Recent advances in electrochemical and optical sensing of the organophosphate chlorpyrifos: a review

Abstract

Chlorpyrifos (CP) is one of the most popular organophosphorus pesticides that is commonly used in agricultural and nonagricultural environments to combat pests. However, several concerns regarding contamination due to the unmitigated use of chlorpyrifos have come up over recent years. This has popularized research on various techniques for chlorpyrifos detection. Since conventional methods do not enable smooth detection, the recent trends of chlorpyrifos detection have shifted toward electrochemical and optical sensing techniques that offer higher sensitivity and selectivity. The objective of this review is to provide a brief overview of some of the important and innovative contributions in the field of electrochemical and optical sensing of chlorpyrifos with a primary focus on the comparative advantages and shortcomings of these techniques. This review paper will help to offer better perspectives for research in organophosphorus pesticide detection in the future.

Keywords:

• Chlorpyrifos
• electrochemical sensors
• optical sensors
• carbon nanomaterials
• molecularly-imprinted sensors

Acknowledgments

I would like to acknowledge Keerthana P (Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, Karnataka 560029, India) for contributing in Writing, Conceptualization, Dr Anitha Varghese (Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, Karnataka 560029, India) for contributing in Writing, Reviewing and Editing and Dr Louis George (Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, Karnataka 560029, India) for Guidance, Writing, Reviewing and Editing. We are also very grateful and would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their useful comments and valuable suggestions on the content of our manuscript.

Declaration of interest

The authors have no competing interests with the work presented in this manuscript. The authors have not participated in and do not anticipate participation in any legal, regulatory, or advocacy proceedings related to the contents of the paper.