Application of direct-reading and elemental carbon analysis methods to measure mass-based penetration of carbon nanotubes through elastomeric half-face and filtering facepiece respirators

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to apply a direct-reading aerosol instrument method and an elemental carbon (EC) analysis method to measure the mass-based penetration of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) through elastomeric half-mask respirators (EHRs) and filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs). For the direct-reading aerosol instrument method, two scanning mobility particle sizer/aerodynamic particle sizer systems were used to simultaneously determine the upstream (outside respirator) and downstream (inside respirator) test aerosols. For the EC analysis method, upstream and downstream CNTs were collected on filter cassettes and then analyzed using a thermal-optical technique. CNT mass penetrations were found in both methods to be within the associated efficiency requirements for each type and class of the respirator models that were tested. Generally, the penetrations of SWCNTs and MWCNTs had a similar trend with penetration being the highest for the N95 EHRs, followed by N95 FFRs, P100 EHRs, and P100 FFRs. This trend held true for both methods; however, the CNT penetration determined by the direct-reading aerosol instrument method (0.009–1.09% for SWCNTs and 0.005–0.21% for MWCNTs) was greater relative to the penetration values found through EC analysis method (0.007–0.69% for SWCNTs and 0.004–0.13% for MWCNTs). The results of this study illustrate considerations for how the methods can be used to evaluate penetration of morphologically complex materials through FFRs and EHRs.

EDITOR:

• Tiina Reponen

Acknowledgments

The authors want to thank Dr. Alan Dozier for providing the TEM images. The authors also want to thank Dr. Mark Hoover (NIOSH/RHD, Morgantown, WV, USA), Dr. Samy Rengasamy, and Mr. Michael Bergman (NIOSH/NPPTL, Pittsburgh, PA, USA), for their valuable review comments for the manuscript.

Funding

This study was partially supported by the NIOSH Nanotechnology Research Center (NTRC). The findings and conclusions in this manuscript are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Mention of company names or products does not constitute endorsement by NIOSH.