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Abstract
1Recently there have been calls from policymakers around the world for practically engaged research to produce evidence-based policy for peace, security and development. Policymakers aim to align three types of methodological approaches to knowledge about peace, security and development in international order: methodological liberalism at state and international levels, aligned with ‘methodological everydayism’ in order to constrain methodological nationalism. Policy operates through broad forms of intervention, spanning military, governmental and developmental processes, which scholarship is expected to refine. Critical scholarship is sensitive about the subsequent ‘interventionary order’, often connecting methodological everydayism with global justice frameworks rather than methodological nationalism or liberalism.
Sir Philip Mitchell, later colonial governor of Uganda, Fiji, and Kenya, responded to Malinowski’s claims [that the British government needed the support of anthropologists] with great scepticism, emphatically expressing a preference for the ‘practical man’ rather than the scientist.2
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.
Acknowledgements
Thanks to several anonymous reviewers, and also to Sandra Pogodda and Gezim Visoka, for very insightful comments at various stages in the writing of the article. All errors are my responsibility alone.
Notes
1 Oliver Richmond is a professor of international relations, peace and conflict studies in the Department of Politics, University of Manchester, UK. He is also International Professor, College of International Studies, Kyung Hee University, Korea and a Visiting Professor at the University of Tromso. His publications include Peace Formation and Political Order in Conflict Affected Societies (Oxford University Press, 2016) and Failed Statebuilding (Yale University Press, 2014). He is editor of the Palgrave book series Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies, and co-editor of the journal Peacebuilding. Thanks to the audiences at the Millennium Conference at the LSE in autumn 2015, ECPR in Sicily in May 2016, and a workshop at ISA, Toronto, March, 2019.
2 Lewis, In Defense of Anthropology, 94.
3 Bell, “What is Liberalism?,” 684; Richmond, “Post-Liberal Peace: Eirenism and the Everyday,” 561.
4 Richmond, “Post-Liberal Peace: Eirenism and the Everyday,” 571.
5 Mayall, Nationalism and International Society.
6 Reed and Harvey, “The New Science and the Old,” 365.
7 Kant, Conflict of the Faculties; Pugh, “Peacekeeping and Critical Theory.”
8 Hallaq, Impossible State, 102.
9 Ker-Lindsay, EU Accession and UN Peacemaking in Cyprus; Visoka, Shaping Peace in Kosovo.
10 Mayall, Nationalism and International Society; A. D. Smith, Nationalism and Modernism; Wimmer and Glick Schiller, "Methodological Nationalism, the Social Sciences.”
11 This can be seen in numerous Research Council calls in the UK, as well as in a more general appeal for more applied research to be carried out using large data sets or new technologies.
12 Foucault, Discipline and Punish, 48.
13 Richmond, Transformation of Peace.
14 Chandler, Bosnia: Faking Democracy After Dayton; Richmond and Franks, Liberal Peace Transitions; Caplan, New Trusteeship?; Peo, “Peace through Democracy and Justice?”
15 Turner, “Peacebuilding as Counterinsurgency”; MacGinty, “Everyday Peace.”
16 Hobbes, Leviathan, 150.
17 Weber, Weber’s Rationalism and Modern Society, 53.
18 Arendt, On Violence, 44.
19 Lukes, Power: A Radical View, 69.
20 Hallaq, Impossible State, 103.
21 Pyykkonen, “Liberalism, Governmentality and Counter-Conduct,” 20.
22 Nixon, “Crisis of Governance in New Subsistence States.”
23 Kaldor, New and Old Wars.
24 Boutros-Ghali, Agenda for Peace; Caplan, New Trusteeship?
25 ICISS, Responsibility to Protect.
26 Richmond, Failed Statebuilding; Richmond and Franks, Liberal Peace Transitions; Paris, At War’s End.
27 Chandler, Bosnia: Faking Democracy After Dayton.
28 Chandler, International Statebuilding.
29 Joseph, “Governing Through Failure and Denial,” 1; Chandler, Resilience, the Governing of Complexity.
30 L. T. Smith, Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples.
31 Behavioural Insights Team, Better Choices: Better Deals; Thaler and Sunstein, Nudge.
32 Richmond, Peace Formation and Political Order.
33 Millar, “Engaging Ethnographic Peace Research.”
34 For an alternative approach that underlines the scalar, entangled and intensively political nature of work within the everyday tradition, and contrary to uncritical methodological tendencies to ascribe it a ‘subject’ status, see Stepputat and Larsen, Global Political Ethnography.
35 Richmond, “A Post-Liberal Peace: Eirenism and the Everyday,” 558; see also Richmond, Post-Liberal Peace; MacGinty, “Everyday Peace,” 548.
