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ABSTRACT
Anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory activities of ethyl acetate-methanol extracts of cephalopods namely, Amphioctopus marginatus, Urothethis duvauceli, Sepia pharaonis, Sepiella inermis, and Cistopus indicus were evaluated. The ethyl acetate-methanol extracts of C. indicus exhibited significantly greater (p < 0.05) cyclooxygenase inhibition activities (IC90 ~ 1 mg/mL, respectively) compared to other cephalopod species. Likewise, C. indicus displayed greater 5-lipoxygenase inhibitory activity (IC90 1.69 mg/mL) compared to the other cephalopod species (IC90 > 2 mg/mL) considered in the present study. The solvent extracts derived from the members of the order Octopoda demonstrated fairly good α-amylase inhibitory activity (IC90 ≤ 2.5 mg/mL). Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitory activity of the ethyl acetate-methanol extract of C. indicus was found to be significantly greater (IC50 2.51 mg/mL) than other species of cephalopods (IC50 3.4–5.4 mg/mL; p < 0.05). The labeling of protons associated with different magnetic environments of the functional groups exhibited in the ethyl acetate-methanol extracts were analyzed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy that supported the in vitro anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory results. The ethyl acetate-methanol extract of C. indicus and S. inermis displayed greater proton integrals (ΣH) of highly electronegative moieties appeared in the low-field region in the proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy spectra (C. indicus ΣHδ3.5–4.5 5.34, ΣHδ4.5–6.5 6.41; S. inermis ΣHδ3.5–4.5 6.52, and ΣHδ4.5–6.5 15.39) than other cephalopod species. A significant co-linearity was found between the electronegative groups present in the downfield position of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy spectra vis-à-vis anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory activities.
Nomenclature
| COX-1 | = | cyclooxygenase-1 |
| COX-2 | = | cyclooxygenase-2 |
| 5-LOX | = | 5-lipoxygenase |
| DPP-4 | = | dipeptidyl peptidase-4 |
| 1H-NMR | = | proton nuclear magnetic resonance |
| ANOVA | = | analysis of variance |
| DMSO | = | dimethyl sulfoxide |
| EtOAc-MeOH | = | ethylacetate-methanol |
| 1-DCF | = | leuco-dichlorofluorescein |
| GLP-1 | = | glucagons like peptide |
| GIP | = | glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide |
| T2DM | = | type 2 diabetes mellitus |
| DCF | = | leuco-dichlorofluorescein |
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the Director, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (ICAR-CMFRI), for his guidance and support. Thanks are due to the Head, Marine Biotechnology Division for facilitating the research works.
Funding
This work was supported by the funding under the project “Drugs from the sea” (grant number MoES-2/DS/6/2007 PC-IV) from Ministry of Earth Science (MoES), New Delhi, India. Minju Joy acknowledges MoES, for the award of a scholarship.
Declaration of conflicts
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest
