Opioid Therapy for Osteoarthritis and Chronic Low Back Pain

References

• . Braden JB, Fan MY, Edlund MJ, . Trends in use of opioids by noncancer pain type 2000–2005 among Arkansas Medicaid and Health-Core enrollees: results from the TROUP study. J Pain. 2008;9(11):1026–1035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Sullivan MD, Edlund MJ, Fan MY, . Trends in use of opioids for non-cancer pain conditions 2000–2005 in commercial and Medicaid insurance plans: the TROUP study. Pain. 2008;138(2):440–449
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Chan KW, Ngai HY, Ip KK, Lam KH, Lai WW. Co-morbidities of patients with knee osteoarthritis. Hong Kong Med J. 2009;15(3):168–172
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Reeuwijk KG, de Rooij M, van Dijk GM, Veenhof C, Steultjens MP, Dekker J. Osteoarthritis of the hip or knee: which coexisting disorders are disabling? Clin Rheumatol. 2010;29(7):739–747
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Bower WA, Johns M, Margolis HS, Williams IT, Bell BP. Population-based surveillance for acute liver failure. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102(11):2459–2463
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Chun LJ, Tong MJ, Busuttil RW, Hiatt JR. Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity and acute liver failure. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2009;43(4):342–349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Lee C, Straus WL, Balshaw R, Barlas S, Vogel S, Schnitzer TJ. A comparison of the efficacy and safety of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents versus acetaminophen in the treatment of osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;51(5):746–754
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Watkins PB, Kaplowitz N, Slattery JT, . Aminotransferase elevations in healthy adults receiving 4 grams of acetaminophen daily: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2006;296(1):87–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Puenpatom RA, Victor TW. Increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome in individuals with osteoarthritis: an analysis of NHANES III data. Postgrad Med. 2009;121(6):9–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Chou R, Qaseem A, Snow V, ; Clinical Efficacy Assessment Subcommittee of the American College of Physicians; American College of Physicians; American Pain Society Low Back Pain Guidelines Panel. Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain: a joint clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Pain Society. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147(7):478–491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI). Adult low back pain. Bloomington, MN: November 2008
   Google Scholar
• . Michigan Quality Improvement Consortium. Management of acute low back pain. Southfield, MI: March 2008
   Google Scholar
• . National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions. Osteoarthritis: the care and management of osteoarthritis in adults. London, UK: Royal College of Physicians; 2008
   Google Scholar
• . Zhang W, Doherty M, Leeb BF, . EULAR evidence based recommendations for the management of hand osteoarthritis: report of a Task Force of the EULAR Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutics (ESCISIT). Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66(3):377–388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Zhang W, Moskowitz RW, Nuki G, . OARSI recommendations for the management of hip and knee osteoarthritis, Part II: OARSI evidence-based, expert consensus guidelines. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2008;16(2):137–162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Chou R, Shekelle P. Will this patient develop persistent disabling low back pain? JAMA. 2010;303(13):1295–1302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Towheed TE, Maxwell L, Judd MG, Catton M, Hochberg MC, Wells G. Acetaminophen for osteoarthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006(1):CD004257
   Google Scholar
• . Kuehn BM. FDA focuses on drugs and liver damage: labeling and other changes for acetaminophen. JAMA. 2009;302(4):369–371
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Bjordal JM, Ljunggren AE, Klovning A, Slørdal L. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, including cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors, in osteoarthritic knee pain: meta-analysis of randomised placebo controlled trials. BMJ. 2004;329(7478):1317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Fendrick AM, Greenberg BP. A review of the benefits and risks of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the management of mild-to-moderate osteoarthritis. Osteopath Med Prim Care. 2009;3:1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C, Logan R. Risk of adverse gastrointestinal outcomes in patients taking cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors or conventional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: population based nested case-control analysis. BMJ. 2005;331(7528):1310–1316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Kearney PM, Baigent C, Godwin J, Halls H, Emberson JR, Patrono C. Do selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors and traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs increase the risk of atherothrombosis? Metaanalysis of randomised trials. BMJ. 2006;332(7553):1302–1308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Evans JM, McGregor E, McMahon AD, . Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs and hospitalization for acute renal failure. QJM. 1995;88(8):551–557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Antman EM, Bennett JS, Daugherty A, Furberg C, Roberts H, Taubert KA; American Heart Association. Use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: an update for clinicians: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2007;115(12):1634–1642
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Cheetham TC, Levy G, Niu F, Bixler F. Gastrointestinal safety of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in patients on warfarin. Ann Pharmacother. 2009;43(11):1765–1773
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Farkouh ME, Greenberg JD, Jeger RV, . Cardiovascular outcomes in high risk patients with osteoarthritis treated with ibuprofen, naproxen or lumiracoxib. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66(6):764–770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . American Geriatrics Society Panel on Pharmacological Management of Persistent Pain in Older Persons. Pharmacological management of persistent pain in older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009;57(8):1331–1346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Kienzler J, Gold M, Nollevaux F. Systemic bioavailability of topical diclofenac sodium gel 1% versus oral diclofenac sodium in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol New Drugs. 2010;50(1):50–61
   Google Scholar
• . Altman RD, Dreiser RL, Fisher CL, . Diclofenac sodium gel in patients with primary hand osteoarthritis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Rheumatol. 2009;36(9):1991–1999
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Barthel HR, Haselwood D, Longley S 3rd, Gold MS, Altman RD. Diclofenac sodium topical gel 1% in patients with primary knee osteoarthritis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2009;39(3):203–212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Simon LS, Grierson LM, Naseer Z, Bookman AA, Zev Shainhouse J. Efficacy and safety of topical diclofenac containing dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) compared with those of topical placebo, DMSO vehicle and oral diclofenac for knee osteoarthritis. Pain. 2009;143(3):238–245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Baraf HS, Gold MS, Clark MB, Altman RD. Safety and efficacy of topical diclofenac sodium 1% gel in knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Phys Sportsmed. 2010;38(2):19–28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Singh G, Fort JG, Goldstein JL, . Celecoxib versus naproxen and diclofenac in osteoarthritis patients: SUCCESS-I Study. Am J Med. 2006;119(3):255–266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . LIDODERM. lidocaine patch 5% [package insert]. Chadds Ford, PA: ENDO Pharmaceuticals; 2010
   Google Scholar
• . Gammaitoni AR, Galer BS, Onawola R, Jensen MP, Argoff CE. Lidocaine patch 5% and its positive impact on pain qualities in osteoarthritis: results of a pilot 2-week, open-label study using the Neuropathic Pain Scale. Curr Med Res Opin. 2004;20( suppl 2):S13–S19
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Kivitz A, Fairfax M, Sheldon EA, . Comparison of the effectiveness and tolerability of lidocaine patch 5% versus celecoxib for osteoarthritis-related knee pain: post hoc analysis of a 12 week, prospective, randomized, active-controlled, open-label, parallel-group trial in adults. Clin Ther. 2008;30(12):2366–2377
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Argoff CE, Galer BS, Jensen MP, Oleka N, Gammaitoni AR. Effectiveness of the lidocaine patch 5% on pain qualities in three chronic pain states: assessment with the Neuropathic Pain Scale. Curr Med Res Opin. 2004;20( suppl 2):S21–S28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Galer BS, Gammaitoni AR, Oleka N, Jensen MP, Argoff CE. Use of the lidocaine patch 5% in reducing intensity of various pain qualities reported by patients with low-back pain. Curr Med Res Opin. 2004;20( suppl 2):S5–S12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Gimbel J, Linn R, Hale M, Nicholson B. Lidocaine patch treatment in patients with low back pain: results of an open-label, nonrandomized pilot study. Am J Ther. 2005;12(4):311–319
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Victor TW, Alvarez N, Gould E. Opioid prescribing practices in chronic pain management: guidelines do not sufficiently influence clinical practice. J Pain. 2009;10(10):1051–1057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Slatkin NE. Opioid switching and rotation in primary care: implementation and clinical utility. Curr Med Res Opin. 2009;25(9):2133–2150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Ethgen O, Bruyere O, Richy F, Dardennes C, Reginster JY. Health-related quality of life in total hip and total knee arthroplasty. A qualitative and systematic review of the literature. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004;86-A(5):963–974
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Virolainen P, Aro HT. High tibial osteotomy for the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee: a review of the literature and a meta-analysis of follow-up studies. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2004; 124(4):258–261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Bravo CJ, Rizzo M, Hormel KB, Beckenbaugh RD. Pyrolytic carbon proximal interphalangeal joint arthroplasty: results with minimum two-year follow-up evaluation. J Hand Surg Am. 2007;32(1):1–11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Field J. Two to five year follow-up of the LPM ceramic coated proximal interphalangeal joint arthroplasty. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2008;33(1):38–44
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Altman RD. Early management of osteoarthritis. Am J Manag Care. 2010;16( suppl management):S41–S47
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Altman RD. Pharmacological therapies for osteoarthritis of the hand: a review of the evidence. Drugs Aging. 2010;27(9):729–745
