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Articles

Knight and day: when theoretical uncertainty gets real

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Pages 819-827 | Received 24 Jul 2021, Accepted 29 Jul 2021, Published online: 16 Sep 2021
 

Abstract

We challenge Knight’s century-old classic model of entrepreneurship by arguing hypotheses that he was wrong not only about the relationship between uncertainty and entrepreneurial performance but also about the core assumption that all relevant parties perceive the same minimum level of uncertainty involved in the focal business problem they confront. We test our three hypotheses on data collected from a recent survey of northeastern US entrepreneurial small business owners regarding their perceptions of the current pandemic and their behaviors and plans in responding to it. As the first paper to test Knight’s logic while strictly conforming to his definition of uncertainty – as more than risky – we find that while Knight’s logic is sound theoretically, it is deeply flawed in reality. We find that non-risk uncertainty has a more complex relationship with entrepreneurship, including significant negative effects mostly ignored by Knight. As well, our results indicate that his premise of the universality of a minimum perceived uncertainty level across potential entrepreneurs is unjustified. The practical implications include a call for policy-makers to help clarify and reduce uncertainties while protecting entrepreneurs from their downsides, or at least not adding to them (as some Covid responses appeared to do).

Résumé

Nous remettons en question le modèle classique et centenaire de l’entrepreneuriat de Knight en avançant des hypothèses selon lesquelles il s’est trompé non seulement sur le rapport entre l’incertitude et la performance entrepreneuriale, mais aussi sur l’hypothèse de base selon laquelle toutes les parties concernées perçoivent le même niveau minimum d’incertitude impliqué dans le problème commercial focal auquel elles sont confrontées. Nous testons nos trois hypothèses sur les données recueillies lors d’une récente enquête auprès de propriétaires de petites entreprises du nord-est des États-Unis concernant leur perception de la pandémie actuelle, leurs comportements et leurs projets pour y faire face. En tant qu’auteurs du premier article à tester la logique de Knight tout en se conformant strictement à sa définition de l’incertitude – plus que risquée – nous constatons que si sa logique est solide en théorie, elle est en réalité profondément défectueuse. Nous constatons que l’incertitude non liée au risque a un rapport plus complexe avec l’esprit d’entreprise, y compris des effets négatifs significatifs principalement ignorés par Knight. De même, nos résultats indiquent que sa prémisse de l’universalité d’un niveau minimum d’incertitude perçue chez les entrepreneurs potentiels est injustifiée. Les implications pratiques comprennent un appel aux décideurs politiques pour qu’ils contribuent à clarifier et à réduire les incertitudes tout en protégeant les entrepreneurs de leurs inconvénients, ou du moins en ne les aggravant pas (comme certaines réponses au COVID-19 semblent le faire).

Ethics approvals

IRB 20-06-1493 from USM

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Funding

No funding details for this paper to report.

Data availability statement

Anonymized data is available upon request from the Author.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Richard J. Arend

Richard J. Arend is the L. L. Bean/ Lee Surace Chaired Professor in Strategic Management in the School of Business at the University of Southern Maine. His current research interests lie in addressing uncertainty, promoting social value, and critically assessing current theories of strategy and entrepreneurship.

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