Personalized therapy in endometrial cancer: Challenges and opportunities

References

• Siegel R, Ward E, Brawley O, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2011: The impact of eliminating socioeconomic and racial disparities on premature cancer deaths. CA Cancer J Clin 2011; 61:212 - 236; PMID: 21685461; http://dx.doi.org/10.3322/caac.20121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CDC. Overweight and Obesity 2011; Atlanta, GA Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
   Google Scholar
• Amant F, Moerman P, Neven P, Timmerman D, Van Limbergen E, Vergote I. Endometrial cancer. Lancet 2005; 366:491 - 505; PMID: 16084259; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67063-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming GF, Brunetto VL, Cella D, Look KY, Reid GC, Munkarah AR, et al. Phase III trial of doxorubicin plus cisplatin with or without paclitaxel plus filgrastim in advanced endometrial carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22:2159 - 2166; PMID: 15169803; http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2004.07.184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart DJ, Kurzrock R. Cancer: the road to Amiens. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27:328 - 333; PMID: 19064964; http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2008.18.9621
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang RS, Ratain MJ. Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics of anticancer agents. CA Cancer J Clin 2009; 59:42 - 55; PMID: 19147868; http://dx.doi.org/10.3322/caac.20002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hennessy BT, Smith DL, Ram PT, Lu Y, Mills GB. Exploiting the PI3K/AKT pathway for cancer drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2005; 4:988 - 1004; PMID: 16341064; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrd1902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meric-Bernstam F, Gonzalez-Angulo AM. Targeting the mTOR signaling network for cancer therapy. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27:2278 - 2287; PMID: 19332717; http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2008.20.0766
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigsby RM, Li AX, Bomalaski J, Stehman FB, Look KY, Sutton GP. Immunohistochemical study of HER-2/neu, epidermal growth factor receptor, and steroid receptor expression in normal and malignant endometrium. Obstet Gynecol 1992; 79:95 - 100; PMID: 1345772
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutt A, Salvesen HB, Greulich H, Sellers WR, Beroukhim R, Meyerson M. Somatic mutations are present in all members of the AKT family in endometrial carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2009; 101:1218 - 1219; author reply 20-1 PMID: 19738612; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6605301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutt A, Salvesen HB, Chen TH, Ramos AH, Onofrio RC, Hatton C, et al. Drug-sensitive FGFR2 mutations in endometrial carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008; 105:8713 - 8717; PMID: 18552176; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0803379105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hecht JL, Mutter GL. Molecular and pathologic aspects of endometrial carcinogenesis. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24:4783 - 4791; PMID: 17028294; http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2006.06.7173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoji K, Oda K, Nakagawa S, Hosokawa S, Nagae G, Uehara Y, et al. The oncogenic mutation in the pleckstrin homology domain of AKT1 in endometrial carcinomas. Br J Cancer 2009; 101:145 - 148; PMID: 19491896; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6605109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen Y, Shalmon B, Korach J, Barshack I, Fridman E, Rechavi G. AKT1 pleckstrin homology domain E17K activating mutation in endometrial carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2010; 116:88 - 91; PMID: 19853286; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2009.09.038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bussaglia E, del Rio E, Matias-Guiu X, Prat J. PTEN mutations in endometrial carcinomas: a molecular and clinicopathologic analysis of 38 cases. Hum Pathol 2000; 31:312 - 317; PMID: 10746673; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0046-8177(00)80244-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kong D, Suzuki A, Zou TT, Sakurada A, Kemp LW, Wakatsuki S, et al. PTEN1 is frequently mutated in primary endometrial carcinomas. Nat Genet 1997; 17:143 - 144; PMID: 9326929; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng1097-143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Risinger JI, Hayes AK, Berchuck A, Barrett JC. PTEN/MMAC1 mutations in endometrial cancers. Cancer Res 1997; 57:4736 - 4738; PMID: 9354433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mutter GL, Lin MC, Fitzgerald JT, Kum JB, Baak JP, Lees JA, et al. Altered PTEN expression as a diagnostic marker for the earliest endometrial precancers. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92:924 - 930; PMID: 10841828; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/92.11.924
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lax SF. Molecular genetic pathways in various types of endometrial carcinoma: from a phenotypical to a molecular-based classification. Virchows Arch 2004; 444:213 - 223; PMID: 14747944; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00428-003-0947-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velasco A, Bussaglia E, Pallares J, Dolcet X, Llobet D, Encinas M, et al. PIK3CA gene mutations in endometrial carcinoma: correlation with PTEN and K-RAS alterations. Hum Pathol 2006; 37:1465 - 1472; PMID: 16949921; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.humpath.2006.05.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes MP, Wang H, Espinal-Witter R, Douglas W, Solomon GJ, Baker SJ, et al. PIK3CA and PTEN mutations in uterine endometrioid carcinoma and complex atypical hyperplasia. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:5932 - 5935; PMID: 17062663; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-1375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Reilly KE, Rojo F, She QB, Solit D, Mills GB, Smith D, et al. mTOR inhibition induces upstream receptor tyrosine kinase signaling and activates Akt. Cancer Res 2006; 66:1500 - 1508; PMID: 16452206; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-2925
