates allograft rejection. Transplantation. 2003; 76: 1503–10.
   Google Scholar
• Kim SH, Bianco NR, Shufesky WJ, Morelli AE, Robbins PD. Effective treatment of inflammatory disease models with exosomes derived from dendritic cells genetically modified to express IL-4. J Immunol. 2007; 179: 2242–9.
   Google Scholar
• Kim SH, Lechman ER, Bianco N, Menon R, Keravala A, Nash Jet al. Exosomes derived from IL-10-treated dendritic cells can suppress inflammation and collagen-induced arthritis. J Immunol. 2005; 174: 6440–8.
   Google Scholar
• Nolte-‘t Hoen EN, Wauben MH. Immune cell-derived vesicles: modulators and mediators of inflammation. Curr Pharm Des. 2012; 18: 2357–68.
   Google Scholar
• Blanchard N, Lankar D, Faure F, Regnault A, Dumont C, Raposo Get al. TCR activation of human T cells induces the production of exosomes bearing the TCR/CD3/zeta complex. J Immunol. 2002; 168: 3235–41.
   Google Scholar
• Alonso R, Mazzeo C, Rodriguez MC, Marsh M, Fraile-Ramos A, Calvo Vet al. Diacylglycerol kinase alpha regulates the formation and polarisation of mature multivesicular bodies involved in the secretion of Fas ligand-containing exosomes in T lymphocytes. Cell Death Differ. 2011; 18: 1161–73.
   Google Scholar
• Hedlund M, Nagaeva O, Kargl D, Baranov V, Mincheva-Nilsson L. Thermal- and oxidative stress causes enhanced release of NKG2D ligand-bearing immunosuppressive exosomes in leukemia/lymphoma T and B cells. PLoS One. 2011; 6: e16899.
   Google Scholar
• Busch A, Quast T, Keller S, Kolanus W, Knolle P, Altevogt Pet al. Transfer of T cell surface molecules to dendritic cells upon CD4+ T cell priming involves two distinct mechanisms. J Immunol. 2008; 181: 3965–73.
   Google Scholar
• Monleon I, Martinez-Lorenzo MJ, Monteagudo L, Lasierra P, Taules M, Iturralde Met al. Differential secretion of Fas ligand- or APO2 ligand/TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-carrying microvesicles during activation-induced death of human T cells. J Immunol. 2001; 167: 6736–44.
   Google Scholar
• Xie Y, Zhang H, Li W, Deng Y, Munegowda MA, Chibbar Ret al. Dendritic cells recruit T cell exosomes via exosomal LFA-1 leading to inhibition of CD8+ CTL responses through downregulation of peptide/MHC class I and Fas ligand-mediated cytotoxicity. J Immunol. 2010; 185: 5268–78.
   Google Scholar
• Smyth LA, Ratnasothy K, Tsang JY, Boardman D, Warley A, Lechler Ret al. CD73 expression on extracellular vesicles derived from CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ T cells contributes to their regulatory function. Eur J Immunol. 2013; 43: 2430–40.
   Google Scholar
• Yu X, Huang C, Song B, Xiao Y, Fang M, Feng Jet al. CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells-derived exosomes prolonged kidney allograft survival in a rat model. Cell Immunol. 2013; 285: 62–8.
   Google Scholar
• Wahlgren J, Karlson Tde L, Glader P, Telemo E, Valadi H. Activated human T cells secrete exosomes that participate in IL-2 mediated immune response signaling. PLoS One. 2012; 7: e49723.
   Google Scholar
• Shefler I, Salamon P, Reshef T, Mor A, Mekori YA. T cell-induced mast cell activation: a role for microparticles released from activated T cells. J Immunol. 2010; 185: 4206–12.
   Google Scholar
• Shefler I, Pasmanik-Chor M, Kidron D, Mekori YA, Hershko AY. T cell-derived microvesicles induce mast cell production of IL-24: relevance to inflammatory skin diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014; 133 217–24 e1-3.
   Google Scholar
• Peters PJ, Geuze HJ, Van der Donk HA, Slot JW, Griffith JM, Stam NJet al. Molecules relevant for T cell-target cell interaction are present in cytolytic granules of human T lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol. 1989; 19: 1469–75.
   Google Scholar
• Pittenger MF, Mackay AM, Beck SC, Jaiswal RK, Douglas R, Mosca JDet al. Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science. 1999; 284: 143–7.
   Google Scholar
• Gortner L, Felderhoff-Muser U, Monz D, Bieback K, Kluter H, Jellema Ret al. Regenerative therapies in neonatology: clinical perspectives. Klin Padiatr. 2012; 224: 233–40.
   Google Scholar
• Dalal J, Gandy K, Domen J. Role of mesenchymal stem cell therapy in Crohn's disease. Pediatr Res. 2012; 71: 445–51.
   Google Scholar
• MacDonald GI, Augello A, De Bari C. Role of mesenchymal stem cells in reestablishing immunologic tolerance in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Rheum. 2011; 63: 2547–57.
   Google Scholar
• Kerkela E, Hakkarainen T, Makela T, Raki M, Kambur O, Kilpinen Let al. Transient proteolytic modification of mesenchymal stromal cells increases lung clearance rate and targeting to injured tissue. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2013; 2: 510–20.
   Google Scholar
• Karp JM, Leng Teo GS. Mesenchymal stem cell homing: the devil is in the details. Cell Stem Cell. 2009; 4: 206–16.
   Google Scholar
• Sackstein R, Merzaban JS, Cain DW, Dagia NM, Spencer JA, Lin CPet al. Ex vivo glycan engineering of CD44 programs human multipotent mesenchymal stromal cell trafficking to bone. Nat Med. 2008; 14: 181–7.
   Google Scholar
• Devine SM, Cobbs C, Jennings M, Bartholomew A, Hoffman R. Mesenchymal stem cells distribute to a wide range of tissues following systemic infusion into nonhuman primates. Blood. 2003; 101: 2999–3001.
   Google Scholar
• Lee RH, Pulin AA, Seo MJ, Kota DJ, Ylostalo J, Larson BLet al. Intravenous hMSCs improve myocardial infarction in mice because cells embolized in lung are activated to secrete the anti-inflammatory protein TSG–6. Cell Stem Cell. 2009; 5: 54–63.
   Google Scholar
• Timmers L, Lim SK, Arslan F, Armstrong JS, Hoefer IE, Doevendans PAet al. Reduction of myocardial infarct size by human mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium. Stem Cell Res. 2007; 1: 129–37.
   Google Scholar
• Zanotti L, Sarukhan A, Dander E, Castor M, Cibella J, Soldani Cet al. Encapsulated mesenchymal stem cells for in vivo immunomodulation. Leukemia. 2013; 27: 500–3.
   Google Scholar
• Lai RC, Arslan F, Lee MM, Sze NS, Choo A, Chen TSet al. Exosome secreted by MSC reduces myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Stem Cell Res. 2010; 4: 214–22.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang B, Yin Y, Lai RC, Tan SS, Choo AB, Lim SK. Mesenchymal stem cell secretes immunologically active exosomes. Stem Cells Dev. 2014; 23: 1233–44.
   Google Scholar
• Kordelas L, Rebmann V, Ludwig AK, Radtke S, Ruesing J, Doeppner TRet al. MSC-derived exosomes: a novel tool to treat therapy-refractory graft-versus-host disease. Leukemia. 2014; 28: 970–3.
   Google Scholar
• Kilpinen L, Impola U, Sankkila L, Ritamo I, Aatonen M, Kilpinen Set al. Extracellular membrane vesicles from umbilical cord blood-derived MSC protect against ischemic acute kidney injury, a feature that is lost after inflammatory conditioning. J Extracell Vesicles. 2013; 2 http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jev.v2i0.21927.
   Google Scholar
• Mokarizadeh A, Delirezh N, Morshedi A, Mosayebi G, Farshid AA, Mardani K. Microvesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells: potent organelles for induction of tolerogenic signaling. Immunol Lett. 2012; 147: 47–54.
   Google Scholar
• Le Blanc K, Rasmusson I, Sundberg B, Gotherstrom C, Hassan M, Uzunel Met al. Treatment of severe acute graft-versus-host disease with third party haploidentical mesenchymal stem cells. Lancet. 2004; 363: 1439–41.
   Google Scholar
• Kaipe H, Erkers T, Sadeghi B, Ringden O. Stromal cells-are they really useful for GVHD?. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2014; 49: 737–43.
   Google Scholar
• He J, Wang Y, Sun S, Yu M, Wang C, Pei Xet al. Bone marrow stem cells-derived microvesicles protect against renal injury in the mouse remnant kidney model. Nephrology (Carlton). 2012; 17: 493–500.
   Google Scholar
• Gatti S, Bruno S, Deregibus MC, Sordi A, Cantaluppi V, Tetta Cet al. Microvesicles derived from human adult mesenchymal stem cells protect against ischaemia-reperfusion-induced acute and chronic kidney injury. NephrolDial Transplant. 2011; 26: 1474–83.
   Google Scholar
• Zhou Y, Xu H, Xu W, Wang B, Wu H, Tao Yet al. Exosomes released by human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells protect against cisplatin-induced renal oxidative stress and apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2013; 4: 34.
   Google Scholar
• Togel FE, Westenfelder C. Mesenchymal stem cells: a new therapeutic tool for AKI. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2010; 6: 179–83.
   Google Scholar
• Ascon DB, Lopez-Briones S, Liu M, Ascon M, Savransky V, Colvin RBet al. Phenotypic and functional characterization of kidney-infiltrating lymphocytes in renal ischemia reperfusion injury. J Immunol. 2006; 177: 3380–7.
   Google Scholar
• Okusa MD. The inflammatory cascade in acute ischemic renal failure. Nephron. 2002; 90: 133–8.
   Google Scholar
• Tetta C, Bruno S, Fonsato V, Deregibus MC, Camussi G. The role of microvesicles in tissue repair. Organogenesis. 2011; 7: 105–15.
   Google Scholar
• Oreshkova T, Dimitrov R, Mourdjeva M. A cross-talk of decidual stromal cells, trophoblast, and immune cells: a prerequisite for the success of pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2012; 68: 366–73.
   Google Scholar
• Arck PC, Hecher K. Fetomaternal immune cross-talk and its consequences for maternal and offspring's health. Nat Med. 2013; 19: 548–56.
   Google Scholar
• Chua S, Wilkins T, Sargent I, Redman C. Trophoblast deportation in pre-eclamptic pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1991; 98: 973–9.
   Google Scholar
• Smarason AK, Sargent IL, Starkey PM, Redman CW. The effect of placental syncytiotrophoblast microvillous membranes from normal and pre-eclamptic women on the growth of endothelial cells in vitro. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1993; 100: 943–9.
   Google Scholar
• Cockell AP, Learmont JG, Smarason AK, Redman CW, Sargent IL, Poston L. Human placental syncytiotrophoblast microvillous membranes impair maternal vascular endothelial function. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1997; 104: 235–40.
   Google Scholar
• Redman CW, Sargent IL. Placental debris, oxidative stress and pre-eclampsia. Placenta. 2000; 21: 597–602.
   Google Scholar
• Frangsmyr L, Baranov V, Nagaeva O, Stendahl U, Kjellberg L, Mincheva-Nilsson L. Cytoplasmic microvesicular form of Fas ligand in human early placenta: switching the tissue immune privilege hypothesis from cellular to vesicular level. Mol Hum Reprod. 2005; 11: 35–41.
   Google Scholar
• Carp H, Dardik R, Lubetsky A, Salomon O, Eskaraev R, Rosenthal Eet al. Prevalence of circulating procoagulant microparticles in women with recurrent miscarriage: a case-controlled study. Hum Reprod. 2004; 19: 191–5.
   Google Scholar
• Goswami D, Tannetta DS, Magee LA, Fuchisawa A, Redman CW, Sargent ILet al. Excess syncytiotrophoblast microparticle shedding is a feature of early-onset pre-eclampsia, but not normotensive intrauterine growth restriction. Placenta. 2006; 27: 56–61.
   Google Scholar
• Redman CW, Sargent IL. Microparticles and immunomodulation in pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. J Reprod Immunol. 2007; 76: 61–7.
   Google Scholar
• Pap E, Pallinger E, Falus A, Kiss AA, Kittel A, Kovacs Pet al. T lymphocytes are targets for platelet- and trophoblast-derived microvesicles during pregnancy. Placenta. 2008; 29: 826–32.
   Google Scholar
• Gercel-Taylor C, O'Connor SM, Lam GK, Taylor DD. Shed membrane fragment modulation of CD3-zeta during pregnancy: link with induction of apoptosis. J Reprod Immunol. 2002; 56: 29–44.
   Google Scholar
• Pállinger E, Kiss A, Pap E, Tóth S, Falus A. BeWo-derived microvesicles modulate T cell differentiation by the downregulation of IL-6Ralpha expression on CD4+T lymphocytes. Journal of extracellular vesiclses. 2012; 1(Suppl 1): 18180.
   Google Scholar
• Askelund KJ, Chamley LW. Trophoblast deportation part I: review of the evidence demonstrating trophoblast shedding and deportation during human pregnancy. Placenta. 2011; 32: 716–23.
   Google Scholar
• Pantham P, Askelund KJ, Chamley LW. Trophoblast deportation part II: a review of the maternal consequences of trophoblast deportation. Placenta. 2011; 32: 724–31.
   Google Scholar
• Tannetta DS, Dragovic RA, Gardiner C, Redman CW, Sargent IL. Characterisation of syncytiotrophoblast vesicles in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia: expression of Flt-1 and endoglin. PLoS One. 2013; 8: e56754.
   Google Scholar
• Stenqvist AC, Nagaeva O, Baranov V, Mincheva-Nilsson L. Exosomes secreted by human placenta carry functional Fas ligand and TRAIL molecules and convey apoptosis in activated immune cells, suggesting exosome-mediated immune privilege of the fetus. J Immunol. 2013; 191: 5515–23.
   Google Scholar
• Hedlund M, Stenqvist AC, Nagaeva O, Kjellberg L, Wulff M, Baranov Vet al. Human placenta expresses and secretes NKG2D ligands via exosomes that down-modulate the cognate receptor expression: evidence for immunosuppressive function. J Immunol. 2009; 183: 340–51.
   Google Scholar
• Kshirsagar SK, Alam SM, Jasti S, Hodes H, Nauser T, Gilliam Met al. Immunomodulatory molecules are released from the first trimester and term placenta via exosomes. Placenta. 2012; 33: 982–90.
   Google Scholar
• Redman CW, Tannetta DS, Dragovic RA, Gardiner C, Southcombe JH, Collett GPet al. Review: does size matter? Placental debris and the pathophysiology of pre-eclampsia. Placenta. 2012; 33(Suppl): S48–54.
   Google Scholar
• Mincheva-Nilsson L, Baranov V. Placenta-derived exosomes and syncytiotrophoblast microparticles and their role in human reproduction: immune modulation for pregnancy success. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2014; 72: 440–57.
   Google Scholar
• Girouard J, Frenette G, Sullivan R. Comparative proteome and lipid profiles of bovine epididymosomes collected in the intraluminal compartment of the caput and cauda epididymidis. Int J Androl. 2011; 34: e475–86.
   Google Scholar
• Schwarz A, Wennemuth G, Post H, Brandenburger T, Aumuller G, Wilhelm B. Vesicular transfer of membrane components to bovine epididymal spermatozoa. Cell Tissue Res. 2013; 353: 549–61.
   Google Scholar
• Mayorga LS, Tomes CN, Belmonte SA. Acrosomal exocytosis, a special type of regulated secretion. IUBMB Life. 2007; 59: 286–92.
   Google Scholar
• Bailey JL. Factors regulating sperm capacitation. Syst Biol Reprod Med. 2010; 56: 334–48.
   Google Scholar
• Guraya SS. Cellular and molecular biology of capacitation and acrosome reaction in spermatozoa. Int Rev Cytol. 2000; 199: 1–64.
   Google Scholar
• Pons-Rejraji H, Artonne C, Sion B, Brugnon F, Canis M, Janny Let al. Prostasomes: inhibitors of capacitation and modulators of cellular signalling in human sperm. Int J Androl. 2011; 34: 568–80.
   Google Scholar
• Palmerini CA, Saccardi C, Carlini E, Fabiani R, Arienti G. Fusion of prostasomes to human spermatozoa stimulates the acrosome reaction. Fertil Steril. 2003; 80: 1181–4.
   Google Scholar
• Aalberts M, Stout TA, Stoorvogel W. Prostasomes: extracellular vesicles from the prostate. Reproduction. 2013; 147: R1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Ronquist G. Prostasomes are mediators of intercellular communication: from basic research to clinical implications. J Intern Med. 2012; 271: 400–13.
   Google Scholar
• Matthijs A, Engel B, Woelders H. Neutrophil recruitment and phagocytosis of boar spermatozoa after artificial insemination of sows, and the effects of inseminate volume, sperm dose and specific additives in the extender. Reproduction. 2003; 125: 357–67.
   Google Scholar
• Wira CR, Fahey JV, Sentman CL, Pioli PA, Shen L. Innate and adaptive immunity in female genital tract: cellular responses and interactions. Immunol Rev. 2005; 206: 306–35.
   Google Scholar
• Skibinski G, Kelly RW, Harkiss D, James K. Immunosuppression by human seminal plasma – extracellular organelles (prostasomes) modulate activity of phagocytic cells. Am J Reprod Immunol. 1992; 28: 97–103.
   Google Scholar
• Kelly RW. Immunosuppressive mechanisms in semen: implications for contraception. Hum Reprod. 1995; 10: 1686–93.
   Google Scholar
• Tarazona R, Delgado E, Guarnizo MC, Roncero RG, Morgado S, Sanchez-Correa Bet al. Human prostasomes express CD48 and interfere with NK cell function. Immunobiology. 2011; 216: 41–6.
   Google Scholar
• Babiker AA, Ronquist G, Nilsson UR, Nilsson B. Transfer of prostasomal CD59 to CD59-deficient red blood cells results in protection against complement-mediated hemolysis. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2002; 47: 183–92.
   Google Scholar
• Kitamura M, Namiki M, Matsumiya K, Tanaka K, Matsumoto M, Hara Tet al. Membrane cofactor protein (CD46) in seminal plasma is a prostasome-bound form with complement regulatory activity and measles virus neutralizing activity. Immunology. 1995; 84: 626–32.
   Google Scholar
• Madison MN, Roller RJ, Okeoma CM. Human semen contains exosomes with potent anti-HIV-1 activity. Retrovirology. 2014; 11: 102.
   Google Scholar
• Osterfield M, Kirschner MW, Flanagan JG. Graded positional information: interpretation for both fate and guidance. Cell. 2003; 113: 425–8.
   Google Scholar
• Greco V, Hannus M, Eaton S. Argosomes: a potential vehicle for the spread of morphogens through epithelia. Cell. 2001; 106: 633–45.
   Google Scholar
• Erickson JL. Formation and maintenance of morphogen gradients: an essential role for the endomembrane system in Drosophila melanogaster wing development. Fly (Austin). 2011; 5: 266–71.
   Google Scholar
• Panakova D, Sprong H, Marois E, Thiele C, Eaton S. Lipoprotein particles are required for Hedgehog and Wingless signalling. Nature. 2005; 435: 58–65.
   Google Scholar
• Gross JC, Chaudhary V, Bartscherer K, Boutros M. Active Wnt proteins are secreted on exosomes. Nat Cell Biol. 2012; 14: 1036–45.
   Google Scholar
• Matusek T, Wendler F, Poles S, Pizette S, D'Angelo G, Furthauer Met al. The ESCRT machinery regulates the secretion and long-range activity of Hedgehog. Nature. 2014; 516: 99–103.
   Google Scholar
• Gradilla AC, Gonzalez E, Seijo I, Andres G, Bischoff M, Gonzalez-Mendez Let al. Exosomes as Hedgehog carriers in cytoneme-mediated transport and secretion. Nat Commun. 2014; 5: 5649.
   Google Scholar
• Lakkaraju A, Rodriguez-Boulan E. Itinerant exosomes: emerging roles in cell and tissue polarity. Trends Cell Biol. 2008; 18: 199–209.
   Google Scholar
• Kriebel PW, Barr VA, Rericha EC, Zhang G, Parent CA. Collective cell migration requires vesicular trafficking for chemoattractant delivery at the trailing edge. J Cell Biol. 2008; 183: 949–61.
   Google Scholar
• van Niel G, Raposo G, Candalh C, Boussac M, Hershberg R, Cerf-Bensussan Net al. Intestinal epithelial cells secrete exosome-like vesicles. Gastroenterology. 2001; 121: 337–49.
   Google Scholar
• Savina A, Vidal M, Colombo MI. The exosome pathway in K562 cells is regulated by Rab11. J Cell Sci. 2002; 115: 2505–15.
   Google Scholar
• Savina A, Fader CM, Damiani MT, Colombo MI. Rab11 promotes docking and fusion of multivesicular bodies in a calcium-dependent manner. Traffic. 2005; 6: 131–43.
   Google Scholar
• Hermle T, Guida MC, Beck S, Helmstadter S, Simons M. Drosophila ATP6AP2/VhaPRR functions both as a novel planar cell polarity core protein and a regulator of endosomal trafficking. EMBO J. 2013; 32: 245–59.
   Google Scholar
• Quesenberry PJ, Aliotta JM. The paradoxical dynamism of marrow stem cells: considerations of stem cells, niches, and microvesicles. Stem Cell Rev. 2008; 4: 137–47.
   Google Scholar
• Aliotta JM, Sanchez-Guijo FM, Dooner GJ, Johnson KW, Dooner MS, Greer KAet al. Alteration of marrow cell gene expression, protein production, and engraftment into lung by lung-derived microvesicles: a novel mechanism for phenotype modulation. Stem Cells. 2007; 25: 2245–56.
   Google Scholar
• Herrera MB, Fonsato V, Gatti S, Deregibus MC, Sordi A, Cantarella Det al. Human liver stem cell-derived microvesicles accelerate hepatic regeneration in hepatectomized rats. J Cell Mol Med. 2010; 14: 1605–18.
   Google Scholar
• Ali SY, Sajdera SW, Anderson HC. Isolation and characterization of calcifying matrix vesicles from epiphyseal cartilage. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1970; 67: 1513–20.
   Google Scholar
• Robison R. The possible significance of hexosephosphoric esters in ossification. Biochem J. 1923; 17: 286–93.
   Google Scholar
• Nahar NN, Missana LR, Garimella R, Tague SE, Anderson HC. Matrix vesicles are carriers of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and noncollagenous matrix proteins. J Bone Miner Metab. 2008; 26: 514–19.
   Google Scholar
• Golub EE. Role of matrix vesicles in biomineralization. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009; 1790: 1592–8.
   Google Scholar
• Thouverey C, Strzelecka-Kiliszek A, Balcerzak M, Buchet R, Pikula S. Matrix vesicles originate from apical membrane microvilli of mineralizing osteoblast-like Saos-2 cells. J Cell Biochem. 2009; 106: 127–38.
   Google Scholar
• Goettsch C, Hutcheson JD, Aikawa E. MicroRNA in cardiovascular calcification: focus on targets and extracellular vesicle delivery mechanisms. Circ Res. 2013; 112: 1073–84.
   Google Scholar
• Shirakami Y, Lee SA, Clugston RD, Blaner WS. Hepatic metabolism of retinoids and disease associations. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2012; 1821: 124–36.
   Google Scholar
• Seki E, Brenner DA. Toll-like receptors and adaptor molecules in liver disease: update. Hepatology. 2008; 48: 322–35.
   Google Scholar
• Moreira RK. Hepatic stellate cells and liver fibrosis. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2007; 131: 1728–34.
   Google Scholar
• Conde-Vancells J, Rodriguez-Suarez E, Embade N, Gil D, Matthiesen R, Valle Met al. Characterization and comprehensive proteome profiling of exosomes secreted by hepatocytes. J Proteome Res. 2008; 7: 5157–66.
   Google Scholar
• Conde-Vancells J, Gonzalez E, Lu SC, Mato JM, Falcon-Perez JM. Overview of extracellular microvesicles in drug metabolism. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2010; 6: 543–54.
   Google Scholar
• Royo F, Schlangen K, Palomo L, Gonzalez E, Conde-Vancells J, Berisa Aet al. Transcriptome of extracellular vesicles released by hepatocytes. PLoS One. 2013; 8: e68693.
   Google Scholar
• Huang BQ, Masyuk TV, Muff MA, Tietz PS, Masyuk AI, Larusso NF. Isolation and characterization of cholangiocyte primary cilia. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2006; 291: G500–9.
   Google Scholar
• Lee SO, Masyuk T, Splinter P, Banales JM, Masyuk A, Stroope Aet al. MicroRNA15a modulates expression of the cell-cycle regulator Cdc25A and affects hepatic cystogenesis in a rat model of polycystic kidney disease. J Clin Invest. 2008; 118: 3714–24.
   Google Scholar
• Chivet M, Javalet C, Hemming F, Pernet-Gallay K, Laulagnier K, Fraboulet Set al. Exosomes as a novel way of interneuronal communication. Biochem Soc Trans. 2013; 41: 241–4.
   Google Scholar
• Frühbeis C, Frohlich D, Kuo WP, Kramer-Albers EM. Extracellular vesicles as mediators of neuron-glia communication. Front Cell Neurosci. 2013; 7: 182.
   Google Scholar
• Koles K, Budnik V. Exosomes go with the Wnt. Cell Logist. 2012; 2: 169–73.
   Google Scholar
• Prada I, Furlan R, Matteoli M, Verderio C. Classical and unconventional pathways of vesicular release in microglia. Glia. 2013; 61: 1003–17.
   Google Scholar
• Alvarez-Erviti L, Seow Y, Yin H, Betts C, Lakhal S, Wood MJ. Delivery of siRNA to the mouse brain by systemic injection of targeted exosomes. Nat Biotechnol. 2011; 29: 341–5.
   Google Scholar
• Wood MJ, O'Loughlin AJ, Samira L. Exosomes and the blood-brain barrier: implications for neurological diseases. Ther Deliv. 2011; 2: 1095–9.
   Google Scholar
• Grapp M, Wrede A, Schweizer M, Huwel S, Galla HJ, Snaidero Net al. Choroid plexus transcytosis and exosome shuttling deliver folate into brain parenchyma. Nat Commun. 2013; 4: 2123.
   Google Scholar
• Ridder K, Keller S, Dams M, Rupp AK, Schlaudraff J, Turco DDet al. Extracellular vesicle-mediated transfer of genetic information between the hematopoietic system and the brain in response to inflammation. PLoS Biol. 2014; 12: e1001874.
   Google Scholar
• Lachenal G, Pernet-Gallay K, Chivet M, Hemming FJ, Belly A, Bodon Get al. Release of exosomes from differentiated neurons and its regulation by synaptic glutamatergic activity. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2011; 46: 409–18.
   Google Scholar
• Goldie BJ, Dun MD, Lin M, Smith ND, Verrills NM, Dayas CVet al. Activity-associated miRNA are packaged in Map1b-enriched exosomes released from depolarized neurons. Nucleic Acids Res. 2014; 42: 9195–208.
   Google Scholar
• Chivet M, Javalet C, Laulagnier K, Blot B, Hemming FJ, Sadoul R. Exosomes secreted by cortical neurons upon glutamatergic synapse activation specifically interact with neurons. J Extracell Vesicles. 2014; 3 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jev.v3.24722.
   Google Scholar
• Korkut C, Ataman B, Ramachandran P, Ashley J, Barria R, Gherbesi Net al. Trans-synaptic transmission of vesicular Wnt signals through Evi/Wntless. Cell. 2009; 139: 393–404.
   Google Scholar
• Korkut C, Li Y, Koles K, Brewer C, Ashley J, Yoshihara Met al. Regulation of postsynaptic retrograde signaling by presynaptic exosome release. Neuron. 2013; 77: 1039–46.
   Google Scholar
• Wang J, Silva M, Haas LA, Morsci NS, Nguyen KC, Hall DHet al. C. elegans ciliated sensory neurons release extracellular vesicles that function in animal communication. Curr Biol. 2014; 24: 519–25.
   Google Scholar
• Gabrielli M, Battista N, Riganti L, Prada I, Antonucci F, Cantone Let al. Active endocannabinoids are secreted on extracellular membrane vesicles. EMBO Rep. 2015; 16: 213–20.
   Google Scholar
• Antonucci F, Turola E, Riganti L, Caleo M, Gabrielli M, Perrotta Cet al. Microvesicles released from microglia stimulate synaptic activity via enhanced sphingolipid metabolism. EMBO J. 2012; 31: 1231–40.
   Google Scholar
• Verderio C, Muzio L, Turola E, Bergami A, Novellino L, Ruffini Fet al. Myeloid microvesicles are a marker and therapeutic target for neuroinflammation. Ann Neurol. 2012; 72: 610–24.
   Google Scholar
• Yuyama K, Sun H, Mitsutake S, Igarashi Y. Sphingolipid-modulated exosome secretion promotes clearance of amyloid-beta by microglia. J Biol Chem. 2012; 287: 10977–89.
   Google Scholar
• Frühbeis C, Fröhlich D, Kuo WP, Amphornrat J, Thilemann S, Saab ASet al. Neurotransmitter-triggered transfer of exosomes mediates oligodendrocyte-neuron communication. PLoS Biol. 2013; 11: e1001604.
