Toxicity, metabolism, and mitigation strategies of acrylamide: a comprehensive review

ABSTRACT

Acrylamide, a food-borne chemical toxicant, has raised global concern in recent decades. It mainly originated from reducing sugar and free amino acid interactions in the carbohydrate-rich foodstuffs heated at high temperatures. Due to the neurotoxicity and carcinogenicity of AA, the mechanism of formation, toxic effects on health, and mitigation strategies, including conventional approaches and innovative technologies, have been of great interest since its discovery in food. Potato products (especially French fries and crisps), coffee, and cereals(bread and biscuit) are renowned contributors to AA’s daily intake. The best preventive methods discussed in the literature include time/temperature optimization, blanching, enzymatic treatment, yeast treatment, additives, pulsed electric fields, ultrasound, vacuum roasting, air frying, and irradiation, exhibiting a high efficacy in AA elimination in food products.

KEYWORDS:

• Acrylamide
• metabolism
• carcinogenicity
• neurotoxicity
• mitigation

Author contributions

Conceptualization, Marziyeh Karami, Leila Peivasteh-roudsari, and Raziyeh Barzegar-bafrouei; methodology, Marziyeh Karami, Leila Peivasteh-roudsari, and Raziyeh Barzegar-bafrouei; investigation, Marziyeh Karami, Leila Peivasteh-roudsari, Raziyeh Barzegar-bafrouei, Samane Samiee, and Hadis Karami; software, Marziyeh Karami, Leila Peivasteh-roudsari, Raziyeh Barzegar-bafrouei, Samane Samiee, and Hadis Karami; writing – original draft preparation, Marziyeh Karami, Leila Peivasteh-roudsari, Raziyeh Barzegar-bafrouei, Samane Samiee, Hadis Karami, Behrouz Tajdar-oranj, and Vahideh Mahdavi; writing – review and editing, Behrouz Tajdar-oranj, Vahideh Mahdavi, and Adel Mirza Alizadeh, validation and resources, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Gea Oliveri Conti, and Parisa Sadighara, visualization, Adel Mirza Alizadeh and Behrouz Tajdar-oranj; supervision and project administration, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Gea Oliveri Conti, and Parisa Sadighara. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Acknowledgments

The support for this research provided by the Tehran University of Medical Sciences is gratefully acknowledged.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

This research received no external funding.