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuels Y, Wang Z, Bardelli A, Silliman N, Ptak J, Szabo S, et al. High frequency of mutations of the PIK3CA gene in human cancers. Science 2004; 304:554; PMID: 15016963; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1096502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartlett JM. Biomarkers and patient selection for PI3K/Akt/mTOR targeted therapies: current status and future directions. Clin Breast Cancer 2010; 10:Suppl 3 S86 - S95; PMID: 21115427; http://dx.doi.org/10.3816/CBC.2010.s.017
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oda K, Stokoe D, Taketani Y, McCormick F. High frequency of coexistent mutations of PIK3CA and PTEN genes in endometrial carcinoma. Cancer Res 2005; 65:10669 - 10673; PMID: 16322209; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-2620
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janku F, Tsimberidou AM, Garrido-Laguna I, Wang X, Luthra R, Hong DS, et al. PIK3CA mutations in patients with advanced cancers treated with PI3K/AKT/mTOR axis inhibitors. Mol Cancer Ther 2011; 10:558 - 565; PMID: 21216929; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-10-0994
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Nicolantonio F, Arena S, Tabernero J, Grosso S, Molinari F, Macarulla T, et al. Deregulation of the PI3K and KRAS signaling pathways in human cancer cells determines their response to everolimus. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:2858 - 2866; PMID: 20664172; http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI37539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carracedo A, Ma L, Teruya-Feldstein J, Rojo F, Salmena L, Alimonti A, et al. Inhibition of mTORC1 leads to MAPK pathway activation through a PI3K-dependent feedback loop in human cancer. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:3065 - 3074; PMID: 18725988
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe R, Wei L, Huang J. mTOR signaling, function, novel inhibitors, and therapeutic targets. J Nucl Med 2011; 52:497 - 500; PMID: 21421716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oza AM, Elit L, Tsao MS, Kamel-Reid S, Biagi J, Provencher DM, et al. Study of temsirolimus in women with recurrent or metastatic endometrial cancer: a trial of the ncic clinical trials group. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29:3278 - 3285; PMID: 21788564; http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2010.34.1578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oza AM, Elit L, Provencher D, Biagi JJ, Panasci L, Sederias J, et al. A phase II study of temsirolimus (CCI-779) in patients with metastatic and/or locally advanced recurrent endometrial cancer previously treated with chemotherapy: NCIC CTG IND 160b. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26; suppl; abstr 5516 PMID: 18591547
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Slomovitz BM, Lu KH, Johnston T, Coleman RL, Munsell M, Broaddus RR, et al. A phase 2 study of the oral mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor, everolimus, in patients with recurrent endometrial carcinoma. Cancer 2010; 116:5415 - 5419; PMID: 20681032; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cncr.25515
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer PN, Slomovitz BM, Djordjevic B, Galbincea JM, Johnston TA, Munsell M, et al. The search continues: looking for predictive biomarkers for response mTOR inhibition in endometrial cancer. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29; suppl; abstr 5016 PMID: 21135273
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Colombo N, McMeekin DS, Schwartz P, Kostka J, Sessa C, Gehrig P, et al. A phase II trial of the mTOR inhibitor AP23573 as a single agent in advanced endometrial cancer. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25:suppl; abstr 5516 18S; PMID: 17617526
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mackay H, Welch S, Tsao MS, Biagi JJ, Elit L, Ghatage P, et al. Phase II study of oral ridaforolimus in patients with metastatic and/or locally advanced recurrent endometrial cancer: NCIC CTG IND 192. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29 Suppl: abstr 5013
   Google Scholar
• Oza AM, Poveda A, Clamp AR, Pignata S, Scambia G, Del Campo J, et al. A randomized phase II (RP2) trial of ridaforolimus (R) compared with progestin (P) or chemotherapy (C) in female adult patients with advanced endometrial carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29; suppl: abstr 5009 PMID: 21788564
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sheri A, Martin LA, Johnston S. Targeting endocrine resistance: is there a role for mTOR inhibition?. Clin Breast Cancer 2010; 10:Suppl 3 S79 - S85; PMID: 21115426; http://dx.doi.org/10.3816/CBC.2010.s.016
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Butt AJ. Overcoming resistance: Targeting the PI3K/mTOR pathway in endocrine refractory breast cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 2011; 11:947 - 949; PMID: 21577052; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cbt.11.11.15953
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slomovitz BM, Brown J, Johnston TA, Mura D, Levenback C, Wolf J, et al. A phase II study of everolimus and letrozole in patients with recurrent endometrial cancer. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29 Suppl: abstr 5012
   Google Scholar
• Fleming GF, Filiaci VL, Hanjani P, Burke JJ, Davidson SA, Leslie KK, et al. Hormone therapy plus temsirolimus for endometrial carcinoma (EC): gynecologic oncologic group trial #248. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29 Suppl: abstr 5014
   Google Scholar
• Pal SK, Reckamp K, Yu H, Figlin RA. Akt inhibitors in clinical development for the treatment of cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010; 19:1355 - 1366; PMID: 20846000; http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/13543784.2010.520701
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciraolo E, Morello F, Hirsch E. Present and future of pi3k pathway inhibition in cancer: perspectives and limitations. Curr Med Chem 2011; 18:2674 - 2685; PMID: 21649577; http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986711796011193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grana B, Burris HA, Rodon Ahnert J, Abdul Razak R, De Jonge MJ, Eskens F, et al. Oral PI3 kinase inhbitor BKM120 monotherapy in patients (pts) with advanced solid tumors: an update on safety and efficacy. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29 Suppl: abstr 3043
