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Abstract
The Caucasus region is characterized by a diverse flora and fauna. There are 6350 species of flora, 8000 species of Coleoptera, over 2000 species of Lepidoptera, and 330 species of Orthoptera. Representatives of Tertiary flora and fauna survived in refuges through periods of glaciation. More than 1600 species of plants are endemic. The principal natural landscapes are alpine, low-grass meadows and mixed-grass carpet meadows; subalpine meadows with fragments of birch and rhododendron woods; dark, coniferous forest; beech forests; relict, subtropical, deciduous forests; oak-hornbeam forests; arid open woodlands, steppes; semideserts; and deserts. The composition of the flora and fauna in the Caucasus is compared to that of the Alps. The influence of human activity and consequent extinction of many species is discussed in connection with the 26 nature reserves of the region in which the flora and fauna are now preserved and researched.