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Original Articles

The participation of schools in the recruitment of teachers: evaluating new procedures in Germany

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Pages 505-517 | Published online: 19 Jan 2007
 

Abstract

Traditionally, in Germany, the centralized state school administration oversees the staffing of its schools. Specifically, the administration assigns new teachers to designated schools. During the last decade, some German Bundesländer have established new procedures for hiring new teachers. Since 1997 the Bundesland Nordrhein‐Westfalen (NRW) has implemented a new recruitment system. Now local schools can advertise their own teacher vacancies and select among candidates. The purpose of this is to support the school in developing and realizing a special ‘school profile’: a certain pedagogical programme that is distinctive for a school. The results of the empirical study show that the schools in general appreciate the new staffing procedure very much. They like it because now the school has the opportunity to select among different candidates on the basis of a personal appraisal. Support for the school profile seems to be not so important. So this innovative procedure is very well accepted—but not for the reason it was originally installed for.

En Allemagne le processus de sélection et d'embauche d'enseignants est traditionnellement géré par la commission scolaire. L'inspection scolaire attribue les instituteurs aux écoles à partir de listes de candidats. Au cours des dix dernières années, quelques Bundesländer ont toutefois introduit une nouvelle forme d'embauche. Le Bundesland Rhénanie‐du‐Nord‐Westphalie (NRW) a également établi un nouveau système de recrutement en 1997. Les écoles elles‐mêmes peuvent mettre en concours leurs postes libres et faire leur choix parmi les candidats. Cette procédure vise à soutenir les écoles dans leurs efforts à développer un profil pédagogique particulier et de le réaliser. Les résultats d'évaluations montrent que les écoles apprécient beaucoup cette nouvelle forme d'embauche, puisque elles ont désormais la possibilité de faire leur choix à partir d'une impression personnelle. Par contre, l'aspect de soutien du profil pédagogique ne semble pas avoir autant d'importance pour les écoles. Cette nouvelle forme est donc très appréciée— mais pas forcément pour les raisons pour lesquelles elle a été introduite.

Tradicionalmente son las autoridades escolares en Alemania quienes realizan el procedimiento de la selección y contratación del cuerpo docente. A base de las listas de los solicitantes, las autoridades reparten a los docentes capacitados entre los centros educativos. Sin embargo, algunos estados federales han implementado, en los últimos diez años, un nuevo procedimiento de contratación del profesorado. Desde 1997, el estado federal alemán de Renania del Norte‐Westfalia (NRW) ha establecido un nuevo sistema de ingreso en la función pública docente. En consecuencia de ello, los mismos centros educativos ahora ya tienen toda la autonomía para ofrecer un empleo y eligir a sus candidatos. El objetivo de este procedimiento es de apoyar los centros educativos tanto en el desarrollo del perfil escolar específico como en la realización del mismo en la práctica. Las investigaciones empíricas demuestran que los centros estiman en mucho este nuevo procedimiento de empleo. Lo aprecian porque tienen la posibilidad de escoger, en virtud de una impresión personal, el candidato apropiado. Si éste apoya o no el perfil escolar les parece ser de menos trascendencia. De modo que se aprecia mucho este nuevo procedimiento de empleo aunque no sea por la razón pensada.

Traditionell wird in Deutschland der Prozess der Auswahl und Einstellung von Lehrern durch die Schulbehörden vollzogen. Auf der Basis von Bewerberlisten weist die Schulaufsicht ausgebildete Lehrer den Schulen zu. Im Laufe der letzten zehn Jahre haben jedoch einige Bundesländer ein neues verfahren der Lehrereinstellung eingeführt. Seit 1997 hat auch das Bundesland Nordrhein‐Westfalen (NRW) ein neues Rekrutierungssystem etabliert. Jetzt können Schulen selbst ihre freien Lehrerstellen ausschreiben und zwischen Bewerbern auswählen. Der Zweck dieses Verfahrens ist es, die Schulen in der Entwicklung und praktischen Realisierung ihres besonderen Schulprofils zu unterstützen. Die Ergebnisse der empirischen Untersuchungen zeigen, dass die Schulen dieses neue Einstellungsverfahren sehr schätzen. Sie schätzen es, weil die Schule nunmehr die Möglichkeit hat, zwischen geeigneten Bewerbern aufgrund des persönlichen Eindrucks zu entscheiden. Die Unterstützung des Schulprofils scheint für die Schulen weniger bedeutsam zu sein. So wird dieses neue Verfahren also sehr geschätzt—aber nicht aus dem Grund, weswegen es eingeführt worden ist.

Notes

1. Additionally it is mentioned in a footnote, that growing numbers of teacher positions in Germany are filled through direct involvement from the school. In the German Bundesland Nordrhein‐Westfalen, meanwhile all free positions are filled on the basis of a strategy combining administrative (central) control and school‐based decisions (see below).

2. For an overview about the system of teacher education in Germany see Terhart (Citation2003) and OECD (Citation2004b).

3. Also, already employed teachers can apply for this vacancy. If they are adequately qualified and get the allowance to leave their former school (the allowance is given by the responsible school administration) they get the position—and the whole procedure is stopped. In 2004 this has been changed: an already employed teacher has to compete with the other applicants.

4. If a new teacher accepts the new position and then fails to show up when work starts (that sometimes happens and leads to extreme difficulties in schools) then he/she has to pay a 2,500 EUR penalty.

5. Some empirical information can be found in Bellenberg, Böttcher & Klemm (Citation2001) and Ditton, Edelhäußer & Merz (Citation2001).

6. The research was funded by the Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Forschung of Nordrhein‐Westfalen. More results of the study can be found in Hercher et al. (Citation2004); Schaefers (Citation2004); Terhart (Citation2004).

7. The school system in Germany: between the ages of 6–10 all children attend the Grundschule (primary school). Then, they are streamed to three (four) different school types: Hauptschule (ages 11 to 15/16; lowest stream), Realschule (ages 11–16; middle stream) or Gymnasium (ages 11–19; superior stream). Some of the Länder have the Gesamtschule (comprehensive school) as a fourth ‘stream’. The Berufskolleg (in NRW) is a system of vocational schools (3 years) which can be attended after Hauptschule, Realschule, Gesamtschule. (Endnote to Table1)[my notes]

8. Only 17% have sent an application to a school that is more than 80 km from their home. This correlates to the fact that only 17% have to move from their current home.

9. Both world views mirror and support each other. Each side plays its role in the game. This explains the fact that if a teacher changes from the chalkboard in the classroom to the bureau desk in the administration, he/she easily shifts his/her world view and immediately speaks the language of administration.

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