   Google Scholar
• Burris H, Rodon J, Sharma S, Herbst RS, Tabernero J, Infante JR, et al. First-in-human phase I study of the oral PI3K inhibitor BEZ235 in patients (pts) with advaned solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:15s
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans JM, Donnelly LA, Emslie-Smith AM, Alessi DR, Morris AD. Metformin and reduced risk of cancer in diabetic patients. BMJ 2005; 330:1304 - 1305; PMID: 15849206; http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38415.708634.F7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li D. Metformin as an antitumor agent in cancer prevention and treatment. J Diabetes 2011; In press PMID: 21631893; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.17530407.2011.00119.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zakikhani M, Dowling R, Fantus IG, Sonenberg N, Pollak M. Metformin is an AMP kinase-dependent growth inhibitor for breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 2006; 66:10269 - 10273; PMID: 17062558; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-1500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben Sahra I, Le Marchand-Brustel Y, Tanti JF, Bost F. Metformin in cancer therapy: a new perspective for an old antidiabetic drug?. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 9:1092 - 1099; PMID: 20442309; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-09-1186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burzawa JK, Schmeler KM, Soliman PT, Meyer LA, Bevers MW, Pustilnik TL, et al. Prospective evaluation of insulin resistance among endometrial cancer patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 204:355 - 357; PMID: 21324431; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2010.11.033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantrell LA, Zhou C, Mendivil A, Malloy KM, Gehrig PA, Bae-Jump VL. Metformin is a potent inhibitor of endometrial cancer cell proliferation-implications for a novel treatment strategy. Gynecol Oncol 2010; 116:92 - 98; PMID: 19822355; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2009.09.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Z, Dong L, Sui L, Yang Y, Liu X, Yu Y, et al. Metformin reverses progestin resistance in endometrial cancer cells by downregulating GloI expression. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2011; 21:213 - 221; PMID: 21270604; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/IGC.0b013e318207dac7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie Y, Wang YL, Yu L, Hu Q, Ji L, Zhang Y, Liao QP. Metformin promotes progesterone receptor expression via inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in endometrial cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 126:113 - 120; PMID: 21168492; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.12.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montagut C, Settleman J. Targeting the RAF-MEK-ERK pathway in cancer therapy. Cancer Lett 2009; 283:125 - 134; PMID: 19217204; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2009.01.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koul A, Willen R, Bendahl PO, Nilbert M, Borg A. Distinct sets of gene alterations in endometrial carcinoma implicate alternate modes of tumorigenesis. Cancer 2002; 94:2369 - 2379; PMID: 12015762; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cncr.10498
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semczuk A, Berbec H, Kostuch M, Cybulski M, Wojcierowski J, Baranowski W. K-ras gene point mutations in human endometrial carcinomas: correlation with clinicopathological features and patients' outcome. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1998; 124:695 - 700; PMID: 9879831; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004320050234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasaki H, Nishii H, Takahashi H, Tada A, Furusato M, Terashima Y, et al. Mutation of the Ki-ras protooncogene in human endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma. Cancer Res 1993; 53:1906 - 1910; PMID: 8467512
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duggan BD, Felix JC, Muderspach LI, Tsao JL, Shibata DK. Early mutational activation of the c-Ki-ras oncogene in endometrial carcinoma. Cancer Res 1994; 54:1604 - 1607; PMID: 8137266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friday BB, Adjei AA. Advances in targeting the Ras/Raf/MEK/Erk mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade with MEK inhibitors for cancer therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:342 - 346; PMID: 18223206; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-4790
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman MS, Miner JN. Novel mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitors. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2011; 20:209 - 220; PMID: 21235429; http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/13543784.2011.548803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas NE. BRAF somatic mutations in malignant melanoma and melanocytic naevi. Melanoma Res 2006; 16:97 - 103; PMID: 16567964; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.cmr.0000215035.38436.87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Nakamura M, Kakudo K. Targeting of the BRAF gene in papillary thyroid carcinoma [review]. Oncol Rep 2009; 22:671 - 681; PMID: 19724843
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts PJ, Der CJ. Targeting the Raf-MEK-ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade for the treatment of cancer. Oncogene 2007; 26:3291 - 3310; PMID: 17496923; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1210422
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramjaun AR, Downward J. Ras and phosphoinositide 3-kinase: partners in development and tumorigenesis. Cell Cycle 2007; 6:2902 - 2905; PMID: 17993782; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cc.6.23.4996
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dummer R, Robert C, Chapman PB, Sosman JA, Middleton M, Bastholt L, et al. AZD6244 (ARRY-142886) vs temozolomide (TMZ) in patients (pts) with advanced melanoma: An open-label, randomized, multicenter, phase II study. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26(Suppl; abstr 9033)
   Google Scholar
• Patel SP, Lazar AJ, Mahoney S, Vaughn C, Gonzalez N, Papadopoulos NE, et al. Clinical responses to AZD6244 (ARRY-142886)-based combination therapy stratified by gene mutations in patients with metastatic melanoma. ASCO Molecular Markers 2010; In press
   Google Scholar
• Salvesen HB, Kumar R, Stefansson I, Angelini S, MacDonald N, Smeds J, et al. Low frequency of BRAF and CDKN2A mutations in endometrial cancer. Int J Cancer 2005; 115:930 - 934; PMID: 15723290; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.20702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang S, Lee JM, Jeon ES, Lee S, Kim H, Kim HS, et al. RASSF1A hypermethylation and its inverse correlation with BRAF and/or KRAS mutations in MSI-associated endometrial carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2006; 119:1316 - 1321; PMID: 16619251; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.21991
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fürstenberger G, Senn HJ. Insulin-like growth factors and cancer. Lancet Oncol 2002; 3:298 - 302; PMID: 12067807; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(02)00731-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCampbell AS, Broaddus RR, Loose DS, Davies PJ. Overexpression of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor and activation of the AKT pathway in hyper-plastic endometrium. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:6373 - 6378; PMID: 17085648; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-0912
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westin SN, Broaddus RR, Deng L, McCampbell A, Lu KH, Lacour RA, et al. Molecular clustering of endometrial carcinoma based on estrogen-induced gene expression. Cancer Biol Ther 2009; 8:2126 - 2135; PMID: 19755863; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cbt.8.22.9740
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Attias-Geva Z, Bentov I, Fishman A, Werner H, Bruchim I. Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor inhibition by specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor NVP-AEW541 in endometrioid and serous papillary endometrial cancer cell lines. Gynecol Oncol 2011; 121:383 - 389; PMID: 21295335; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2011.01.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rozengurt E, Sinnett-Smith J, Kisfalvi K. Crosstalk between insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 receptors and G protein-coupled receptor signaling systems: a novel target for the antidiabetic drug metformin in pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:2505 - 2511; PMID: 20388847; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-2229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tolcher AW, Sarantopoulos J, Patnaik A, Papadopoulos K, Lin CC, Rodon J, et al. Phase I, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic study of AMG 479, a fully human monoclonal antibody to insulin-like growth factor receptor 1. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27:5800 - 5807; PMID: 19786654; http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2009.23.6745
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKian KP, Haluska P. Cixutumumab. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2009; 18:1025 - 1033; PMID: 19548856; http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/13543780903055049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zha J, O'Brien C, Savage H, Huw LY, Zhong F, Berry L, et al. Molecular predictors of response to a humanized anti-insulin-like growth factor-I receptor monoclonal antibody in breast and colorectal cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:2110 - 2121; PMID: 19671761; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-09-0381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCampbell AS, Harris HA, Crabtree JS, Winneker RC, Walker CL, Broaddus RR. Loss of inhibitory insulin receptor substrate-1 phosphorylation is an early event in mammalian target of rapamycin-dependent endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2010; 3:290 - 300; PMID: 20179297; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-09-0199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folkman J. What is the evidence that tumors are angiogenesis dependent?. J Natl Cancer Inst 1990; 82:4 - 6; PMID: 1688381; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/82.1.4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hicklin DJ, Ellis LM. Role of the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway in tumor growth and angiogenesis. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23:1011 - 1027; PMID: 15585754; http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2005.06.081
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dvorak HF, Brown LF, Detmar M, Dvorak AM. Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor, microvascular hyperpermeability, and angiogenesis. Am J Pathol 1995; 146:1029 - 1039; PMID: 7538264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanahan D, Folkman J. Patterns and emerging mechanisms of the angiogenic switch during tumorigenesis. Cell 1996; 86:353 - 364; PMID: 8756718; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80108-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirai M, Nakagawara A, Oosaki T, Hayashi Y, Hirono M, Yoshihara T. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF-A/VEGF-1 and VEGF-C/VEGF-2) in postmenopausal uterine endometrial carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2001; 80:181 - 188; PMID: 11161857; http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/gyno.2000.6056
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamat AA, Merritt WM, Coffey D, Lin YG, Patel PR, Broaddus R, et al. Clinical and biological significance of vascular endothelial growth factor in endometrial cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:7487 - 7495; PMID: 18094433; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-1017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aghajanian C, Sill MW, Darcy KM, Greer B, McMeekin DS, Rose PG, et al. Trial of bevacizumab in recurrent or persistent endometrial cancer: a gynecologic oncology group study. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29:2259 - 2265; PMID: 21537039; http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2010.32.6397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu QS. Aflibercept (AVE0005): an alternative strategy for inhibiting tumour angiogenesis by vascular endothelial growth factors. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2009; 9:263 - 271; PMID: 19236257; http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14712590802666397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escudier B. Sunitinib for the management of advanced renal cell carcinoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2010; 10:305 - 317; PMID: 20214511; http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/era.10.26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korc M, Friesel RE. The role of fibroblast growth factors in tumor growth. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2009; 9:639 - 651; PMID: 19508171; http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156800909789057006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byron SA, Pollock PM. FGFR2 as a molecular target in endometrial cancer. Future Oncol 2009; 5:27 - 32; PMID: 19243295; http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/14796694.5.1.27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollock PM, Gartside MG, Dejeza LC, Powell MA, Mallon MA, Davies H, et al. Frequent activating FGFR2 mutations in endometrial carcinomas parallel germline mutations associated with craniosynostosis and skeletal dysplasia syndromes. Oncogene 2007; 26:7158 - 7162; PMID: 17525745; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1210529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brave SR, Ratcliffe K, Wilson Z, James NH, Ashton S, Wainwright A, et al. Assessing the activity of cediranib, a vegfr-2/3 tyrosine kinase inhibitor, against vegfr-1 and members of the structurally related pdgfr family. Mol Cancer Ther 2011; 10:861 - 873; PMID: 21441409; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-10-0976
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marathe PH, Kamath AV, Zhang Y, D'Arienzo C, Bhide R, Fargnoli J. Preclinical pharmacokinetics and in vitro metabolism of brivanib (BMS-540215), a potent VEGFR2 inhibitor and its alanine ester prodrug brivanib alaninate. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2009; 65:55 - 66; PMID: 19396600; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00280-009-1002-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall ME, Hinz TK, Kono SA, Singleton KR, Bichon B, Ware KE, et al. Fibroblast growth factor receptors are components of autocrine signaling networks in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:5016 - 5025; PMID: 21673064; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-0050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMeekin DS, Sill MW, Benbrook D, Darcy KM, Stearns-Kurosawa DJ, Eaton L, et al. A phase II trial of thalidomide in patients with refractory endometrial cancer and correlation with angiogenesis biomarkers: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol 2007; 105:508 - 516; PMID: 17306350; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2007.01.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jubb AM, Oates AJ, Holden S, Koeppen H. Predicting benefit from anti-angiogenic agents in malignancy. Nat Rev Cancer 2006; 6:626 - 635; PMID: 16837971; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrc1946
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jubb AM, Hurwitz HI, Bai W, Holmgren EB, Tobin P, Guerrero AS, et al. Impact of vascular endothelial growth factor-A expression, thrombospondin-2 expression, and microvessel density on the treatment effect of bevacizumab in metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24:217 - 227; PMID: 16365183; http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2005.01.5388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasselbalch B, Eriksen JG, Broholm H, Christensen IJ, Grunnet K, Horsman MR, et al. Prospective evaluation of angiogenic, hypoxic and EGFR-related biomarkers in recurrent glioblastoma multiforme treated with cetuximab, bevacizumab and irinotecan. APMIS 2010; 118:585 - 594; PMID: 20666740
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han ES, Burger RA, Darcy KM, Sill MW, Randall LM, Chase D, et al. Predictive and prognostic angiogenic markers in a gynecologic oncology group phase II trial of bevacizumab in recurrent and persistent ovarian or peritoneal cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2010; 119:484 - 490; PMID: 20870280; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2010.08.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wedam SB, Low JA, Yang SX, Chow CK, Choyke P, Danforth D, et al. Antiangiogenic and antitumor effects of bevacizumab in patients with inflammatory and locally advanced breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24:769 - 777; PMID: 16391297; http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2005.03.4645
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultheis AM, Lurje G, Rhodes KE, Zhang W, Yang D, Garcia AA, et al. Polymorphisms and clinical outcome in recurrent ovarian cancer treated with cyclophosphamide and bevacizumab. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:7554 - 7563; PMID: 19010874; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-0351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gien LT, Mackay HJ. The emerging role of parp inhibitors in the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer. J Oncol 2010; In press PMID: 20049345; http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/151750
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dedes KJ, Wilkerson PM, Wetterskog D, Weigelt B, Ashworth A, Reis-Filho JS. Synthetic lethality of PARP inhibition in cancers lacking BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. Cell Cycle 2011; 10:1192 - 1199; PMID: 21487248; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cc.10.8.15273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fong PC, Boss DS, Yap TA, Tutt A, Wu P, Mergui-Roelvink M, et al. Inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in tumors from BRCA mutation carriers. N Engl J Med 2009; 361:123 - 134; PMID: 19553641; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0900212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhusudan S, Middleton MR. The emerging role of DNA repair proteins as predictive, prognostic and therapeutic targets in cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2005; 31:603 - 617; PMID: 16298073; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctrv.2005.09.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dedes KJ, Wetterskog D, Mendes-Pereira AM, Natrajan R, Lambros MB, Geyer FC, et al. PTEN deficiency in endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinomas predicts sensitivity to PARP inhibitors. Sci Transl Med 2010; 2:53ra75; PMID: 20944090; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3001538
