Comparing management schemes for forest certification and timber-legality verification: Complementary or competitive in indonesia?

ABSTRACT

Indonesian small-scale forest holders are facing a dilemma due to the implementation of a mandatory national timber-legality verification scheme and an internationally popular forest certification scheme. The problems arise from limited financial, technical, and administrative information concerning the most preferred scheme and the “imperfection of such a scheme” for long-term business needs. Using the Forest Certification Assessment Guide (FCAG) this paper identifies the characteristics of four third-party forest certification schemes currently working in Indonesia, namely FSC, PEFC, LEI, and SVLK. An online questionnaire was used to survey a wide range of respondents about the future development of contested schemes and those preferred by small-scale forest holders. Our findings show that although FSC scheme obtained the highest score and is considered the best scheme according to the FCAG, small-scale forest holders prefer SVLK scheme, which had the lowest FCAG score because of its mandatory nature and available subsidies. Statements by the four schemes’ proponents, which delegitimize other schemes, reveal they are in competition especially in winning market acceptance and local adaptability. Finally, we suggest proponents enhance aspects where their schemes are lacking and contrive a comparable certification scheme in order to induce willingness to be certified.

KEYWORDS:

• Forest certification schemes
• timber-legality verification system
• comparison
• FCAG
• FSC
• PEFC
• IFCC
• LEI
• SVLK

Acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledge the support from the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), the Eva Mayr-Stihl Foundation, the German Research Foundation, and the Indonesian Directorate General of Higher Education (DIKTI).