Central Sensitisation Inventory-Thai version: translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and psychometric evaluation in chronic non-specific neck pain

Abstract

Purpose

To translate and cross-culturally adapt the English version of the Central Sensitisation Inventory (CSI) into Thai (CSI-Thai) and to evaluate its psychometric properties in individuals with chronic non-specific neck pain.

Materials and methods

Cross-cultural translation and adaptation of the CSI were performed according to standard guidelines. A total of 340 participants were invited to complete the CSI-Thai, Visual Analogue Scale (pain intensity), Neck Disability Index, Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire, Pain Catastrophising Scale (PCS), and Short Form-36. Psychometric evaluation included confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency, test–retest reliability, agreement, and construct validity.

Results

Dimensionality analyses indicated that a bifactor model, comprising one general factor plus four orthogonal factors, fit the CSI structure better than unidimensional and the four-factor models. The general factor showed substantial reliability (Cronbach α = 0.91, Omega ω = 0.94, and omega hierarchical ω–h = 0.91). The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.90, representing excellent stability over a 48 h interval. Moderate-to-strong correlations and acceptable-to-excellent discriminations were found between the CSI-Thai and all questionnaires. The exception was the PCS (no correlation and discrimination). The standard error of measurement and minimal detectable change of the CSI-Thai were 2.33 and 6.47, respectively.

Conclusions

The translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the CSI-Thai were successful, with satisfactory reliability and construct validity.

Implications for rehabilitation

• Central Sensitisation Inventory-Thai version (CSI-Thai) is successfully adapted and demonstrated satisfactory reliability and construct validity.

• The CSI-Thai can be applicable to assess central sensitisation-related signs and symptoms in Thai-speaking patients with chronic non-specific neck pain (CNSNP) both clinical and research purposes.

• The CSI-Thai correlated to pain, disability and quality of life among patients with CNSNP.

Keywords:

• Central Sensitisation Inventory
• central sensitisation
• neck pain
• chronic neck pain
• cross-cultural adaptation
• psychometric properties
• validity
• reliability

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank all participants in this study.

Ethical approval

This cross-sectional study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Naresuan University (NU-IRB P10049/63) and registered in the Thai clinical Trial Registry (TCTR20200528004).

Consent form

Participants provided written informed consent prior to participation.

Disclosure statement

The authors report there are no competing interests to declare.

Data availability statement

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Additional information

Funding

This study was funded by the Coordinating Center for Thai Government Science and Technology Scholarship Students (CSTS) and the National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand.