The mechanism of formation of bismuth-doped barium titanate ceramics via sol gel

Abstract

In the present work, pure and bismuth-doped barium titanates have been prepared using the sol–gel method. The chemical formula used for the synthesis of bi-doped barium titanate is ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{1-x}{\mathrm{Bi}}_x\mathrm{T}\mathrm{i}{\mathrm{O}}_3,$ where the values of x have been chosen to be 0.00, 0.05, 0.075, 0.10, and 0.15. Barium acetate $\left[\mathrm{Ba}{\left(\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{H}}_3\mathrm{C}\mathrm{OO}\right)}_2\right]$ and titanium (IV) isopropoxide $\left[{\mathrm{Ti}\left\{{\mathrm{OCH}\left({\mathrm{CH}}_3\right)}_2\right\}}_4\right]$ have been used as barium and titanium precursors, respectively. For bismuth doping, bismuth (III) nitrate pentahydrate $[\mathrm{Bi}{\left(\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{O}}_3\right)}_3.5{\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{O}]$ has been used. The paper discusses the preparation mechanism, tolerance factor, and the thermal characterization (TGA/DSC) results of pure and bi-doped barium titanate ceramics.

Keywords:

• Barium titanate
• doping
• sol–gel
• tolerance factor
• TGA
• DSC

Acknowledgment

The authors are thankful to Professor Kantesh Balani, IIT Kanpur for his valuable feedback and guidance during this work.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.