36 Boege, Brown, and Clements, “Hybrid Political Orders, Not Fragile States,” 15; Richmond, Post-Liberal Peace.
37 Gilligan, In a Different Voice; Henry, “Gender, Security and Development,” 63.
38 UK Government, The Belfast Agreement; Hall, “Incomplete Peace and Social Stagnation,” 7.
39 Marijan, “Politics of Everyday Peace,” 67.
40 Richmond, Post-Liberal Peace, conclusion.
41 Habermas, Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere.
42 Habermas, Knowledge and Human Interests.
43 Bhaskar, Possibility of Naturalism, 34–5.
44 Pyykkonen, “Liberalism, Governmentality and Counter-Conduct,” 11.
45 Visoka, Shaping Peace in Kosovo.
46 Hadjipavlou, “Cyprus Conflict: Root Causes”; Grenfell, “Making Modernity in Timor-Leste”; Richmond, Post-Liberal Peace.
47 Chakrabarty, Provincializing Europe.
48 Lensink, Structural Adjustment in Sub-Saharan Africa.
49 Acemoglu and Robinson, Why Nations Fail, 44.
50 Rawls, Theory of Justice; Riley, “Social Contract and Its Critics,” 347–75.
51 Estlund, “Why Not Epistocracy?,” 53–69.
52 Mitchell, Rule of Experts.
53 Caplan, New Trusteeship?
54 Duffield, Post-Humanitarianism.
55 Pogge, World Poverty and Human Rights; Hurrell, “Global Inequality and International Institutions.”
56 Chandler, Resilience, the Governing of Complexity.
57 Confidential official source, UNDPKO, New York, March 2015.
58 Confidential sources, UNDPK, New Work, February 2015 and March 2016.
59 Rosenau, "Toward an Ontology for Global Governance.”
60 Mayer and Acuto, “Global Governance of Large Technical Systems,” 675.
61 James and Soguk, Globalization and Politics.
62 Held, Global Covenant.
63 Richmond, “Paradox of Peace and Power.”
64 Richmond, “Human Rights and the Development,” 60.
65 Linklater, “Achievements of Critical Theory”; Linklater, “Transformation of Political Community,” 321.
66 Grenfell, “Making Modernity in Timor-Leste”; Richmond, Failed Statebuilding.
67 Comaroff and Comaroff, Theory from the South.
68 Mitchell, Rule of Experts.
69 Acemoglu and Robinson, Why Nations Fail, 399.
70 Pogge, World Poverty and Human Rights.
71 Chandler, “Reconceptualising International Intervention.”
72 Chandler, Ontopolitics and the Anthropocene, 209.
73 Kant, Conflict of the Faculties.
74 Foucault, “Questions of Method”; Scott, Seeing Like a State.
75 Arendt, Origins of Totalitarianism; DeGooyer, Right to Have Rights, 4; Taylor, “Afterword(s),” 106.
76 Duffield, Global Governance and the New Wars.
77 Pattberg and Widerberg, “Theorising Global Environmental Governance,” 685.
78 Thanks to Sandra Pogodda for this point.
79 Vucetic, Anglosphere.
80 For example, see the UK Government’s Stabilisation Unit,
https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/stabilisation-unit
81 Sassen, Territory, Authority, Rights, 365.
82 UN, “Transforming Our World,” 33 and 40; UNDP, Human Development Report.
83 Kaldor, Global Civil Society; Latour, Reassembling the Social.
84 Chandler, “Beyond Neoliberalism.”
85 Wallerstein, Modern World-System, 347–57.
86 Pogodda and Richmond, “Palestinian Unity and Everyday State Formation,” 890.
87 Coole and Frost, New Materialisms: Ontology, Agency, and Politics.
88 Kennedy, World of Struggle, 7.
89 Chomsky, “Responsibility of Intellectuals.”
90 Spivak, "Can the Subaltern Speak?,” 271–313.
91 Yaqing, “Development of International Relations Theory in China,” 185.
92 Vincent Nonintervention and International Order; Finnemore, Purpose of Intervention.
93 UN, “Transforming Our World”; UN, “General Assembly Resolution” A/RES/70/262; UN, “Security Council Resolution” S/RES/2282; UN, “High-level Meeting on Efforts Undertaken.”
94 Tainter, Collapse of Complex Societies, 42.
95 Reus-Smit, Individual Rights and the Making of the International System, 5.
96 Foucault, Birth of Biopolitics, 37.
97 Kohn, “Postcolonialism and Global Justice.”
98 Connolly, Facing the Planetary, 125.
