China and the Global Atlantic: Sugar from the Age of Columbus to Pepsi-Coke and Ethanol

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Notes

1. Chinese Historical and Cultural Project responding to a query about explanations for Chinese wedding foods: http://www.chcp.org/banquet.html. Similar information and explanations for drinking 7UP is given in most Chinese wedding planners.

2. Immanuel Wellerstein. 1987. “The World that Sugar Made.” Food and Foodways 2.2: 109–112.

3. Sidney Mintz. 1987. “Author's Rejoinder.” Food and Foodways 2.2: 173.

4. E.g., Robert L. Tignor. 2002. Worlds Together, Worlds Apart. New York: W.W. Norton.

5. Cebu, Philippines, was established as the central post of the Spanish in 1565.

6. Juan Gonzalez de Mendoza. 1794. The History of the Great and Mighty Kingdom of China, George Staunton, ed. London: Hakluyt Society, p. 95.

7. Joseph Inikori. 2002. Africans and the Industrial Revolution in England, Cambridge University Press, pp. 512–513; Jacqueline Jones, Peter Wood et al. 2003. Created Equal: A Social and Political History of the United States, Vol. 1, New York: Longman, p. 125.

8. Denis Flynn and Arturo Giraldez. 1995. “Arbitage, China and World Trade in the Early Modern Period.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 38.4: 429.

9. Sucheta Mazumdar. 1998. Sugar and Society in China: Peasants, Technology and the World Market. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

10. Mazumdar, Sugar and Society, p. 85;

11. Mazumdar, Sugar and Society, p. 109.

12. Yingling Liu, “Shrinking Arable Lands” Worldwatch Institute, http://www.worldwatch.org/node/3912

13. Xu Guangqi, Nongzheng quanshu (Complete book of Agriculture) 3 vols. First published in 1639. Reprint: Shanghai: Guji qubanshe, 1979: 2.27: pp. 688–695.

14. Sucheta Mazumdar, “The Impact of New World Food Crops on the Diet and Economy of China and India, ca. 1600–1900” in Food in Global History, in Raymond Grew ed., Westview Press, 1999, pp. 58–78. The section below draws on this essay.

15. Françoise Sabban. 1988. “Sucre candi et confiseries de Quinsai: l’essor de sucre de canne dans la Chine des Song (X^e÷XIII^e siècle).” Journal d’Agriculture Traditionelle et de Botanique Appliquée 35: 205.

16. Mazumdar, Sugar and Society, p. 45. Cookbook by Yuan Mei, (1716–1798).

17. Won Koo and Richard Taylor. 2006. “2006 Outlook for US and World Sugar Market,” Fargo: Center for Agricultural Policy and Trade Studies, Table 1.

18. Fernand Braudel. 1982. Structures of Everyday Life, tr. Sian Reynolds. New York: Harper and Row, p. 226.

19. Claude Fischler. 1987. “Is Sugar Really an Opium of the People.” Food and Foodways 2.2: 141–150.

20. Sidney Mintz. 1987. “Author's Rejoinder.” Food and Foodways 2.2: 189.

21. Eric J. Hobsbawm. 1968. Industry and Empire. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, p. 42.

22. Carole Shammas. 1990. The Pre-Industrial Consumer in England and America, Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 1–4 and chapter 5.

23. Ibid., pp. 27–28.

24. Burnett, Plenty and Want, pp. 37–38.

25. Mintz, Sweetness, p. 143, of course sees the increased use of sugar as problematic. The conclusion that condensed milks and sweet jams were nutritionally inferior to their nineteenth century predecessors is somewhat anachronistic. In many cases these newer products were additions rather than substitutions in the diet, suggesting a higher caloric intake: John Burnett. 1969. A History of the Cost of Living. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, pp. 268–273.

26. Sidney Mintz. 1987. “Author's Rejoinder.” Food and Foodways, 2.2: 193.

27. This is a distinction that Mintz elides in Sweetness and Power. See Gunther Lottes. 1987. “Sidney Mintz on Sugar; Or, How Anglo-Saxon is World Sugar” Food and Foodways, 2.2: 121–129.

28. Sheila Marriner and Francis Hyde. 1967. The Senior John Samuel Swire. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, pp. 98–99.

29. Hugh Tinker. 1993. A New System of Slavery. Oxford University Press.

30. Adam Drenowski. 2004. “Poverty and Obesity” report. Washington: Center for Public Health Nutition.

31. Samara Nielsen and Barry Popkin. 2004. “Changes in Beverage intake Between 1977 and 2001.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 27.3: 205–210.

32. “Obesity Explosion May Weigh on China's Future” National Geographic News, August 8, 2006.

33. Marcus Renato Xavier, The Brazilian Sugarcane Experience. Washington: Competitive Enterprise Institute, Report No. 3, February 15, 2007.