Gas-Phase Reaction in Nanoaluminum Combustion

Abstract

The presence or absence of gas phase species during combustion of aluminum nanoparticles (n-Al) is a crucial observable in evaluating competing theories such as a diffusive oxidation mechanism and the melt dispersion mechanism. Absorption spectroscopy was used to probe the ground state of aluminum monoxide (AlO) and Al vapor in order to quantify the amount of Al and AlO present under conditions where these species were not observed in emission previously. Absorption measurements were made during combustion of nanoaluminum and micron-sized aluminum in a heterogeneous shock tube. AlO was detected in absorption at temperatures as low as 2000 K in n-Al combustion, slightly below the limit seen in micro-Al combustion. Al vapor was detected during n-Al combustion at temperatures as low as 1500 K, significantly lower than in micro-Al combustion, suggestive of a gas phase component. The detection limit for Al vapor was 1 × 10¹² cm⁻³. The gas phase component was much weaker than that seen in 10 μm Al combustion. A comparison with n-Al in an inert environment did not show Al vapor at temperatures below 2300 K, even though the equilibrium concentration of Al from particles at that temperature were several orders of magnitude higher than the detection limit. This suggests a nearly pristine oxide coat that inhibits the production of Al vapor in appreciable quantities without reaction. These results are contrary to predictions of the melt dispersion mechanism, which should result in the generation of aluminum vapor from high-energy Al clusters produced from n-Al particles that spallate from mechanical stresses under rapid heating. This should further be independent of the bath gas.

Keywords:

• Absorption spectroscopy
• AIO
• Aluminum monoxide
• Diffusive oxidation
• Heterogeneous shock tube
• Melt dispersion mechanism
• Shrinking core

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This research was sponsored by the Office of Naval Research under contract N0014-08-1-0772 (Program manager Daniel T. Tam) and the Defense Threat Reduction Agency under contracts HDTRA1-07-1-0011 and DAAE30-1-9-0080 (Program managers Drs. William Wilson and Suhithi Peiris). Thanks also go to Maurine Vogelsang, Armando Bernal, and David Joyce for technical assistance.