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Zhang W, Nuki G, Moskowitz RW, . OARSI recommendations for the management of hip and knee osteoarthritis: part III: changes in evidence following systematic cumulative update of research published through January 2009. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2010;18(4):476–499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . National Collaborating Centre for Primary Care. Low back pain: early management of persistent non-specific low back pain. London, UK: Royal College of Physicians; 2009
   Google Scholar
• . Airaksinen O, Brox JI, Cedraschi C, . Chapter 4. European guidelines for the management of chronic nonspecific low back pain. Eur Spine J. 2006;15( suppl 2):S192–S300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . National Opioid Use Guideline Group (NOUGG). Canadian guideline for safe and effective use of opioids for chronic non-cancer pain. http://nationalpaincentre.mcmaster.ca/opioid/. Accessed May 11, 2010
   Google Scholar
• . Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI). Adult low back pain. Bloomington, MN: 2008
   Google Scholar
• . Furlan AD, Sandoval JA, Mailis-Gagnon A, Tunks E. Opioids for chronic noncancer pain: a meta-analysis of effectiveness and side effects. CMAJ. 2006;174(11):1589–1594
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Kalso E, Edwards JE, Moore RA, McQuay HJ. Opioids in chronic non-cancer pain: systematic review of efficacy and safety. Pain. 2004;112(3):372–380
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Nuesch E, Rutjes AW, Husni E, Welch V, Jüni P. Oral or transdermal opioids for osteoarthritis of the knee or hip. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009(4):CD003115
   Google Scholar
• . Deshpande A, Furlan A, Mailis-Gagnon A, Atlas S, Turk D. Opioids for chronic low-back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007(3):CD004959
   Google Scholar
• . Noble M, Treadwell JR, Tregear SJ, . Long-term opioid management for chronic noncancer pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010(1):CD006605
   Google Scholar
• . Allan L, Richarz U, Simpson K, Slappendel R. Transdermal fentanyl versus sustained release oral morphine in strong-opioid naive patients with chronic low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2005;30(22):2484–2490
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Caldwell JR, Rapoport RJ, Davis JC, . Efficacy and safety of a once-daily morphine formulation in chronic, moderate-to-severe osteoarthritis pain: results from a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial and an open-label extension trial. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2002;23(4):278–291
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Portenoy RK, Farrar JT, Backonja MM, . Long-term use of controlled-release oxycodone for noncancer pain: results of a 3-year registry study. Clin J Pain. 2007;23(4):287–299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Roth SH, Fleischmann RM, Burch FX, . Around-the-clock, controlled-release oxycodone therapy for osteoarthritis-related pain: placebo-controlled trial and long-term evaluation. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160(6):853–860
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Rauck RL, Bookbinder SA, Bunker TR, . The ACTION study: a randomized, open-label, multicenter trial comparing once-a-day extended-release morphine sulfate capsules (AVINZA) to twice-a-day controlled-release oxycodone hydrochloride tablets (OxyContin) for the treatment of chronic, moderate to severe low back pain. J Opioid Manag. 2006;2(3):155–166
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Rauck RL, Bookbinder SA, Bunker TR, . A randomized, open-label study of once-a-day AVINZA (morphine sulfate extended-release capsules) versus twice-a-day OxyContin (oxycodone hydrochloride controlled-release tablets) for chronic low back pain: the extension phase of the ACTION trial. J Opioid Manag. 2006;2(6):325–328, 331–323
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Hale ME, Ahdieh H, Ma T, Rauck R. Efficacy and safety of OPANA ER (oxymorphone extended release) for relief of moderate to severe chronic low back pain in opioid-experienced patients: a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Pain. 2007;8(2):175–184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Katz N, Rauck R, Ahdieh H, . A 12-week randomized placebo-controlled trial assessing the safety and efficacy of oxymorphone extended release for opioid-naive patients with chronic low back pain. Curr Med Res Opin. 2007;23(1):117–128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Rauck R, Ma T, Kerwin R, Ahdieh H. Titration with oxymorphone extended release to achieve effective long-term pain relief and improve tolerability in opioid-naive patients with moderate to severe pain. Pain Med. 2008;9(7):777–785
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . McIlwain H, Ahdieh H. Safety, tolerability, and effectiveness of oxymorphone extended release for moderate to severe osteoarthritis pain: a one-year study. Am J Ther. 2005;12(2):106–112
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Peniston JH, Gould E. Oxymorphone extended release for the treatment of chronic low back pain: a retrospective pooled analysis of enriched-enrollment clinical trial data stratified according to age, sex, and prior opioid use. Clin Ther. 2009;31(2):347–359
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Stanos SP, Argoff CE, Puenpatom RA, . Employment and economic profile of patients managing chronic noncancer pain with opioids: the Opioid Utilization Study (OPUS). J Medicine. 2009;2(3):28
   Google Scholar
• . Chou R, Fanciullo GJ, Fine PG, ; American Pain Society-American Academy of Pain medicine Opioids Guidelines Panel. Clinical guidelines for the use of chronic opioid therapy in chronic noncancer pain. J Pain. 2009;10(2):113–130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Mystakidou K, Clark AJ, Fischer J, Lam A, Pappert K, Richarz U. Treatment of chronic pain by long-acting opioids and the effects on sleep [published online ahead of print September 20, 2010]. Pain Pract.
   Google Scholar
• . Bhamb B, Brown D, Hariharan J, Anderson J, Balousek S, Fleming MF. Survey of select practice behaviors by primary care physicians on the use of opioids for chronic pain. Curr Med Res Opin. 2006;22(9):1859–1865
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Upshur CC, Luckmann RS, Savageau JA. Primary care provider concerns about management of chronic pain in community clinic populations. J Gen Intern Med. 2006;21(6):652–655
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Peppin JF. The marginalization of chronic pain patients on chronic opioid therapy. Pain Physician. 2009;12(3):493–498
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Emergency department visits involving nonmedical use of selected prescription drugs–United States, 2004–2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010;59(23):705–709
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Manchikanti L, Fellows B, Ailinani H, Pampati V. Therapeutic use, abuse, and nonmedical use of opioids: a ten-year perspective. Pain Physician. 2010;13(5):401–435
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Lawrence RC, Felson DT, Helmick CG, ; National Arthritis Data Workgroup. Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the United States. Part II. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58(1):26–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . US Department of Health and Human Services Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 2007 national survey of drug use and health: table 1.1A. http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/NSDUH/2k7NSDUH/tabs/Sect1peTabs1to46.htm. Accessed July 1, 2010
   Google Scholar
• . Manchikanti L, Cash KA, Damron KS, . Controlled substance abuse and illicit drug use in chronic pain patients: an evaluation of multiple variables. Pain Physician. 2006;9(3):215–225
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Kirsh KL, Smith HS. Special issues and concerns in the evaluation of older adults who have pain. Clin Geriatr Med. 2008;24(2):263–274, vi
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Cone EJ, Caplan YH. Urine toxicology testing in chronic pain management. Postgrad Med. 2009;121(4):91–102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Chou R, Fanciullo GJ, Fine PG, Miaskowski C, Passik SD, Portenoy RK. Opioids for chronic noncancer pain: prediction and identification of aberrant drug-related behaviors: a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society and American Academy of Pain Medicine clinical practice guideline. J Pain. 2009;10(2):131–146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Starrels JL, Becker WC, Alford DP, Kapoor A, Williams AR, Turner BJ. Systematic review: treatment agreements and urine drug testing to reduce opioid misuse in patients with chronic pain. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152(11):712–720
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Butler SF, Black R, Grimes Serrano JM, Folensbee L, Chang A, Katz N. Estimating attractiveness for abuse of a not-yet-marketed “abuse-deterrent” prescription opioid formulation. Pain Med. 2010;11(1):81–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Walsh SL, Nuzzo PA, Lofwall MR, Holtman JR Jr. The relative abuse liability of oral oxycodone, hydrocodone and hydromorphone assessed in prescription opioid abusers. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2008;98(3):191–202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Zacny JP, Gutierrez S. Within-subject comparison of the psychopharmacological profiles of oral hydrocodone and oxycodone combination products in non-drug-abusing volunteers. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2009;101(1–2):107–114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Sellers EM, McMorn S, Schoedel KA, . Oral intact extended-release oxymorphone is associated with less euphoria and lower positive subjective effects than equipotent doses of oral intact controlled-release oxycodone in healthy nondependent recreational opioid users. Presented at: American Pain Society 29th Annual Scientific Meeting; May 6–8, 2010; Baltimore, MD
   Google Scholar
• . Robinson GM, Robinson S, McCarthy P, Cameron C. Misuse of over-the-counter codeine-containing analgesics: dependence and other adverse effects. N Z Med J. 2010;123(1317):59–64
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Loder E. Post-marketing experience with an opioid nasal spray for migraine: lessons for the future. Cephalalgia. 2006;26(2):89–97
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Katz N. Abuse-deterrent opioid formulations: are they a pipe dream? Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2008;10(1):11–18
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Passik SD, Hays L, Eisner N, Kirsh KL. Psychiatric and pain characteristics of prescription drug abusers entering drug rehabilitation. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. 2006;20(2):5–13
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . US Food and Drug Administration. Guidance for Industry: Assessment of Abuse Potential of Drugs. Rockville, MD: US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER); 2010
   Google Scholar
• . Hinman RS, Heywood SE, Day AR. Aquatic physical therapy for hip and knee osteoarthritis: results of a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2007;87(1):32–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Jan MH, Lin CH, Lin YF, Lin JJ, Lin DH. Effects of weight-bearing versus nonweight-bearing exercise on function, walking speed, and position sense in participants with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009;90(6):897–904
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Messier SP, Loeser RF, Miller GD, . Exercise and dietary weight loss in overweight and obese older adults with knee osteoarthritis: the Arthritis, Diet, and Activity Promotion Trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50(5):1501–1510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Messier SP, Loeser RF, Mitchell MN, . Exercise and weight loss in obese older adults with knee osteoarthritis: a preliminary study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000;48(9):1062–1072
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Roine E, Roine RP, Rasanen P, . Cost-effectiveness of interventions based on physical exercise in the treatment of various diseases: a systematic literature review. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 2009;25(4):427–454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Carey TS, Freburger JK, Holmes GM, . A long way to go: practice patterns and evidence in chronic low back pain care. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009;34(7):718–724
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Porcheret M, Jordan K, Jinks C, Croft P; Primary Care Rheumatology Society. Primary care treatment of knee pain–a survey in older adults. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007;46(11):1694–1700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Crisostomo RA, Schmidt JE, Hooten WM, . Withdrawal of analgesic medication for chronic low-back pain patients: improvement in outcomes of multidisciplinary rehabilitation regardless of surgical history. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;87(7):527–536
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Townsend CO, Kerkvliet JL, Bruce BK, . A longitudinal study of the efficacy of a comprehensive pain rehabilitation program with opioid withdrawal: comparison of treatment outcomes based on opioid use status at admission. Pain. 2008;140(1):177–189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Volinn E, Fargo JD, Fine PG. Opioid therapy for nonspecific low back pain and the outcome of chronic work loss. Pain. 2009;142(3):194–201
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Stanos SP, Argoff CE, Irving G, . Rehabilitation and physical functioning of patients managing chronic noncancer pain with opioids: The Opioid Utilization Study (OPUS). Presented at: PAINWeek; September 8–11, 2009; Las Vegas, NV
   Google Scholar
• . Gross DP, Bhambhani Y, Haykowsky MJ, Rashiq S. Acute opioid administration improves work-related exercise performance in patients with chronic back pain. J Pain. 2008;9(9):856–862
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Schein JR, Kosinski MR, Janagap-Benson C, . Functionality and health-status benefits associated with reduction of osteoarthritis pain. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008;24(5):1255–1265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Soin A, Cheng J, Brown L, Moufawad S, Mekhail N. Functional outcomes in patients with chronic nonmalignant pain on long-term opioid therapy. Pain Pract. 2008;8(5):379–384
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Teske W, Anastasiadis A, Kramer J, Theodoridis T. Effective pain relief facilitates exercise therapy: results of a multicenter study with controlled-release oxycodone in patients with movement pain [in German]. Orthopade. 2008;37(12):1210–1216
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Gooberman-Hill R, Woolhead G, Mackichan F, . Assessing chronic joint pain: lessons from a focus group study. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;57(4):666–671
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Ultram ER® (tramadol hydrochloride) [package insert]. Raritan, NJ: Ortho-McNeil; 2007
   Google Scholar
• . Bailey PL, Streisand JB, East KA, . Differences in magnitude and duration of opioid-induced respiratory depression and analgesia with fentanyl and sufentanil. Anesth Analg. 1990;70(1):8–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Bellville JW, Escarraga LA, Wallenstein SL, Houde RW, Howland WS. Relative respiratory depressant effects of oxymorphone (Numorphan) and morphine. Anesthesiology. 1960;21:397–400
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Dahan A. Respiratory depression with opioids. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. 2007;21(1):63–66
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Romberg RR, Olofsen E, Bijl H, . Polymorphism of mu-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1:c.118A>G) does not protect against opioid-induced respiratory depression despite reduced analgesic response. Anesthesiology. 2005;102(3):522–530
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Cattermole GN, Graham CA. Opiates should be avoided in acute decompensated heart failure. Emerg Med J. 2009;26(3):230–231
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Peacock WF, Hollander JE, Diercks DB, Lopatin M, Fonarow G, Emerman CL. Morphine and outcomes in acute decompensated heart failure: an ADHERE analysis. Emerg Med J. 2008;25(4):205–209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Porreca F, Ossipov MH. Nausea and vomiting side effects with opioid analgesics during treatment of chronic pain: mechanisms, implications, and management options. Pain Med. 2009;10(4):654–662
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Panchal SJ, Muller-Schwefe P, Wurzelmann JI. Opioid-induced bowel dysfunction: prevalence, pathophysiology and burden. Int J Clin Pract. 2007;61(7):1181–1187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Lawlor PG. The panorama of opioid-related cognitive dysfunction in patients with cancer: a critical literature appraisal. Cancer. 2002;94(6):1836–1853
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Morita T, Takigawa C, Onishi H, ; Japan Pain, Rehabilitation, Palliative Medicine, and Psycho-Oncology (PRPP) Study Group. Opioid rotation from morphine to fentanyl in delirious cancer patients: an open-label trial. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2005;30(1):96–103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Morita T, Tei Y, Tsunoda J, Inoue S, Chihara S. Increased plasma morphine metabolites in terminally ill cancer patients with delirium: an intra-individual comparison. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2002;23(2):107–113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Morrison RS, Magaziner J, Gilbert M, . Relationship between pain and opioid analgesics on the development of delirium following hip fracture. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2003;58(1):76–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Gabrail NY, Dvergsten C, Ahdieh H. Establishing the dosage equivalency of oxymorphone extended release and oxycodone controlled release in patients with cancer pain: a randomized controlled study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2004;20(6):911–918
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Hale ME, Dvergsten C, Gimbel J. Efficacy and safety of oxymorphone extended release in chronic low back pain: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled phase III study. J Pain. 2005;6(1):21–28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Bachs LC, Engeland A, Morland JG, Skurtveit S. The risk of motor vehicle accidents involving drivers with prescriptions for codeine or tramadol. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2009;85(6):596–599
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Dubois S, Bedard M, Weaver B. The association between opioid analgesics and unsafe driving actions preceding fatal crashes. Accid Anal Prev. 2010;42(1):30–37
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Engeland A, Skurtveit S, Morland J. Risk of road traffic accidents associated with the prescription of drugs: a registry-based cohort study. Ann Epidemiol. 2007;17(8):597–602
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Smith HS. Opioid metabolism. Mayo Clin Proc. 2009;84(7):613–624
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Hydromorphone-HP Injection 10 mg (hydromorphone hydrochloride) [package insert]. North Chicago, IL: Abbott Laboratories; 2008
   Google Scholar
• . Coffman BL, Rios GR, King CD, Tephly TR. Human UGT2B7 catalyzes morphine glucuronidation. Drug Metab Dispos. 1997;25(1):1–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . OPANA® ER (oxymorphone hydrochloride extended-release tablets) [package insert]. Chadds Ford, PA: Endo Pharmaceuticals Inc; 2008
   Google Scholar
• . Adams M, Pieniaszek HJ Jr, Gammaitoni AR, Ahdieh H. Oxymorphone extended release does not affect CYP2C9 or CYP3A4 metabolic pathways. J Clin Pharmacol. 2005;45(3):337–345
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Kneip C, Terlinden R, Beier H, Chen G. Investigations into the drug-drug interaction potential of tapentadol in human liver microsomes and fresh human hepatocytes. Drug Metab Lett. 2008;2(1):67–75
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . The use of opioids for the treatment of chronic pain. A consensus statement from the American Academy of Pain Medicine and the American Pain Society. Clin J Pain. 1997;13(1):6–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Heit HA. The truth about pain management: the difference between a pain patient and an addicted patient. Eur J Pain. 2001;5( suppl A):27–29
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Weaver M, Schnoll S. Abuse liability in opioid therapy for pain treatment in patients with an addiction history. Clin J Pain. 2002;18( suppl 4):S61–S69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar