28
Views
12
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Normal Resting Electrocardiographic Variants in Young Athletes

, MD, MPhil, FACC, FAHA, FACP, FSGC
Pages 69-75 | Published online: 19 Jun 2015

References

  • Lotfi K, White L, Rea T, et al. Cardiac arrest in schools. Circulation. 2007; 116(12): 1374–1379.
  • Luckstead EF, Patel DR. Catastrophic pediatric sports injuries. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2002; 49(3): 581–591.
  • Maron BJ, Gohman TE, Aeppli D. Prevalence of sudden cardiac death during competitive sports activities in Minnesota high school athletes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998; 32(7): 1881–1884.
  • Myerburg RJ, Vetter VL. Electrocardiograms should be included in preparticipation screening of athletes. Circulation. 2007; 116(22): 2616–2626.
  • Corrado D, Basso C, Pavei A, Michieli P, Schiavon M, Thiene G. Trends in sudden cardiovascular death in young competitive athletes after implementation of a preparticipation screening program. JAMA. 2006; 296(13): 1593–1601.
  • Donoghue AJ, Nadkarni V, Berg RA, et al. Out-of-hospital pediatric cardiac arrest: an epidemiologic review and assessment of current knowledge. Ann Emerg Med. 2005; 46(6): 512–522
  • Hills AP, King NA, Armstrong TP. The contribution of physical activity and sedentary behaviours to the growth and development of children and adolescents: implications for overweight and obesity. Sports Med. 2007; 37(6): 533–545.
  • Lawless CE, Best TM. Electrocardiograms in athletes: interpretation and diagnostic accuracy. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008; 40(5): 787–798.
  • Maron BJ. Sudden death in young athletes. N Engl J Med. 2003; 349(11): 1064–1075.
  • Panhuyzen-Goedkoop NM, Verheugt FW. Sudden cardiac death due to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy can be reduced by pre-participation cardiovascular screening in young athletes. Eur Heart J. 2006; 27(18): 2152–2153.
  • Pelliccia A, Di Paolo FM, Quattrini FM, et al. Outcomes in athletes with marked ECG repolarization abnormalities. N Engl J Med. 2008; 358(2): 152–161.
  • Corrado D, Pelliccia A, Bjørnstad HH, et al. Cardiovascular pre-participation screening of young competitive athletes for prevention of sudden death: proposal for a common European protocol. Consensus Statement of the Study Group of Sport Cardiology of the Working Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and the Working Group of Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2005; 26(5): 516–524.
  • Ma JZ, Dai J, Sun B, Ji P, Yang D, Zhang JN. Cardiovascular pre-participation screening of young competitive athletes for prevention of sudden death in China, J Sci Med Sport. 2007; 10(4): 227–233.
  • Pelliccia A, Culasso F, Di Paolo FM, et al. Prevalence of abnormal electrocardiograms in a large, unselected population undergoing pre-participation cardiovascular screening. Eur Heart J. 2007; 28(16): 2006–2010.
  • Yasuma F, Hayano J. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia: why does the heartbeat synchronize with respiratory rhythm? Chest. 2004; 125(2): 683–690.
  • O'Keefe J Jr, Hammill S, Freed M, Pogwizd S. The Complete Guide to ECGs. 2nd ed. Royal Oak, MI: Physicians' Press; 2002: 512.
  • Grossman P, Taylor EW. Toward understanding respiratory sinus arrhythmia: relations to cardiac vagal tone, evolution and biobehavioral functions. Biol Psychol. 2007; 74(2):263–285.
  • Travis F, Blasdell K, Liptak R, Zisman S, Daley K, Douillard J. Invincible Athletics program: aerobic exercise and performance without strain. Int J Neurosci. 1996; 85(3–4): 301–308.
  • Lazzoli JK, Soares PP, da Nóbrega AC, de Araújo CG. Electrocardiographic criteria for vagotonia-validation with pharmacological parasympathetic blockade in healthy subjects. Int J Cardiol. 2003; 87: 231–236.
  • Boraita Pérez A, Serratosa Fernández L. “The athlete's heart”: most common electrocardiographic findings. Rev Esp Cardiol. 1998; 51(5): 356–568.
  • Pelliccia A, Maron B J, Culasso F, et al. Clinical significance of abnormal electrocardiographic patterns in trained athletes. Circulation. 2000; 102(3): 278–284.
  • Biffi A, Pelliccia A, Verdile L, et al. Long-term clinical significance of frequent and complex ventricular tachyarrhythmias in trained athletes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002; 40(3): 446–452.
  • Biffi A, Maron BJ, Di Giacinto B, et al. Relation between training-induced left ventricular hypertrophy and risk for ventricular tachyarrhythmias in elite athletes. Am J Cardiol. 2008; 101(12): 1792–1795.
  • Pokan R, Huonker M, Schumacher M, et al. ECG of the athlete's heart. Acta Med Austriaca. 1994; 21(3): 76–82.
  • Corrado D, Basso C, Nava A, Thiene G. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: current diagnostic and management strategies. Cardiol Rev. 2001; 9(5): 259–265.
  • Higgins JP, Higgins JA. Electrocardiographic exercise stress testing: An update beyond the ST segment. Int J Cardiol. 2007; 116(3): 285–299.
  • Turnipseed SD, Bair AE, Kirk JD, Diercks DB, Tabar P, Amsterdam EA. Electrocardiogram differentiation of benign early repolarization versus acute myocardial infarction by emergency physicians and cardiologists. Acad Emerg Med. 2006; 13(9): 961–966.
  • Spratt KA, Borans SM, Michelson EL. Early repolarization: normalization of the electrocardiogram with exercise as a clinically useful diagnostic feature. J Invasive Cardiol. 1995; 7(8): 238–242.
  • Boineau JP. The early repolarization variant—an electrocardiographic enigma with both QRS and J-STT anomalies. J Electrocardiol. 2007; 40(1): 3. e1–e10.
  • Klatsky AL, Oehm R, Cooper RA, Udaltsova N, Armstrong MA. The early repolarization normal variant electrocardiogram: correlates and consequences. Am J Med. 2003; 115(3): 171–177.
  • Mehta M, Jain AC, Mehta A. Early repolarization. Clin Cardiol. 1999; 22(2): 59–65.
  • Tingle LE, Molina D, Calvert CW. Acute pericarditis. Am Fam Physician. 2007; 76(10): 1509–1514.
  • Ginzton LE, Laks MM. The differential diagnosis of acute pericarditis from the normal variant: new electrocardiographic criteria. Circulation. 1982; 65(5): 1004–1009.
  • Canaveris G, Halpern MS. Intraventricular conduction disturbances in flying personnel: incomplete right bundle branch block. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1988; 59(10): 960–964.
  • MacKenzie R. Tall R wave in lead VI. J Insur Med. 2004; 36(3): 255–259.
  • Reiley MA, Su JJ, Guller B. Racial and sexual differences in the standard electrocardiogram of black vs white adolescents. Chest. 1979; 75(4): 474–480.
  • Chung EK, Valen FJ. The juvenile T-wave pattern. W V Med J. 1970; 66(6): 193–194.
  • Das BB, Ray M, Mohapatra SK, Das SP. Juvenile T waves (a study of 100 normal subjects). Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1984; 28(4): 291–298.
  • Kline KP, Ginsburg GP, Johnston JR. T-wave amplitude: relationships to phasic RSA and heart period changes. Int J Psychophysiol. 1998; 29(3): 291–301.
  • Williams ME, Gervino EV, Rosa RM, et al. Catecholamine modulation of rapid potassium shifts during exercise. N Engl J Med. 1985; 312(13): 823–827.
  • Miller MA, Gomes JA, Fuster V. Risk stratification of sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. 2007; 4(12): 667–676.
  • Basavarajaiah S, Wilson M, Whyte G, Shah A, McKenna W, Sharma S. Prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in highly trained athletes: relevance to pre-participation screening. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008; 51(10): 1033–1039.
  • Thiene G, Corrado D, Basso C. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2007; 2:45.
  • Yerra L, Caskey D, Modi K, Reddy P. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy: clinical profile of four patients and review. South Med J. 2008; 101(3): 309–316.
  • Holly RG, Shaffrath JD, Amsterdam EA. Electrocardiographic alterations associated with the hearts of athletes. Sports Med. 1998; 25(3): 139–148.
  • Barbier J, Ville N, Kervio G, Walther G, Carré F. Sports-specific features of athlete's heart and their relation to echocardiographic parameters. Herz. 2006; 31 (6): 531–543.
  • Pelliccia A, Di Paolo FM, Maron BJ. The athlete's heart: remodeling, electrocardiogram and preparticipation screening. Cardiol Rev. 2002; 10(2): 85–90.
  • Naylor LH, George K, O'Driscoll G, Green DJ. The athlete's heart: a contemporary appraisal of the ‘Morganroth hypothesis’. Sports Med. 2008; 38(1): 69–90.
  • Longhurst JC, Stebbins CL. The power athlete. Cardiol Clin. 1997; 15(3): 413–429.
  • Atchley AE Jr, Douglas PS. Left ventricular hypertrophy in athletes: morphologic features and clinical correlates. Cardiol Clin. 2007; 25(3): 371–382.
  • Wu J, Stork TL, Perron AD, Brady WJ. The athlete's electrocardiogram. Am J Emerg Med. 2006; 24(1): 77–86.
  • Bjørnstad H, Storstein L, Meen HD, Hals O. Electrocardiographic findings of repolarization in athletic students and control subjects. Cardiology. 1994; 84(1): 51–60.
  • Ramaswamy P, Patel E, Fahey M, Mahgerefteh J, Lytrivi ID, Kupferman JC. Electrocardiographic predictors of left ventricular hypertrophy in pediatric hypertension [published online ahead of print April 8, 2008]. J Pediatr. 2008.
  • Pelliccia A, Maron BJ, De Luca R, Di Paolo FM, Spataro A, Culasso F. Remodeling of left ventricular hypertrophy in elite athletes after long-term deconditioning. Circulation. 2002; 105(8): 944–949.
  • Basavarajaiah S, Boraita A, Whyte G, et al. Ethnic differences in left ventricular remodeling in highly-trained athletes relevance to differentiating physiologic left ventricular hypertrophy from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008; 51(23): 2256–2262.
  • Dzudie A, Menanga A, Hamadou B, Kengne AP, Atchou G, Kingue S. Ultrasonographic study of left ventricular function at rest in a group of highly trained black African handball players. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2007; 8(2): 122–127.
  • Sarto P, Merlo L, Noventa D, Basso C, Pelliccia A, Maron BJ. Electrocardiographic changes associated with training and discontinuation of training in an athlete with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2004; 93(4): 518–519.
  • Corrado D, McKenna WJ. Appropriate interpretation of the athlete's electrocardiogram saves lives as well as money. Eur Heart J. 2007; 28(16): 1920–1922.
  • Zema MJ, Luminais SK, Chiaramida S, Goldman M, Kligfield P. Electrocardiographic poor R wave progression III. The normal variant. J Electrocardiol. 1980; 13(2): 135–142.
  • Gami AS, Holly TA, Rosenthal JE. Electrocardiographic poor R-wave progression: analysis of multiple criteria reveals little usefulness. Am Heart J. 2004; 148(1): 80–85.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.