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEllin B, Camacho CV, Mukherjee B, Hahm B, Tomimatsu N, Bachoo RM, et al. PTEN loss compromises homologous recombination repair in astrocytes: implications for glioblastoma therapy with temozolomide or poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors. Cancer Res 201070:5457 - 5464; PMID: 20530668; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-4295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendes-Pereira AM, Martin SA, Brough R, McCarthy A, Taylor JR, Kim JS, et al. Synthetic lethal targeting of PTEN mutant cells with PARP inhibitors. EMBO Mol Med 2009; 1:315 - 322; PMID: 20049735; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/emmm.200900041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelmon KA, Hirte HW, Robidoux A, Tonkin KS, Tischkowitz M, Swenerton K, et al. Can we define tumors that will respond to PARP inhibitors? A phase II correlative study of olaparib in advanced serous ovarian cancer and triple-negative breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:Suppl: abstr 3002 15s
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendelsohn J, Baselga J. The EGF receptor family as targets for cancer therapy. Oncogene 2000; 19:6550 - 6565; PMID: 11426640; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1204082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendelsohn J. Targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor for cancer therapy. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20:1S - 13S; PMID: 12235219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Normanno N, De Luca A, Bianco C, Strizzi L, Mancino M, Maiello MR, et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling in cancer. Gene 2006; 366:2 - 16; PMID: 16377102; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2005.10.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Luca A, Carotenuto A, Rachiglio A, Gallo M, Maiello MR, Aldinucci D, et al. The role of the EGFR signaling in tumor microenvironment. J Cell Physiol 2008; 214:559 - 567; PMID: 17894407; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.21260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalifa MA, Mannel RS, Haraway SD, Walker J, Min KW. Expression of EGFR, HER-2/neu, P53, and PCNA in endometrioid, serous papillary, and clear cell endometrial adenocarcinomas. Gynecol Oncol 1994; 53:84 - 92; PMID: 7909788; http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/gyno.1994.1092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng L, Zhang S, Alexander R, Yao Y, MacLennan GT, Pan CX, et al. The landscape of EGFR pathways and personalized management of non-small-cell lung cancer. Future Oncol 2011; 7:519 - 541; PMID: 21463141; http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fon.11.25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes MP, Douglas W, Ellenson LH. Molecular alterations of EGFR and PIK3CA in uterine serous carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2009; 113:370 - 373; PMID: 19272638; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2008.12.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray S, Bobos M, Angouridakis N, Nikolaou A, Linardou H, Razis E, Fountzilas G. Screening for egfr mutations in patients with head and neck cancer treated with gefitinib on a compassionate-use program: a hellenic cooperative oncology group study. J Oncol 2010; 709678; PMID: 21274259; http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/709678
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ciardiello F, Tortora G. EGFR antagonists in cancer treatment. N Engl J Med 2008; 358:1160 - 1174; PMID: 18337605; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra0707704
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Normanno N, Tejpar S, Morgillo F, De Luca A, Van Cutsem E, Ciardiello F. Implications for KRAS status and EGFR-targeted therapies in metastatic CRC. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2009; 6:519 - 527; PMID: 19636327; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2009.111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allegra CJ, Jessup JM, Somerfield MR, Hamilton SR, Hammond EH, Hayes DF, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology provisional clinical opinion: testing for KRAS gene mutations in patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma to predict response to anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody therapy. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27:2091 - 2096; PMID: 19188670; http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2009.21.9170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackman DM, Miller VA, Cioffredi LA, Yeap BY, Janne PA, Riely GJ, et al. Impact of epidermal growth factor receptor and KRAS mutations on clinical outcomes in previously untreated non-small cell lung cancer patients: results of an online tumor registry of clinical trials. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:5267 - 5273; PMID: 19671843; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-0888
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizvi NA, Rusch V, Pao W, Chaft JE, Ladanyi M, Miller VA, et al. Molecular characteristics predict clinical outcomes: prospective trial correlating response to the egfr tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib with the presence of sensitizing mutations in the tyrosine binding domain of the egfr gene. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:3500 - 3506; PMID: 21558399; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-2102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engelman JA, Janne PA. Mechanisms of acquired resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:2895 - 2899; PMID: 18483355; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-2248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oza AM, Eisenhauer EA, Elit L, Cutz JC, Sakurada A, Tsao MS, et al. Phase II study of erlotinib in recurrent or metastatic endometrial cancer: NCIC IND-148. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26:4319 - 4325; PMID: 18591547; http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2007.15.8808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leslie KK, Sill MW, Darcy KM, Baron AT, Wilken JA, Godwin AK, et al. Efficacy and safety of gefitinib and potential prognostic value of soluble EGFR, EGFR mutations, and tumor markers in a Gynecologic Oncology Group phase II trial of persistent or recurrent endometrial cancer. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27 Suppl: abstr e16542
   Google Scholar
• You B, Chen EX. Anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies for treatment of colorectal cancers: development of cetuximab and panitumumab. J Clin Pharmacol 2011 In press PMID: 21427284
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grushko TA, Filiaci VL, Mundt AJ, Ridderstrale K, Olopade OI, Fleming GF. An exploratory analysis of HER-2 amplification and overexpression in advanced endometrial carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol 2008; 108:3 - 9; PMID: 17945336; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2007.09.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santin AD, Bellone S, Gokden M, Palmieri M, Dunn D, Agha J, et al. Overexpression of HER-2/neu in uterine serous papillary cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2002; 8:1271 - 1279; PMID: 12006548
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slomovitz BM, Broaddus RR, Burke TW, Sneige N, Soliman PT, Wu W, et al. Her-2/neu overexpression and amplification in uterine papillary serous carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22:3126 - 3132; PMID: 15284264; http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2004.11.154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming GF, Sill MW, Darcy KM, McMeekin DS, Thigpen JT, Adler LM, et al. Phase II trial of trastuzumab in women with advanced or recurrent, HER2-positive endometrial carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol 2010; 116:15 - 20; PMID: 19840887; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2009.09.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medina PJ, Goodin S. Lapatinib: a dual inhibitor of human epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases. Clin Ther 2008; 30:1426 - 1447; PMID: 18803986; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2008.08.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holcomb K, Delatorre R, Pedemonte B, McLeod C, Anderson L, Chambers J. E-cadherin expression in endometrioid, papillary serous, and clear cell carcinoma of the endometrium. Obstet Gynecol 2002; 100:1290 - 1295; PMID: 12468176; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0029-7844(02)02391-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno-Bueno G, Hardisson D, Sarrio D, Sanchez C, Cassia R, Prat J, et al. Abnormalities of E-and P-cadherin and catenin (beta-, gamma-catenin, and p120ctn) expression in endometrial cancer and endometrial atypical hyperplasia. J Pathol 2003; 199:471 - 478; PMID: 12635138; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/path.1310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polakis P. Wnt signaling and cancer. Genes Dev 2000; 14:1837 - 1851; PMID: 10921899
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taipale J, Beachy PA. The Hedgehog and Wnt signalling pathways in cancer. Nature 2001; 411:349 - 354; PMID: 11357142; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35077219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlosshauer PW, Ellenson LH, Soslow RA. Beta-catenin and E-cadherin expression patterns in high-grade endometrial carcinoma are associated with histological subtype. Mod Pathol 2002; 15:1032 - 1037; PMID: 12379748; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.MP.0000028573.34289.04
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlosshauer PW, Pirog EC, Levine RL, Ellenson LH. Mutational analysis of the CTNNB1 and APC genes in uterine endometrioid carcinoma. Mod Pathol 2000; 13:1066 - 1071; PMID: 11048799; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/modpathol.3880196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang AD, Fan F, Camp ER, van Buren G, Liu W, Somcio R, et al. Chronic oxaliplatin resistance induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in colorectal cancer cell lines. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:4147 - 4153; PMID: 16857785; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-0038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witta SE, Gemmill RM, Hirsch FR, Coldren CD, Hedman K, Ravdel L, et al. Restoring E-cadherin expression increases sensitivity to epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors in lung cancer cell lines. Cancer Res 2006; 66:944 - 950; PMID: 16424029; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-1988
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buck E, Eyzaguirre A, Barr S, Thompson S, Sennello R, Young D, et al. Loss of homotypic cell adhesion by epithelial-mesenchymal transition or mutation limits sensitivity to epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 6:532 - 541; PMID: 17308052; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-06-0462
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno-Bueno G, Hardisson D, Sanchez C, Sarrio D, Cassia R, Garcia-Rostan G, et al. Abnormalities of the APC/beta-catenin pathway in endometrial cancer. Oncogene 2002; 21:7981 - 7990; PMID: 12439748; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1205924
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nimeiri HS, Oza AM, Morgan RJ, Huo D, Elit L, Knost J, et al. Sorafenib (SOR) in patients (pts) with advanced/recurrent uterine carcinoma (UCA) or carcinosarcoma (CS): a phase II trial of the University of Chicago, PMH, and California Phase II Consortia. J Clin Oncol 2008; suppl: abstr 5585 26
   Google Scholar
• Kim LC, Rix U, Haura EB. Dasatinib in solid tumors. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010; 19:415 - 425; PMID: 20113198; http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/13543781003592097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamat AA, Coffey D, Merritt WM, Nugent E, Urbauer D, Lin YG, et al. EphA2 overexpression is associated with lack of hormone receptor expression and poor outcome in endometrial cancer. Cancer 2009; 115:2684 - 2692; PMID: 19396818; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cncr.24335
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kris MG, Natale RB, Herbst RS, Lynch TJ Jr, Prager D, Belani CP, et al. Efficacy of gefitinib, an inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase, in symptomatic patients with non-small cell lung cancer: a randomized trial. JAMA 2003; 290:2149 - 2158; PMID: 14570950; http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.290.16.2149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch TJ, Bell DW, Sordella R, Gurubhagavatula S, Okimoto RA, Brannigan BW, et al. Activating mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor underlying responsiveness of non-small-cell lung cancer to gefitinib. N Engl J Med 2004; 350:2129 - 2139; PMID: 15118073; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa040938
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thatcher N, Chang A, Parikh P, Rodrigues Pereira J, Ciuleanu T, von Pawel J, et al. Gefitinib plus best supportive care in previously treated patients with refractory advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: results from a randomised, placebo-controlled, multicentre study (Iressa Survival Evaluation in Lung Cancer). Lancet 2005; 366:1527 - 1537; PMID: 16257339; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67625-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mok TS, Wu YL, Thongprasert S, Yang CH, Chu DT, Saijo N, et al. Gefitinib or carboplatin-paclitaxel in pulmonary adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med 2009; 361:947 - 957; PMID: 19692680; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0810699
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slamon DJ, Leyland-Jones B, Shak S, Fuchs H, Paton V, Bajamonde A, et al. Use of chemotherapy plus a monoclonal antibody against HER2 for metastatic breast cancer that overexpresses HER2. N Engl J Med 2001; 344:783 - 792; PMID: 11248153; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200103153441101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romond EH, Perez EA, Bryant J, Suman VJ, Geyer CE Jr., Davidson NE, et al. Trastuzumab plus adjuvant chemotherapy for operable HER2-positive breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2005; 353:1673 - 1684; PMID: 16236738; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa052122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buyse M, Michiels S, Sargent DJ, Grothey A, Matheson A, de Gramont A. Integrating biomarkers in clinical trials. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2011; 11:171 - 182; PMID: 21405968; http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/erm.10.120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim ES, Herbst RS, Lee JJ, Blumenschein GR Jr., Tsao A, Alden CM, et al. The BATTLE trial (Biomarker-integrated Approaches of Targeted Therapy for Lung Cancer Elimination): personalizing therapy for lung cancer 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research Washington, DC 2010;
   Google Scholar
• Services UDoHaH. Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) 2010;
   Google Scholar
• Pocard M, Soria JC, Aldaz-Carroll L, Bellet D. Phase 0 clinical trials in oncology: an exploratory methodology for constructing a study with patients undergoing surgery for metastatic disease. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:4551 - 4553; PMID: 20837954; http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2010.29.2870
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh M, Zaino RJ, Filiaci VJ, Leslie KK. Relationship of estrogen and progesterone receptors to clinical outcome in metastatic endometrial carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. Gynecol Oncol 2007; 106:325 - 333; PMID: 17532033; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2007.03.042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wistuba II, Gelovani JG, Jacoby JJ, Davis SE, Herbst RS. Methodological and practical challenges for personalized cancer therapies. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2011; 8:135 - 141; PMID: 21364686; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2011.2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paez JG, Janne PA, Lee JC, Tracy S, Greulich H, Gabriel S, et al. EGFR mutations in lung cancer: correlation with clinical response to gefitinib therapy. Science 2004; 304:1497 - 1500; PMID: 15118125; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1099314
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Decruze SB, Green JA. Hormone therapy in advanced and recurrent endometrial cancer: a systematic review. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2007; 17:964 - 978; PMID: 17442022; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1438.2007.00897.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlumbrecht MP, Xie SS, Shipley GL, Urbauer DL, Broaddus RR. Molecular clustering based on ERalpha and EIG121 predicts survival in high-grade serous carcinoma of the ovary/peritoneum. Mod Pathol 2011; 24:453 - 462; PMID: 21102415; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/modpathol.2010.211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urick ME, Rudd ML, Godwin AK, Sgroi D, Merino M, Bell DW. PIK3R1 (p85alpha) is somatically mutated at high frequency in primary endometrial cancer. Cancer Res 2011; 71:4061 - 4067; PMID: 21478295; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-0549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lax SF, Kendall B, Tashiro H, Slebos RJ, Hedrick L. The frequency of p53, K-ras mutations, and microsatellite instability differs in uterine endometrioid and serous carcinoma: evidence of distinct molecular genetic pathways. Cancer 2000; 88:814 - 824; PMID: 10679651; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(20000215)88:4<814::AID-CNCR12>3.0.CO;2-U
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald ND, Salvesen HB, Ryan A, Iversen OE, Akslen LA, Jacobs IJ. Frequency and prognostic impact of microsatellite instability in a large population-based study of endometrial carcinomas. Cancer Res 2000; 60:1750 - 1752; PMID: 10749149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basil JB, Goodfellow PJ, Rader JS, Mutch DG, Herzog TJ. Clinical significance of microsatellite instability in endometrial carcinoma. Cancer 2000; 89:1758 - 1764; PMID: 11042571; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(20001015)89:8<1758::AID-CNCR16>3.0.CO;2-A
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar