Use of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors during Pregnancy and Risk of Major and Cardiovascular Malformations: An Update

References

• . Tuccori M, Testi A, Antonioli L,. Safety concerns associated with the use of serotonin reuptake inhibitors and other serotonergic/noradrenergic antidepressants during pregnancy: a review. Clin Ther. 2009;31(pt 1):1426–1453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Andersson L, Sundström-Poromaa I, Bixo M, Wulff M, Bondestam K, Åström M. Point prevalence of psychiatric disorders during the second trimester of pregnancy: a population-based study. Am J Obstet Gynaecol. 2003;189(1):148–154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Heron J, O'Connor TG, Evans J, Golding J, Glover V; ALSPAC Study Team. The course of anxiety and depression through pregnancy and the postpartum in a community sample. J Affect Disord. 2004;80(1):65–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Källén BA, Otterblad Olausson P. Antidepressant drugs during pregnancy and infant congenital heart defect. Reprod Toxicol. 2006;21(3):221–222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Zuckerman B, Amaro H, Bauchner H, Cabral H. Depressive symptoms uring pregnancy: relationship to poor health behaviors. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989;160(5 pt 1):1107–1111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Evans J, Heron J, Francomb H, Oke S, Golding J. Cohort study of depressed mood during pregnancy and after childbirth. BMJ. 2001;323(7307):257–260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Bonari L, Bennett H, Einarson A, Koren G. Risks of untreated depression during pregnancy. Can Fam Physician. 2004;50:37–39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Misri S, Oberlander TF, Fairbrother N,. Relation between prenatal maternal mood and anxiety and neonatal health. Can J Psychiatry. 2004;49(10):684–689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Cohen LS, Nonacs R, eds. Mood and Anxiety Disorders During Pregnancy and Post Partum. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing Inc; 2005
   Google Scholar
• . Lewinsohn PM, Olino TM, Klein DN. Psychosocial impairment in offspring of depressed parents. Psychol Med. 2005;35(10):1493–1503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Weissman MM, Wickramaratne P, Nomura Y, Warner V, Pilowsky D, Verdeli H. Offspring of depressed parents: 20 years later. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163(6):1001–1008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Oates M. Suicide: the leading cause of maternal death. Br J Psychiatry. 2003;183:279–281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Shadigian E, Bauer S. Pregnancy-associated death: a qualitative systematic review of homicide and suicide. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2005;60(3):183–190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Hirschfeld RM. The comorbidity of major depression and anxiety disorders: recognition and management in primary care. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;3(6):244–254
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Bellantuono C, Mazzi MA, Tansella M, Rizzo R, Goldberg D. The identification of depression and the coverage of antidepressant drug prescriptions in Italian general practice. J Affect Disord. 2002;72(1):53–59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Baker CB, Johnsrud MT, Crismon ML, Rosenheck RA, Woods SW. Quantitative analysis of sponsorship bias in economic studies of antidepressants. Br J Psychiatry. 2003;183:498–506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Barrett B, Byford S, Knapp M. Evidence of cost-effective treatments for depression: a systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2005;84(1):1–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Headley J, Northstone K, Simmons H, Golding J; ALSPAC Study Team. Medication use during pregnancy: data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2004;60(5):335–361
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Schirm E, Meijer WM, Tobi H, de Jong-van den Berg LT. Drug use by pregnant women and comparable non-pregnant women in The Netherlands with reference to the Australian classification system. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2004;114(2):182–188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Ververs T, Kaasenbrood H, Visser G, Schobben F, de Jong-van den Berg L, Egberts T. Prevalence and patterns of antidepressant drug use during pregnancy. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2006;62(10):863–870
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . GlaxoSmithKline. Clinical Study Register. http://www.gsk-clinicalstudyregister.com/files/pdf/3493.pdf. Accessed May 31, 2010
   Google Scholar
• . Hampton T. Antidepressants and pregnancy: weighing risk and benefits no easy task. JAMA. 2006;295(14):1631–1633
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Rubinow DR. Antidepressant treatment during pregnancy: between Scylla and Charybdis. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163(6):954–956
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Kulin NA, Pastuszak A, Sage SR,. Pregnancy outcome following maternal use of the new selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a prospective controlled multicenter study. JAMA. 1998;279(8):609–610
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Einarson A, Fatoye B, Sarkar M,. Pregnancy outcome following gestational exposure to venlafaxine: a multicenter prospective controlled study. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158(10):1728–1730
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Simon GE, Cunningham ML, Davis RL. Outcomes of prenatal antidepressant exposure. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159(12):2055–2061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Rahimi R, Nikfar S, Abdollahi M. Pregnancy outcomes following exposure to serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a meta-analysis of clinical trials. Reprod Toxicol. 2006;22(4):571–575
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Wogelius P, Nørgaard M, Gislum M,. Maternal use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk of congenital malformations. Epidemiology. 2006;17(6):701–704
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Maschi S, Clavenna A, Campi R, Schiavetti B, Bernat M, Bonati M. Neonatal outcome following pregnancy exposure to antidepressants: a prospective controlled cohort study. BJOG. 2008;115(2):283–289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Einarson A, Choi J, Einarson TR, Koren G. Incidence of major malformations in infants following antidepressant exposure in pregnancy: results of a large prospective cohort study. Can J Psychiatry. 2009;54(4):242–246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Merlob P, Birk E, Sirota L,. Are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors cardiac teratogens? Echocardiographic screening of new-borns with persistent heart murmur. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2009;85(10):837–841
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Wichman CL, Moore KM, Lang TR, St Sauver JL, Heise RH Jr, Watson WJ. Congenital heart disease associated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use during pregnancy. Mayo Clin Proc. 2009;84(1):23–27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . McElhatton PR, Garbis HM, Eléfant E,. The outcome of pregnancy in 689 women exposed to therapeutic doses of antidepressants. A collaborative study of the European Network of Teratology Information Services (ENTIS). Reprod Toxicol. 1996;10(4):285–294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Nulman I, Rovet J, Stewart DE,. Neurodevelopment of children exposed in utero to antidepressant drugs. N Engl J Med. 1997;336(4):258–262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Goldstein DJ, Corbin LA, Sundell KL. Effects of first-trimester fluoxetine exposure on the newborn. Obstet Gynecol. 1997;89(5 pt 1):713–718
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Djulus J, Koren G, Einarson TR,. Exposure to mirtazapine during pregnancy: a prospective, comparative study of birth outcomes. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67(8):1280–1284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Lennestål R, Källén B. Delivery outcome in relation to maternal use of some recently introduced antidepressants. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007;27(6):607–613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Malm H, Klaukka T, Neuvonen PJ. Risks associated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;106(6):1289–1296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Bérard A, Ramos E, Rey E, Blais L, St-André M, Oraichi D. First trimester exposure to paroxetine and risk of cardiac malformations in infants: the importance of dosage. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol. 2007;80(1):18–27
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Bar-Oz B, Einarson T, Einarson A,. Paroxetine and congenital malformations: meta-analysis and consideration of potential confounding factors. Clin Ther. 2007;29(5):918–926
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Källén BA, Otterblad Olausson P. Maternal use of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors in early pregnancy and infant congenital malformations. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2007;79(4):301–308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Cole JA, Ephross SA, Cosmatos IS, Walker AM. Paroxetine in the first trimester and the prevalence of congenital malformations. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2007;16(10):1075–1085
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Davis RL, Rubanowice D, McPhillips H,; HMO Research Network Center for Education, Research in Therapeutics. Risks of congenital malformations and perinatal events among infants exposed to antidepressant medications during pregnancy. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2007;16(10):1086–1094
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Louik C, Lin AE, Werler MM, Hernández-Díaz S, Mitchell AA. First-trimester use of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(26):2675–2683
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Alwan S, Reefhuis J, Rasmussen SA, Olney RS, Friedman JM; National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Use of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors in pregnancy and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(26):2684–2692
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . O'Brien L, Einarson TR, Sarkar M, Einarson A, Koren G. Does paroxetine cause cardiac malformations? J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2008;30(8):696–701
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Oberlander TF, Warburton W, Misri S, Riggs W, Aghajanian J, Hertzman C. Major congenital malformations following prenatal exposure to serotonin reuptake inhibitors and benzodiazepines using population-based health data. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol. 2008;83(1):68–76
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Einarson A, Pistelli A, DeSantis M,. Evaluation of the risk of congenital cardiovascular defects associated with use of paroxetine during pregnancy. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165(6):749–752
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Diav-Citrin O, Shechtman S, Weinbaum D,. Paroxetine and fluoxetine in pregnancy: a prospective, multicentre, controlled, observational study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;66(5):695–705
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Ramos E, St-André M, Rey E, Oraichi D, Bérard A. Duration of antidepressant use during pregnancy and risk of major congenital malformations. Br J Psychiatry. 2008;192(5):344–350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Pedersen LH, Henriksen TB, Vestergaard M, Olsen J, Bech BH. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in pregnancy and congenital malformations: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2009;339:b3569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Bakker MK, Kerstjens-Frederikse WS, Buys CH, de Walle HE, de Jong-van den Berg LT. First-trimester use of paroxetine and congenital heart defects: a population-based case-control study. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2010;88(2):94–100
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Wurst KE, Poole C, Ephross SA, Olshan AF. First trimester paroxetine use and the prevalence of congenital, specifically cardiac, defects: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2010;88(3):159–170
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Reis M, Källén B. Delivery outcome after maternal use of antidepressant drugs in pregnancy: an update using Swedish data [published online ahead of print January 5, 2010]. Psychol Med.
   Google Scholar
• . Pastuszak A, Schick-Boschetto B, Zuber C,. Pregnancy outcome following first trimester exposure to fluoxetine (Prozac). JAMA. 1993;269(17):2246–2248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Chambers CD, Johnson KA, Dick LM, Felix RJ, Jones KL. Birth outcomes in pregnant women taking fluoxetine. N Engl J Med. 1996;335(14):1010–1015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Addis A, Koren G. Safety of fluoxetine during the first trimester of pregnancy: a meta-analytical review of epidemiological studies. Psychol Med. 2000;30(1):89–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Einarson TR, Einarson A. Newer antidepressants in pregnancy and rates of major malformations: a meta-analysis of prospective comparative studies. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2005;14(12):823–827
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Ericson A, Källén B, Wiholm B. Delivery outcome after the use of antidepressant in early pregnancy. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1999;55(7):503–508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Sivojelezova A, Shuhaiber S, Sarkissian L, Einarson A, Koren G. Citalopram use in pregnancy: prospective comparative evaluation of pregnancy and fetal outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;193(6):2004–2009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Schloemp S, Paulus WE, Sterzik K, Stoz F. Congenital malformations after antidepressant medication associated with paroxetine in early pregnancy? Hum Reprod. 2006;21( suppl 1):i12
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Casper RC, Fleisher BE, Lee-Ancajas JC,. Follow-up of children of depressed mothers exposed or not exposed to antidepressant drugs during pregnancy. J Pediatr. 2003;142(4):402–408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Vial T, Cournot MP, Bernard N,. Paroxetine and congenital malformations: a prospective comparative study. Drug Saf. 2006;29(10):911–1010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Wen SW, Walker M. The use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2004;26(9):819–822
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Nash CM, O'Connell CM, Howlett AA. Neonatal outcomes associated with maternal antidepressant use in a population cohort of Nova Scotian pregnancies between 1993 and 2004. Pediatr Child Health. 2007;12(SA):42
   Google Scholar
• . Brunel P, Vial T, Roche I, Bertolotti E, Evreux JC. Follow-up of 151 pregnant women exposed to antidepressant treatment (MAOI excluded) during organogenesis [in French]. Therapie. 1994;49(2):117–122
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Einarson A, Bonari L, Voyer-Lavigne S,. A multicentre prospective controlled study to determine the safety of trazodone and nefazodone use during pregnancy. Can J Psychiatry. 2003;48(2):106–110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Chun-Fai-Chan B, Koren G, Fayez I,. Pregnancy outcome of women exposed to bupropion during pregnancy: a prospective comparative study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;192(3):932–936
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Oberlander TF, Warburton W, Misri S, Aghajanian J, Hertzman C. Neonatal outcomes after prenatal exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants and maternal depression using population-based linked health data. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63(8):898–906
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Lewis AJ, Galbally M, Opie G, Buist A. Neonatal growth outcomes at birth and one month postpartum following in utero exposure to antidepressant medication. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2010;44(5):482–487
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Einarson A. Influence of the media on women taking antidepressants during pregnancy. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009;70(9):1313–1314
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Bauer M, Monz BU, Montejo AL,. Prescribing patterns of antidepressants in Europe: Results from the Factors Influencing Depression Endpoints Research (FINDER) study. Eur Psychiatry. 2008;23(1):66–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Sloot WN, Bowden HC, Yih TD. In vitro and in vivo reproduction toxicology of 12 monoaminergic reuptake inhibitors: possible mechanisms of infrequent cardiovascular anomalies. Reprod Toxicol. 2009;28(2):270–282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Sari Y, Zhou FC. Serotonin and its transporter on proliferation of fetal heart cells. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2003;21(8):417–424
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Kusakawa S, Yamauchi J, Miyamoto Y, Sanbe A, Tanoue A. Estimation of embryotoxic effect of fluoxetine using embryonic stem cell differentiation system. Life Sci. 2008;83(25–26):871–877
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Rampono J, Simmer K, Ilett KF,. Placental transfer of SSRI and SNRI antidepressants and effects on the neonate. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2009;42(3):95–100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Frazer A. Antidepressants. J Clin Psychiatry. 1997;58( suppl 6):9–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Owens MJ, Morgan WN, Plott SJ, Nemeroff CB. Neurotransmitter receptor and transporter binding profile of antidepressants and their metabolites. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1997;283(3):1305–1322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Leonard BE, Richelson E. Synaptic effects of antidepressants. In: Schizophrenia and Mood Disorders: The New Drug Therapies in Clinical Practice. Buckley PF, Waddington JL, eds. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2000:67–84
   Google Scholar