   Google Scholar
• Frohlich D, Kuo WP, Fruhbeis C, Sun JJ, Zehendner CM, Luhmann HJet al. Multifaceted effects of oligodendroglial exosomes on neurons: impact on neuronal firing rate, signal transduction and gene regulation. Philos Trans Roy Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2014; 369:20130510
   Google Scholar
• Lopez-Verrilli MA, Picou F, Court FA. Schwann cell-derived exosomes enhance axonal regeneration in the peripheral nervous system. Glia. 2013; 61: 1795–806.
   Google Scholar
• Xin H, Li Y, Liu Z, Wang X, Shang X, Cui Yet al. MiR-133b promotes neural plasticity and functional recovery after treatment of stroke with multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells in rats via transfer of exosome-enriched extracellular particles. Stem Cells. 2013; 31: 2737–46.
   Google Scholar
• Pusic AD, Kraig RP. Youth and environmental enrichment generate serum exosomes containing miR-219 that promote CNS myelination. Glia. 2014; 62: 284–99.
   Google Scholar
• Lai CP, Breakefield XO. Role of exosomes/microvesicles in the nervous system and use in emerging therapies. Front Physiol. 2012; 3: 228.
   Google Scholar
• Bellingham SA, Guo BB, Coleman BM, Hill AF. Exosomes: vehicles for the transfer of toxic proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases?. Front Physiol. 2012; 3: 124.
   Google Scholar
• Hotez PJ, Brindley PJ, Bethony JM, King CH, Pearce EJ, Jacobson J. Helminth infections: the great neglected tropical diseases. J Clin Invest. 2008; 118: 1311–21.
   Google Scholar
• Cox FE. History of human parasitology. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2002; 15: 595–612.
   Google Scholar
• Ellis TN, Kuehn MJ. Virulence and immunomodulatory roles of bacterial outer membrane vesicles. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2010; 74: 81–94.
   Google Scholar
• Schertzer JW, Whiteley M. Bacterial outer membrane vesicles in trafficking, communication and the host-pathogen interaction. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol. 2013; 23: 118–30.
   Google Scholar
• Barteneva NS, Maltsev N, Vorobjev IA. Microvesicles and intercellular communication in the context of parasitism. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2013; 3: 49.
   Google Scholar
• Torrecilhas AC, Schumacher RI, Alves MJ, Colli W. Vesicles as carriers of virulence factors in parasitic protozoan diseases. Microbes Infect. 2012; 14: 1465–74.
   Google Scholar
• Marcilla A, Martin-Jaular L, Trelis M, de Menezes-Neto A, Osuna A, Bernal Det al. Extracellular vesicles in parasitic diseases. J Extracell Vesicles. 2014; 3 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jev.v3.25040 [PubMed CentralFull Text].
   Google Scholar
• Senft AW, Philpott DE, Pelofsky AH. Electron microscope observations of the integument, flame cells, and gut of Schistosoma mansoni. J Parasitol. 1961; 47: 217–29.
   Google Scholar
• Threadgold LT. The ultrastructure of the “cuticle” of Fasciola hepatica. Exp Cell Res. 1963; 30: 238–42.
   Google Scholar
• Mulvenna J, Moertel L, Jones MK, Nawaratna S, Lovas EM, Gobert GNet al. Exposed proteins of the Schistosoma japonicum tegument. Int J Parasitol. 2010; 40: 543–54.
   Google Scholar
• Schulte L, Lovas E, Green K, Mulvenna J, Gobert GN, Morgan Get al. Tetraspanin-2 localisation in high pressure frozen and freeze-substituted Schistosoma mansoni adult males reveals its distribution in membranes of tegumentary vesicles. Int J Parasitol. 2013; 43: 785–93.
   Google Scholar
• Marcilla A, Trelis M, Cortes A, Sotillo J, Cantalapiedra F, Minguez MTet al. Extracellular vesicles from parasitic helminths contain specific excretory/secretory proteins and are internalized in intestinal host cells. PLoS One. 2012; 7: e45974.
   Google Scholar
• Toledo R, Bernal MD, Marcilla A. Proteomics of foodborne trematodes. J Proteomics. 2011; 74: 1485–503.
   Google Scholar
• Coakley G, Simbari F, McSorley H, Maizels R, Buck A. Secreted exosomes from Heligmosomoides polygyrus modulate cellular responses of the murine host. J Extracell Vesicles. 2014; 3 24214, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jev.v3.24214.
   Google Scholar
• Maizels RM, Hewitson JP, Murray J, Harcus YM, Dayer B, Filbey KJet al. Immune modulation and modulators in Heligmosomoides polygyrus infection. Exp Parasitol. 2012; 132: 76–89.
   Google Scholar
• Wang T, Van Steendam K, Dhaenens M, Vlaminck J, Deforce D, Jex ARet al. Proteomic analysis of the excretory-secretory products from larval stages of Ascaris suum reveals high abundance of glycosyl hydrolases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013; 7: e2467.
   Google Scholar
• Bernal D, Trelis M, Montaner S, Cantalapiedra F, Galiano A, Hackenberg Met al. Surface analysis of Dicrocoelium dendriticum. The molecular characterization of exosomes reveals the presence of miRNAs. J Proteomics. 2014; 105: 232–41.
   Google Scholar
• Buck AH, Coakley G, Simbari F, McSorley HJ, Quintana JF, Le Bihan Tet al. Exosomes secreted by nematode parasites transfer small RNAs to mammalian cells and modulate innate immunity. Nat Commun. 2014; 5: 5488.
   Google Scholar
• Montaner S, Galiano A, Trelis M, Martin-Jaular L, Del Portillo HA, Bernal Det al. The role of extracellular vesicles in modulating the host immune response during parasitic infections. Front Immunol. 2014; 5: 433.
   Google Scholar
• Barrett MP, Burchmore RJ, Stich A, Lazzari JO, Frasch AC, Cazzulo JJet al. The trypanosomiases. Lancet. 2003; 362: 1469–80.
   Google Scholar
• Goncalves MF, Umezawa ES, Katzin AM, de Souza W, Alves MJ, Zingales Bet al. Trypanosoma cruzi: shedding of surface antigens as membrane vesicles. Exp Parasitol. 1991; 72: 43–53.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer-Santos E, Aguilar-Bonavides C, Rodrigues SP, Cordero EM, Marques AF, Varela-Ramirez Aet al. Proteomic analysis of Trypanosoma cruzi secretome: characterization of two populations of extracellular vesicles and soluble proteins. J Proteome Res. 2013; 12: 883–97.
   Google Scholar
• Geiger A, Hirtz C, Becue T, Bellard E, Centeno D, Gargani Det al. Exocytosis and protein secretion in Trypanosoma. BMC Microbiol. 2010; 10: 20.
   Google Scholar
• Rodrigues ML, Nakayasu ES, Oliveira DL, Nimrichter L, Nosanchuk JD, Almeida ICet al. Extracellular vesicles produced by Cryptococcus neoformans contain protein components associated with virulence. Eukaryot Cell. 2008; 7: 58–67.
   Google Scholar
• Twu O, de Miguel N, Lustig G, Stevens GC, Vashisht AA, Wohlschlegel JAet al. Trichomonas vaginalis exosomes deliver cargo to host cells and mediate hostratioparasite interactions. PLoS Pathog. 2013; 9: e1003482.
   Google Scholar
• Lambertz U, Silverman JM, Nandan D, McMaster WR, Clos J, Foster LJet al. Secreted virulence factors and immune evasion in visceral leishmaniasis. J Leukoc Biol. 2012; 91: 887–99.
   Google Scholar
• Silverman JM, Clos J, de'Oliveira CC, Shirvani O, Fang Y, Wang Cet al. An exosome-based secretion pathway is responsible for protein export from Leishmania and communication with macrophages. J Cell Sci. 2010; 123: 842–52.
   Google Scholar
• Santarem N, Racine G, Silvestre R, Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Ouellette M. Exoproteome dynamics in Leishmania infantum. J Proteomics. 2013; 84: 106–18.
   Google Scholar
• Hassani K, Antoniak E, Jardim A, Olivier M. Temperature-induced protein secretion by Leishmania mexicana modulates macrophage signalling and function. PLoS One. 2011; 6: e18724.
   Google Scholar
• Garcia-Silva MR, Cura das Neves RF, Cabrera-Cabrera F, Sanguinetti J, Medeiros LC, Robello Cet al. Extracellular vesicles shed by Trypanosoma cruzi are linked to small RNA pathways, life cycle regulation, and susceptibility to infection of mammalian cells. Parasitol Res. 2014; 113: 285–304.
   Google Scholar
• Silverman JM, Clos J, Horakova E, Wang AY, Wiesgigl M, Kelly Iet al. Leishmania exosomes modulate innate and adaptive immune responses through effects on monocytes and dendritic cells. J Immunol. 2010; 185: 5011–22.
   Google Scholar
• Halle M, Gomez MA, Stuible M, Shimizu H, McMaster WR, Olivier Met al. The Leishmania surface protease GP63 cleaves multiple intracellular proteins and actively participates in p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inactivation. J Biol Chem. 2009; 284: 6893–908.
   Google Scholar
• Jaramillo M, Gomez MA, Larsson O, Shio MT, Topisirovic I, Contreras Iet al. Leishmania repression of host translation through mTOR cleavage is required for parasite survival and infection. Cell Host Microbe. 2011; 9: 331–41.
   Google Scholar
• Hassani K, Shio MT, Martel C, Faubert D, Olivier M. Absence of metalloprotease GP63 alters the protein content of Leishmania exosomes. PLoS One. 2014; 9: e95007.
   Google Scholar
• Ghosh J, Bose M, Roy S, Bhattacharyya SN. Leishmania donovani targets Dicer1 to downregulate miR-122, lower serum cholesterol, and facilitate murine liver infection. Cell Host Microbe. 2013; 13: 277–88.
   Google Scholar
• Couper KN, Barnes T, Hafalla JC, Combes V, Ryffel B, Secher Tet al. Parasite-derived plasma microparticles contribute significantly to malaria infection-induced inflammation through potent macrophage stimulation. PLoS Pathog. 2010; 6: e1000744.
   Google Scholar
• Nantakomol D, Dondorp AM, Krudsood S, Udomsangpetch R, Pattanapanyasat K, Combes Vet al. Circulating red cell-derived microparticles in human malariam. The Journal of infectious diseases. 2011; 203: 700–6.
   Google Scholar
• Campos FM, Franklin BS, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Filho AL, de Paula SC, Fontes CJet al. Augmented plasma microparticles during acute Plasmodium vivax infection. Malar J. 2010; 9: 327.
   Google Scholar
• Regev-Rudzki N, Wilson DW, Carvalho TG, Sisquella X, Coleman BM, Rug Met al. Cell–cell communication between malaria parasites promotes sexual differentiation via exosome-like vesicles. Cell. 2013; 153: 1120–33.
   Google Scholar
• Mantel PY, Hoang AN, Goldowitz I, Potashnikova D, Hamza B, Vorobjev Iet al. Malaria-infected erythrocyte-derived microvesicles mediate cellular communication within the parasite population and with the host immune system. Cell Host Microbe. 2013;13:521–34
   Google Scholar
• Hu G, Gong AY, Roth AL, Huang BQ, Ward HD, Zhu Get al. Release of luminal exosomes contributes to TLR4-mediated epithelial antimicrobial defense. PLoS Pathog. 2013; 9: e1003261.
   Google Scholar
• Pope SM, Lässer C. Toxoplasma gondii infection of fibroblasts causes the production of exosome-like vesicles containing a unique array of mRNA and miRNA transcripts compared to serum starvation. J Extracell Vesicles. 2013; 2 http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jev.v2i0.22484.
   Google Scholar
• Wampfler PB, Tosevski V, Nanni P, Spycher C, Hehl AB. Proteomics of secretory and endocytic organelles in Giardia lamblia. PLoS One. 2014; 9: e94089.
   Google Scholar
• Lee EY, Choi DY, Kim DK, Kim JW, Park JO, Kim Set al. Gram-positive bacteria produce membrane vesicles: proteomics-based characterization of Staphylococcus aureus-derived membrane vesicles. Proteomics. 2009; 9: 5425–36.
   Google Scholar
• Kulp A, Kuehn MJ. Biological functions and biogenesis of secreted bacterial outer membrane vesicles. Ann Rev Microbiol. 2010; 64: 163–84.
   Google Scholar
• Kato S, Kowashi Y, Demuth DR. Outer membrane-like vesicles secreted by Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans are enriched in leukotoxin. Microb Pathog. 2002; 32: 1–13.
   Google Scholar
• MacDonald IA, Kuehn MJ. Offense and defense: microbial membrane vesicles play both ways. Res Microbiol. 2012; 163: 607–18.
   Google Scholar
• Kesty NC, Mason KM, Reedy M, Miller SE, Kuehn MJ. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli vesicles target toxin delivery into mammalian cells. EMBO J. 2004; 23: 4538–49.
   Google Scholar
• Manning AJ, Kuehn MJ. Functional advantages conferred by extracellular prokaryotic membrane vesicles. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol. 2013; 23: 131–41.
   Google Scholar
• Wai SN, Lindmark B, Soderblom T, Takade A, Westermark M, Oscarsson Jet al. Vesicle-mediated export and assembly of pore-forming oligomers of the enterobacterial ClyA cytotoxin. Cell. 2003; 115: 25–35.
   Google Scholar
• Mashburn LM, Whiteley M. Membrane vesicles traffic signals and facilitate group activities in a prokaryote. Nature. 2005; 437: 422–5.
   Google Scholar
• Mashburn-Warren L, McLean RJ, Whiteley M. Gram-negative outer membrane vesicles: beyond the cell surface. Geobiology. 2008; 6: 214–19.
   Google Scholar
• Ciofu O, Beveridge TJ, Kadurugamuwa J, Walther-Rasmussen J, Hoiby N. Chromosomal beta-lactamase is packaged into membrane vesicles and secreted from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2000; 45: 9–13.
   Google Scholar
• Mashburn-Warren LM, Whiteley M. Special delivery: vesicle trafficking in prokaryotes. Mol Microbiol. 2006; 61: 839–46.
   Google Scholar
• Schaar V, Paulsson M, Morgelin M, Riesbeck K. Outer membrane vesicles shield Moraxella catarrhalis beta-lactamase from neutralization by serum IgG. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2013; 68: 593–600.
   Google Scholar
• Schaar V, Uddback I, Nordstrom T, Riesbeck K. Group A streptococci are protected from amoxicillin-mediated killing by vesicles containing beta-lactamase derived from Haemophilus influenzae. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014; 69: 117–20.
   Google Scholar
• Dorward DW, Garon CF, Judd RC. Export and intercellular transfer of DNA via membrane blebs of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Bacteriol. 1989; 171: 2499–505.
   Google Scholar
• Rumbo C, Fernandez-Moreira E, Merino M, Poza M, Mendez JA, Soares NCet al. Horizontal transfer of the OXA-24 carbapenemase gene via outer membrane vesicles: a new mechanism of dissemination of carbapenem resistance genes in Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011; 55: 3084–90.
   Google Scholar
• Yaron S, Kolling GL, Simon L, Matthews KR. Vesicle-mediated transfer of virulence genes from Escherichia coli O157:H7 to other enteric bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2000; 66: 4414–20.
   Google Scholar
• Rivera J, Cordero RJ, Nakouzi AS, Frases S, Nicola A, Casadevall A. Bacillus anthracis produces membrane-derived vesicles containing biologically active toxins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010; 107: 19002–7.
   Google Scholar
• Shen G, Zhou E, Alspaugh JA, Wang P. Wsp1 is downstream of Cin1 and regulates vesicle transport and actin cytoskeleton as an effector of Cdc42 and Rac1 in Cryptococcus neoformans. Eukaryot Cell. 2012; 11: 471–81.
   Google Scholar
• McBroom AJ, Kuehn MJ. Release of outer membrane vesicles by Gram-negative bacteria is a novel envelope stress response. Mol Microbiol. 2007; 63: 545–58.
   Google Scholar
• Grenier D, Belanger M. Protective effect of Porphyromonas gingivalis outer membrane vesicles against bactericidal activity of human serum. Infect Immun. 1991; 59: 3004–8.
   Google Scholar
• Baumgarten T, Sperling S, Seifert J, von Bergen M, Steiniger F, Wick LYet al. Membrane vesicle formation as a multiple-stress response mechanism enhances Pseudomonas putida DOT-T1E cell surface hydrophobicity and biofilm formation. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2012; 78: 6217–24.
   Google Scholar
• Manning AJ, Kuehn MJ. Contribution of bacterial outer membrane vesicles to innate bacterial defense. BMC Microbiol. 2011; 11: 258.
   Google Scholar
• Schooling SR, Beveridge TJ. Membrane vesicles: an overlooked component of the matrices of biofilms. J Bacteriol. 2006; 188: 5945–57.
   Google Scholar
• Inagaki S, Onishi S, Kuramitsu HK, Sharma A. Porphyromonas gingivalis vesicles enhance attachment, and the leucine-rich repeat BspA protein is required for invasion of epithelial cells by “Tannerella forsythia.”. Infect Immun. 2006; 74: 5023–8.
   Google Scholar
• Schooling SR, Hubley A, Beveridge TJ. Interactions of DNA with biofilm-derived membrane vesicles. J Bacteriol. 2009; 191: 4097–102.
   Google Scholar
• Yonezawa H, Osaki T, Kurata S, Fukuda M, Kawakami H, Ochiai Ket al. Outer membrane vesicles of Helicobacter pylori TK1402 are involved in biofilm formation. BMC Microbiol. 2009; 9: 197.
   Google Scholar
• Yu Q, Griffin EF, Moreau-Marquis S, Schwartzman JD, Stanton BA, O'Toole GA. In vitro evaluation of tobramycin and aztreonam versus Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms on cystic fibrosis-derived human airway epithelial cells. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012; 67: 2673–81.
   Google Scholar
• Kadurugamuwa JL, Beveridge TJ. Bacteriolytic effect of membrane vesicles from Pseudomonas aeruginosa on other bacteria including pathogens: conceptually new antibiotics. J Bacteriol. 1996; 178: 2767–74.
   Google Scholar
• Li Z, Clarke AJ, Beveridge TJ. Gram-negative bacteria produce membrane vesicles which are capable of killing other bacteria. J Bacteriol. 1998; 180: 5478–83.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang G, Ducatelle R, Pasmans F, D'Herde K, Huang L, Smet Aet al. Effects of Helicobacter suis gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase on lymphocytes: modulation by glutamine and glutathione supplementation and outer membrane vesicles as a putative delivery route of the enzyme. PLoS One. 2013; 8: e77966.
   Google Scholar
• Wurdinger T, Gatson NN, Balaj L, Kaur B, Breakefield XO, Pegtel DM. Extracellular vesicles and their convergence with viral pathways. Adv Virol. 2012; 2012: 767694.
   Google Scholar
• Meckes DG Jr., Shair KH, Marquitz AR, Kung CP, Edwards RH, Raab-Traub N. Human tumor virus utilizes exosomes for intercellular communication. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010; 107: 20370–5.
   Google Scholar
• Flanagan J, Middeldorp J, Sculley T. Localization of the Epstein-Barr virus protein LMP 1 to exosomes. J Gen Virol. 2003; 84: 1871–9.
   Google Scholar
• Pegtel DM, Cosmopoulos K, Thorley-Lawson DA, van Eijndhoven MA, Hopmans ES, Lindenberg JLet al. Functional delivery of viral miRNAs via exosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010; 107: 6328–33.
   Google Scholar
• Canitano A, Venturi G, Borghi M, Ammendolia MG, Fais S. Exosomes released in vitro from Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected cells contain EBV-encoded latent phase mRNAs. Cancer Lett. 2013; 337: 193–9.
   Google Scholar
• Haneklaus M, Gerlic M, Kurowska-Stolarska M, Rainey AA, Pich D, McInnes IBet al. Cutting edge: miR-223 and EBV miR-BART15 regulate the NLRP3 inflammasome and IL-1beta production. J Immunol. 2012; 189: 3795–9.
   Google Scholar
• Narayanan A, Iordanskiy S, Das R, Van Duyne R, Santos S, Jaworski Eet al. Exosomes derived from HIV-1-infected cells contain trans-activation response element RNA. J Biol Chem. 2013; 288: 20014–33.
   Google Scholar
• Dreux M, Garaigorta U, Boyd B, Decembre E, Chung J, Whitten-Bauer Cet al. Short-range exosomal transfer of viral RNA from infected cells to plasmacytoid dendritic cells triggers innate immunity. Cell Host Microbe. 2012; 12: 558–70.
   Google Scholar
• Nour AM, Modis Y. Endosomal vesicles as vehicles for viral genomes. Trends Cell Biol. 2014; 24: 449–54.
   Google Scholar
• Izquierdo-Useros N, Naranjo-Gomez M, Archer J, Hatch SC, Erkizia I, Blanco Jet al. Capture and transfer of HIV-1 particles by mature dendritic cells converges with the exosome-dissemination pathway. Blood. 2009; 113: 2732–41.
   Google Scholar
• Regente M, Corti-Monzon G, Maldonado AM, Pinedo M, Jorrin J, de la Canal L. Vesicular fractions of sunflower apoplastic fluids are associated with potential exosome marker proteins. FEBS Lett. 2009; 583: 3363–6.
   Google Scholar
• Koles K, Nunnari J, Korkut C, Barria R, Brewer C, Li Yet al. Mechanism of evenness interrupted (Evi)-exosome release at synaptic boutons. J Biol Chem. 2012; 287: 16820–34.
   Google Scholar
• Lu C, Zainal Z, Tucker GA, Lycett GW. Developmental abnormalities and reduced fruit softening in tomato plants expressing an antisense Rab11 GTPase gene. Plant Cell. 2001; 13: 1819–33.
   Google Scholar
• de Graaf BH, Cheung AY, Andreyeva T, Levasseur K, Kieliszewski M, Wu HM. Rab11 GTPase-regulated membrane trafficking is crucial for tip-focused pollen tube growth in tobacco. Plant Cell. 2005; 17: 2564–79.
   Google Scholar
• An Q, Huckelhoven R, Kogel KH, van Bel AJ. Multivesicular bodies participate in a cell wall-associated defence response in barley leaves attacked by the pathogenic powdery mildew fungus. Cell Microbiol. 2006; 8: 1009–19.
   Google Scholar
• Sprunck S, Rademacher S, Vogler F, Gheyselinck J, Grossniklaus U, Dresselhaus T. Egg cell-secreted EC1 triggers sperm cell activation during double fertilization. Science. 2012; 338: 1093–7.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang L, Hou D, Chen X, Li D, Zhu L, Zhang Yet al. Exogenous plant MIR168a specifically targets mammalian LDLRAP1: evidence of cross-kingdom regulation by microRNA. Cell Res. 2012; 22: 107–26.
   Google Scholar
• Witwer KW, McAlexander MA, Queen SE, Adams RJ. Real-time quantitative PCR and droplet digital PCR for plant miRNAs in mammalian blood provide little evidence for general uptake of dietary miRNAs: limited evidence for general uptake of dietary plant xenomiRs. RNA Biol. 2013; 10: 1080–6.
   Google Scholar
• Vidal M, Sainte-Marie J, Philippot JR, Bienvenue A. Asymmetric distribution of phospholipids in the membrane of vesicles released during in vitro maturation of guinea pig reticulocytes: evidence precluding a role for “aminophospholipid translocase.”. J Cell Physiol. 1989; 140: 455–62.
   Google Scholar
• Wubbolts R, Leckie RS, Veenhuizen PT, Schwarzmann G, Mobius W, Hoernschemeyer Jet al. Proteomic and biochemical analyses of human B cell-derived exosomes. Potential implications for their function and multivesicular body formation. J Biol Chem. 2003; 278: 10963–72.
   Google Scholar
• Laulagnier K, Vincent-Schneider H, Hamdi S, Subra C, Lankar D, Record M. Characterization of exosome subpopulations from RBL-2H3 cells using fluorescent lipids. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2005; 35: 116–21.
   Google Scholar
• Kadiu I, Narayanasamy P, Dash PK, Zhang W, Gendelman HE. Biochemical and biologic characterization of exosomes and microvesicles as facilitators of HIV-1 infection in macrophages. J Immunol. 2012; 189: 744–54.
   Google Scholar
• Vallejo MC, Nakayasu ES, Longo LV, Ganiko L, Lopes FG, Matsuo ALet al. Lipidomic analysis of extracellular vesicles from the pathogenic phase of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. PLoS One. 2012; 7: e39463.
   Google Scholar
• Llorente A, Skotland T, Sylvanne T, Kauhanen D, Rog T, Orlowski Aet al. Molecular lipidomics of exosomes released by PC-3 prostate cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013; 1831: 1302–9.
   Google Scholar
• Arienti G, Polci A, De Cosmo A, Saccardi C, Carlini E, Palmerini CA. Lipid fatty acid and protein pattern of equine prostasome-like vesicles. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol. 2001; 128: 661–6.
   Google Scholar
• Piehl LL, Cisale H, Torres N, Capani F, Sterin-Speziale N, Hager A. Biochemical characterization and membrane fluidity of membranous vesicles isolated from boar seminal plasma. Anim Reprod Sci. 2006; 92: 401–10.
   Google Scholar
• Weerheim AM, Kolb AM, Sturk A, Nieuwland R. Phospholipid composition of cell-derived microparticles determined by one-dimensional high-performance thin-layer chromatography. Anal Biochem. 2002; 302: 191–8.
   Google Scholar
• Del Boccio P, Raimondo F, Pieragostino D, Morosi L, Cozzi G, Sacchetta Pet al. A hyphenated microLC-Q-TOF-MS platform for exosomal lipidomics investigations: application to RCC urinary exosomes. Electrophoresis. 2012; 33: 689–96.
   Google Scholar
• Schaar V, de Vries SP, Perez Vidakovics ML, Bootsma HJ, Larsson L, Hermans PWet al. Multicomponent Moraxella catarrhalis outer membrane vesicles induce an inflammatory response and are internalized by human epithelial cells. Cell Microbiol. 2011; 13: 432–49.
   Google Scholar
• Bomberger JM, Ye S, Maceachran DP, Koeppen K, Barnaby RL, O'Toole GAet al. A Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxin that hijacks the host ubiquitin proteolytic system. PLoS Pathog. 2011; 7: e1001325.
   Google Scholar
• Bomberger JM, Ely KH, Bangia N, Ye S, Green KA, Green WRet al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Cif Protein Enhances the Ubiquitination and Proteasomal Degradation of the Transporter Associated with Antigen Processing (TAP) and Reduces Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Class I Antigen Presentation. J Biol Chem. 2014; 289: 152–62.
   Google Scholar
• Bartruff JB, Yukna RA, Layman DL. Outer membrane vesicles from Porphyromonas gingivalis affect the growth and function of cultured human gingival fibroblasts and umbilical vein endothelial cells. J Periodontol. 2005; 76: 972–9.
   Google Scholar
• Vidakovics ML, Jendholm J, Morgelin M, Mansson A, Larsson C, Cardell LOet al. B cell activation by outer membrane vesicles – a novel virulence mechanism. PLoS Pathog. 2010; 6: e1000724.
   Google Scholar
• Nakao R, Takashiba S, Kosono S, Yoshida M, Watanabe H, Ohnishi Met al. Effect of Porphyromonas gingivalis outer membrane vesicles on gingipain-mediated detachment of cultured oral epithelial cells and immune responses. Microbes Infect. 2014; 16: 6–16.
   Google Scholar
• Rompikuntal PK, Thay B, Khan MK, Alanko J, Penttinen AM, Asikainen Set al. Perinuclear localization of internalized outer membrane vesicles carrying active cytolethal distending toxin from Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Infect Immun. 2012; 80: 31–42.
   Google Scholar
• Sharpe SW, Kuehn MJ, Mason KM. Elicitation of epithelial cell-derived immune effectors by outer membrane vesicles of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. Infect Immun. 2011; 79: 4361–9.
   Google Scholar
• Ismail S, Hampton MB, Keenan JI. Helicobacter pylori outer membrane vesicles modulate proliferation and interleukin-8 production by gastric epithelial cells. Infect Immun. 2003; 71: 5670–5.
   Google Scholar
• Chitcholtan K, Hampton MB, Keenan JI. Outer membrane vesicles enhance the carcinogenic potential of Helicobacter pylori. Carcinogenesis. 2008; 29: 2400–5.
   Google Scholar
• Mullaney E, Brown PA, Smith SM, Botting CH, Yamaoka YY, Terres AMet al. Proteomic and functional characterization of the outer membrane vesicles from the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Proteomics Clin Appl. 2009; 3: 785–96.
   Google Scholar
• Parker H, Chitcholtan K, Hampton MB, Keenan JI. Uptake of Helicobacter pylori outer membrane vesicles by gastric epithelial cells. Infect Immun. 2010; 78: 5054–61.
   Google Scholar
• Elmi A, Watson E, Sandu P, Gundogdu O, Mills DC, Inglis NFet al. Campylobacter jejuni outer membrane vesicles play an important role in bacterial interactions with human intestinal epithelial cells. Infect Immun. 2012; 80: 4089–98.
   Google Scholar
• Dormann P, Kim H, Ott T, Schulze-Lefert P, Trujillo M, Wewer Vet al. Cell-autonomous defense, re-organization and trafficking of membranes in plant–microbe interactions. New Phytol. 2014; 204: 815–22.
   Google Scholar
• Huckelhoven R. Transport and secretion in plant–microbe interactions. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2007; 10: 573–9.
   Google Scholar