Prandial Insulin versus Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Added to Basal Insulin: Comparative Effectiveness in the Community Practice Setting

References

• . American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2012. Diabetes Care. 2012;35( Suppl 1):S11–S63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Rhodes CJ. Type 2 diabetes—a matter of beta-cell life and death? Science. 2005;307(5708):380–384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Nolan CJ, Damm P, Prentki M. Type 2 diabetes across generations: from pathophysiology to prevention and management. Lancet. 2011;378(9786):169–181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . DeFronzo RA. Pharmacologic therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med. 1999;131(4):281–303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diabetes Report Card 2012. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Department of Health and Human Services; 2012. http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/pdf/DiabetesReportCard.pdf. Accessed June 3, 2014
   Google Scholar
• . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National diabetes fact sheet: national estimates and general information on diabetes and prediabetes in the United States, 2011. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011. http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/pdf/ndfs_2011.pdf. Accessed June 3, 2014
   Google Scholar
• . Boyle JP, Thompson TJ, Gregg EW, Barker LE, Williamson DF. Projection of the year 2050 burden of diabetes in the US adult population: dynamic modeling of incidence, mortality, and prediabetes prevalence. Popul Health Metr. 2010;8:2–9
   Google Scholar
• . Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB,. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a patient-centered approach: position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care. 2012;35(6):1364–1379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Coutinho M, Gerstein HC, Wang Y, Yusuf S. The relationship between glucose and incident cardiovascular events. A metaregression analysis of published data from 20 studies of 95,783 individuals followed for 12.4 years. Diabetes Care. 1999;22(2):233–240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Lin HJ, Lee BC, Ho YL,. Postprandial glucose improves the risk prediction of cardiovascular death beyond the metabolic syndrome in the nondiabetic population. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(9):1721–1726
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Gallwitz B. Implications of postprandial glucose and weight control in people with type 2 diabetes: understanding and implementing the International Diabetes Federation guidelines. Diabetes Care. 2009; 32( Suppl 2):S322–S325
   Google Scholar
• . Gerich JE. Clinical significance, pathogenesis, and management of postprandial hyperglycemia. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163(11):1306–1316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . American Diabetes Association. Economic costs of diabetes in the U.S. in 2012. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(4):1033–1046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Buse JB, Bergenstal RM, Glass LC,. Use of twice-daily exenatide in basal insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154(2):103–112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Davis KL, Tangirala M, Meyers JL, Wei W. Real-world comparative outcomes of US type 2 diabetes patients initiating analog basal insulin therapy. Curr Med Res Opin. 2013;29(9):1083–1091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Garber AJ, Abrahamson MJ, Barzilay JI,. AACE Comprehensive Diabetes Management Algorithm 2013. Endocr Pract. 2013;19(2):327–336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Riddle MC, Aronson R, Home P,. Adding once-daily lixisenatide for type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled by established basal insulin: a 24-week, randomized, placebo-controlled comparison (GetGoal-L). Diabetes Care. 2013;36:2489–2496
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Diamant M, Nauck M, Shaginian R,. Exenatide BID vs insulin lispro TIDM added to titrated insulin glargine QD in metformin-treated T2DM patients resulted in similar glycemic control but weight loss and less hypoglycemia: The 4B Study (70-OR). Diabetes. 2013( Suppl 1): A17–A18. (Abstract)
   Google Scholar
• . Rosenbaum PR, Rubin DB. The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika. 1983;70(1):41–55
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Berlie H, Hurren KM, Pinelli NR. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists as add-on therapy to basal insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2012;5:165–174
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Sheffield CA, Kane MP, Busch RS, Bakst G, Abelseth JM, Hamilton RA. Safety and efficacy of exenatide in combination with insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocr Pract. 2008;14(3):285–292
   Google Scholar
• . Riddle MC, Forst T, Aronson R,. Adding once-daily lixisenatide for type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with newly initiated and continuously titrated basal insulin glargine: a 24-week, randomized, placebo-controlled study (GetGoal-Duo 1). Diabetes Care. 2013;36(9):2497–2503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Yoon NM, Cavaghan MK, Brunelle RL, Roach P. Exenatide added to insulin therapy: a retrospective review of clinical practice over two years in an academic endocrinology outpatient setting. Clin Ther. 2009;31(7):1511–1523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Levin PA, Mersey JH, Zhou S, Bromberger LA. Clinical outcomes using long-term combination therapy with insulin glargine and exenatide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocr Pract. 2012;18(1):17–25
   Google Scholar
• . Levin P, Wei W, Wang L, Pan C, Douglas D, Baser O. Combination therapy with insulin glargine and exenatide: real-world outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. Curr Med Res Opin. 2012;28(3):439–446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Roebuck MS, Liberman JN, Gemmill-Toyama M, Brennan TA. Medication adherence leads to lower health care use and costs despite increased drug spending. Health Aff [Millwood]. 2011;30(1):91–99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• . Hirsch IB, Xu Y, Davis KL, Calingaert B. Patient factors associated with glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist use with and without insulin. Endocr Pract. 2011;17(5):707–716
   Google Scholar
• . Williamson C, Glauser TA, Burton BS, Schneider D, Dubois AM, Patel D. Health care provider management of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: analysis of trends in attitudes and practices. Postgrad Med. 2014;126(3):145–160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar