The relationship between children's rights and business

Abstract

While the connection between business and human rights is beginning to be elaborated in international affairs, there continues to be a significant lack of understanding and academic analysis about the relationship between business and children. International children's rights are more than a legal concern, they provide a framework to interpret and assess situations, and to implement and monitor change. This article poses two questions. First, how can child rights influence the roles and efforts of business? Second, how can business respect and support the implementation of child rights? It is argued that children's rights are a business concern. Furthermore, children's rights can and should influence business relationships, structures, processes and outcomes. Accordingly, this relationship is explored through consideration of the roles and pertinent efforts of states, international organisations, business and young people themselves. The specific contributions of the ‘Children's Rights and Business Principles’ produced in 2012 by UNICEF, Save the Children, and The Global Compact, the General Comment on State Obligations (2013) from the United Nations (UN) Committee on the Rights of the Child and the UN ‘Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights’ (2011) are evaluated. This article identifies some successes and challenges of these and other initiatives typically understood to reflect corporate social responsibility (CSR). A conceptual model is proposed to support the consideration of child rights in business relationships, structures, processes and outcomes as they affect children.

Keywords:

• children's rights
• international human rights
• business
• corporate social responsibility (CSR)

Acknowledgements

The research process benefitted enormously from various interviews with key informants who generously provided their insight, shared their knowledge and time and I am most grateful for their invaluable support. This article is dedicated to them and their respective efforts to advance sustainability, compliance and/or human/children's rights. Much gratitude is extended: to the focus group participants and coordinators for their outstanding input to, and efforts for this project: to Paul Mayer for his technical PowerPoint expertise; and to Gabrielle Collins, Alyssa Blank, Rachel Roberts, Lara McKendrick and Sylvia Novac for their valuable assistance in support of this work. I warmly thank; Penny Collenette for her inspiration and aid, Sonja Grover for her support and patience, and the Office of the Dean of the Faculty of Community Services and the SRC Travel Grant, Faculty of Community Services, Ryerson University, for the financial support of this research.

Earlier versions of this article were presented at: Annual Conference of International Studies Association, in San Francisco, USA in April 2013; ‘Bringing Children in From the Margins: Symposium on Child Rights Impact Assessments’, in Ottawa in May 2013, and the Peace and Justice Studies Association Conference in October 2013 in Waterloo, Canada.

Notes on contributor

Tara M. Collins, holds a Ph.D. in law focusing on international child rights from the University of London. She has worked on children's rights since 1996. Her professional experience includes work for: Carleton University; Egalitarian World Initiative, School of Social Justice, University College Dublin, Ireland; University of Ottawa; Canadian federal government (Department of Foreign Affairs and Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)) and Parliament; and the Canadian Coalition for the Rights of Children. Her research interests include: monitoring; child and youth participation; general measures of implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child including law reform, budgeting, and child rights education; business rights-based approaches (RBAs); anti-violence efforts; and research methodologies. She is Assistant Professor, School of Child & Youth Care, Ryerson University.

Notes

1. Quoted in Lester Salamon, Rethinking Corporate Social Engagement: Lessons from Latin America (Sterling VA: Kumarian Press, 2010), 71.

2. UNICEF, Global Compact and Save the Children, How Business Affects Us: Children and Young People Share their Perspectives on How Business Impacts their Lives and Communities, June–August 2011, UNICEF, The Global Compact and Save the Children (2012). http://www.unglobalcompact.org/docs/issues_doc/human_rights/CRBP/How_Business_Affects_Us.pdf (accessed 21 March 2013), 8.

3. Examples include: David Weissbrodt, ‘The Contribution of International Nongovernmental Organizations to the Protection of Human Rights’, in Human Rights in International Law: Legal and Policy Issues, ed. Theodor Meron (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984): 403–38; Peter Willetts, ‘From “Consultative Arrangements” to “Partnership”: The Changing Status of NGOs in Diplomacy at the UN’, Global Governance 6 (2000): 191–212; Barbara Klugman, ‘The Role of NGOs as Agents for Change’, Development Dialogue, no. 1–2 (2000): 95–120; Michael Schechter, ‘Making Meaningful UN-Sponsored world Conferences of the 1990s: NGOs to the Rescue?’ United Nations-Sponsored World Conferences: Focus on Impact and Follow-up, ed. Schechter (Tokyo; New York; Paris: United Nations University Press, 2001), 184–217.

4. See further Vikas Bajaj, ‘Fatal Fire in Bangladesh Highlights the Dangers Facing Garment Workers’, The New York Times, 26 November 2012, A4. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/26/world/asia/bangladesh-fire-kills-more-than-100-and-injures-many.html; and Julfikar Ali Manik, Steven Greenhouse and Jim Yardley, ‘Western Firms Feel Pressure as Toll Rises in Bangladesh’, The New York Times, 26 April 2013, p. A1. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/26/world/asia/bangladeshi-collapse-kills-many-garment-workers.html; and Bertrand Marotte, ‘Loblaw to Compensate Victims of Deadly Bangladesh Factory Collapse’ The Globe and Mail, 24 October 2013. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/international-business/loblaw-to-compensate-victims-of-bangladesh-factory-collapse/article15041964 (accessed 24 October 2013).

5. Steven Rochlin, ‘Foreword’, in Alliances for Youth: What Works in CSR Partnership, ed. Mark Nieker, Christy Macy and Sheila Kinkade (Baltimore, MD: International Youth Foundation and Nokia, 2006), 4.

6. See further Christina Garsten, ‘The United Nations – Soft and Hard: Regulating Social Accountability for Global Business’, in Organizing Transnational Accountability, ed. Magnus Boström and Christina Garsten (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2008), 32–7.

7. United Nations, ‘Protect, Respect and Remedy: A Framework for Business and Human Rights: Report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the issue of Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises, John Ruggie’, UN Doc. A/HRC/8/5, 7 April 2008. http://www.reports-and-materials.org/Ruggie-report-7-Apr-2008.pdf (accessed 25 June 2013).

8. The UN process is described in the UN General Assembly Human Rights Council, ‘Report of the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General on the Issue of Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises, John Ruggie’, 21 March 2011, UN Doc. A/HRC/17/31, 3–4.

9. Indeed: ‘Of the 100 largest economies in the world, 51 are corporations; only 49 are countries (based on a comparison of corporate sales and country GDPs)’, in Sarah Anderson and John Cavanagh, Top 200: The Rise of Corporate Global Power (Washington, DC: Institute for Policy Studies, 2000). http://www.ips-dc.org/reports/top_200_the_rise_of_corporate_global_power, 3.

10. See for example, Oshionebo explores the enormous power of multinational corporations, dependence upon extractive industries, and their particular characteristics in the African context in: Evaristus Oshionebo Regulating Transnational Corporations in Domestic and International Regimes: An African Case Study (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2009).

11. As examples, see M. McInnes, I.R. Kerr and J.A. VanDuzer, Managing the Law: The Legal Aspects of Doing Business, 3rd ed. (Toronto: Pearson Canada, 2011); and J.A. VanDuzer, The Law of Partnerships and Corporations, 3rd ed. (Toronto: Irwin Law, 2009).

12. See for example, Isabel Borges, ‘The Responsibility of Transnational Corporations in the Realisation of Children's Rights’ (paper presented at Protecting Human Rights: Duties and Responsibilities of States and Non-State Actors, Glasgow, 18–19 June 2012). Important elaboration of child work can be found in: Michael Bourdillon, Deborah Levinson, William Myers and Ben White, Rights and Wrongs of Child Work (New Brunswick, NJ and London: Rutgers University Press, 2010).

13. See for example, Myron Weiner, ‘Child Labour in Developing Countries: The Indian Case’, 2 International Journal of Children's Rights 2 (1994): 121–8; and Children's Chances (2013), ‘Without Taking Exceptions into Account, How Long are Children Protected from Hazardous Work?’ http://childrenschances.org/global-maps/a-chance-at-childhood/how-long-are-children-protected-from-hazardous-work/ (accessed 8 August 2013).

14. A. Crane and B.A. Kazmi, ‘Business and Children: Mapping Impacts, Managing Responsibilities’, Journal of Business Ethics 91 (2010): 567–86, 567.

15. Business actor (China), interview with author, 24 June 2013.

16. Judith Ennew, ‘The Rights Way Forward’, CRIN Newsletter: Children and Macroeconomics, no. 13 (November 2000). http://www.crin.org/docs/resources/publications/CRINvol14e.pdf (accessed 23 February 2012), 16.

17. For example, it is estimated that there would be 250 million migrant workers in 2008 in China, according to China's National Bureau of Statistics; Mary Gallagher, Ching Kwan Lee and Sarosh Kuruvilla, ‘Introduction and Argument’, in From Iron Rice Bowl to Informalization: Markets, Workers, and the State in a Changing China, ed. Sarosh Kuruvilla, Ching Kwan Lee and Mary E. Gallagher (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, 2011).

18. T.M. Collins, ‘The Monitoring of the Rights of the Child: A Child Rights-Based Approach’ (PhD Law Thesis, Queen Mary & Westfield College, University of London, UK, 2007), 31.

19. UN (1989), Convention on the Rights of the Child, 20 November, A/RES/44/25, entered into force 2 September 1990.

20. Collins, ‘The Monitoring of the Rights of the Child’.

21. Geraldine Van Bueren, The International Law on the Rights of the Child (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1998), 25, 17–25.

22. UNICEF, Global Compact and Save the Children, How Business Affects Us; and UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Comment No. 16, On State Obligations Regarding the Impact of Business Sector on Children's Rights, UN Doc. CRC/C/GC/16 (2013).

23. The CRC outlines in article one that ‘a child means every human being below the age of eighteen years unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier’.

24. Business Dictionary, ‘Business: Definition’/ http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/business.html (accessed 25 June 2013).

25. UN Committee, General Comment No. 16, 3.

26. See such examples as: Jacqui Gallinetti and Daksha Kassan, ‘Trafficking of Children in Africa: An Overview of Research, International Obligations and Existing Legal Provisions’, in Children's Rights in Africa: A Legal Perspective, ed. Julia Sloth-Nielsen (Surrey: Ashgate, 2008, 2010); and the case study on child-sex tourism in Lisa Martin, ‘The Leverage of Economic Theories: Explaining Governance in an Internationalized Industry’, in Governance in a Global Economy: Political Authority in Transition, ed. Miles Kahler and David Lake (Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2003), 33–59.

27. See for example, International Labour Organization, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, ‘The Informal Sector’. http://www.ilo.org/public/english/region/asro/bangkok/feature/inf_sect.htm (accessed 24 June 2013).

28. VanDuzer, Managing the Law, 4.

29. Ibid., 4–5.

30. Ibid., 5.

31. Rachel Yordi, Mamdouh Foad, Jennifer Denomy and Richard Carothers, ‘Learning through Work’ (Working Paper: Enhancing Education for Working Children – ‘Making Rights Work? Exploring Rights Based Programming to Enhance Programming’, 2009). http://www.ppic-work.org/download/manuals/PPIC_Work_LTW_Paper.pdf (accessed 17 October 2013), 8.

32. This language is affirmed in the preamble of various instruments including the CRC and the United Nations, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UN Doc. A/RES/217 A (III), 10 December 1948. http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/ (accessed 25 April 2012).

33. United Nations, Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action on Human Rights, UN Doc. A/CONF.157/24 (1993), paras 36–9, respectively.

34. For example, see Abdullahi A. An-Nai'im ‘Expanding the Limits of Imagination: Human Rights from a Participatory Approach to New Multilateralism’, in Innovation in Multilateralism, ed. Schechter (Tokyo: United Nations University Press; London: Macmillan; New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999), 205–22.

35. Joel Bakan, Childhood Under Siege: How Big Business Targets Children (New York: Free Press, 2011).

36. UN Global Compact, ‘Overview of the Global Compact’. http://www.unglobalcompact.org/AboutTheGC/index.html (accessed 9 September 2013).

37. Canadian academic, interview with author, March 2013.

38. UN Global Compact, ‘The Ten Principles’, UN Global Compact. http://www.unglobalcompact.org/abouttheGc/TheTenprinciples/index.html

39. Beth Simmons, Mobilizing for Human Rights: International Law in Domestic Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 366.

40. Multinational corporation official, interview with author, March 2013.

41. See further Aurora Voiculescu, ‘Human Rights and the Normative Ordering of Global Capitalism’, in The Business of Human Rights: An Evolving Agenda for Corporate Responsibility, ed. A. Voiculescu and H. Yanacopulos (London and New York: Zed Books, 2011), 12.

42. The UN process is described in UN General Assembly, ‘Report of the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General on the Issue of Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises, John Ruggie’, 3–4; and Business and Human Rights Resource Centre, ‘Business & Human Rights: A Brief Introduction’. http://www.business-humanrights.org/GettingStartedPortal/Intro (accessed 25 June 2013).

43. Ibid., 4.

44. Business and Human Rights Resource Centre, ‘Company Policy Statements on Human Rights’. http://www.business-humanrights.org/Documents/Policies and http://www.business-humanrights.org/GettingStartedPortal/Intro (accessed 18 February 2014).

45. Children are identified twice, namely: the commentary related to the state duty to protect human rights should recognise ‘the specific challenges’ that certain populations may have; and (‘B. Operational Principles, General State Regulatory and Policy Functions, Principle 3′, 8) in relation to the corporate responsibility to respect human rights (p. 14); Principles 18, 20, 26, and 27 also require businesses to consider those who may have “heightened risk of vulnerability or marginalization”, understood to include children among others. UN General Assembly, ‘Report of the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General on the Issue of Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises, John Ruggie’, 4.

46. UNICEF, Global Compact and Save the Children, How Business Affects Us; and UN Committee, General Comment No. 16.

47. UN Committee, General Comment No. 16.

48. International Commission of Jurists, ‘ICJ Hails Step Towards Protection of Children against Business Abuses’, 21 March 2013. http://www.icj.org/icj-hails-step-towards-protection-of-children-against-business-abuses/ (accessed 25 October 2013).

49. For example, see Collins, ‘The Monitoring of the Rights of the Child’.

50. UN General Assembly, ‘Report of the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General on the Issue of Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises, John Ruggie’, 4.

51. Some of the children's contributions about the role of business are included throughout this article. UN Global Compact, ‘Development of the Children's Rights and Business Principles’, 31 January 2012. http://www.unglobalcompact.org/Issues/human_rights/childrens_principles/development.html

52. Independent consultant, interview with author, 19 June 2013.

53. NGOs and their coalitions or networks, academic institutions and other UN bodies made submissions about the UN Committee's Annotated Outline and draft one of the General Comment, but the business perspective is only formally represented by two submissions from the International Organization of Employers: UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, ‘Submissions Received’ (2012). http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/SubmissionsCRCBusinessSector.htm and http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/SubmissionsGCBusinessSector.htm

54. UN General Assembly, ‘Report of the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General on the Issue of Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises, John Ruggie’, 5.

55. See further, for example, Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962).

56. The Boston Consulting Group, ‘Global CEO Study on Children's Rights and Business Commissioned by World Child and Youth Forum Stockholm March 22 2013, Stockholm, March 22, 2013’. http://www.ccrcsr.com/sites/default/files/BCG_Presentation%20at%20WCYF_GlobalCEOstudy2013_22mar13_1045.pdf (accessed 24 June 2013), 6.

57. Multinational corporation representative, interview with author, 20 March 2013; multinational corporate auditing officer, interview with author, 22 April 2013.

58. UN Committee, General Comment No. 16, 4.

59. International organisation official, interview with the author, March 2013.

60. Ibid.

61. UN General Assembly, ‘Report of the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General on the Issue of Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises, John Ruggie’, 14.

62. Helene Yaremko-Jarvis, ‘Business Ethics – Not just for the Big Guys’, My Store: The Voice of Independent Retail, Your Independent Community Online, Human Resources, March 2011. http://www.ethicscentre.ca/EN/resources/mystore_201203_businessethics.pdf (accessed 18 June 2013), 1–2.

63. Legal commentator (Canada), interview with author, 25 July 2013.

64. Multinational corporation representative, interview with author, 29 July 2013.

65. UNICEF, Children are Everyone's Business: Pilot Workbook (UNICEF, 2013). http://www.unicef.org/csr/88.htm (accessed 18 December 2013); Save the Children Sweden, Children's Rights and Business Principles Self Assessment Tool. http://crbptool.savethechildren.se/ (accessed 16 January 2014).

66. See further UNICEF Canada, Bringing Children in From the Margins: Symposium on Child Rights Impact Assessments, University of Ottawa, 14–15 May 2013. http://www.unicef.ca/en/article/child-rights-impact-assessment-symposium

67. Juliane Kippenberg, ‘New Unicef Guidelines on Children Will Fall Flat Without Backing from Business’, The Guardian, Poverty Matters blog, 12 March 2012. http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/poverty-matters/2012/mar/12/unicef-guidelines-children-needs-business-backing (accessed 17 April 2012).

68. Multinational corporation official, interview with author, March 2013; Multinational corporation representative, interview with author, 20 March 2013; and multinational corporate auditing officer, interview with author, 22 April 2013; Business actor (China), interview with author, 24 June 2013.

69. UN Committee, General Comment No. 16, 4.

70. Ibid., 8.

71. Independent consultant, interview with author, 19 June 2013.

72. UN Committee, General Comment No. 16, 10, 20, 20 (respectively).

73. See for example, Hon. Landon Pearson and Tara Collins, Not There Yet: Canada's Implementation of the General Measures of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (Florence: UNICEF – Innocenti Research Centre, 2009). http://www.unicef-irc.org/cgi-bin/unicef/Lunga.sql?ProductID=569

74. UN Committee, General Comment No. 16, 20.

75. UN Global Compact, ‘The Ten Principles’.

76. Independent consultant, interview with author, 19 June 2013.

77. UN General Assembly, ‘Report of the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General on the Issue of Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises, John Ruggie’, 14; and UN Committee, General Comment No. 16, 11 and 18 (respectively).

78. UNICEF, The Global Compact and Save the Children, How Business Affects Us, 19.

79. International organisation official, interview with the author, March 2013.

80. UN General Assembly, ‘Report of the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General on the Issue of Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises, John Ruggie’, 13.

81. Ibid., 5.

82. Christina Garsten, ‘The United Nations – Soft and Hard: Regulating Social Accountability for Global Business’, in Organizing Transnational Accountability, ed. Magnus Bostöm and Christina Garsten (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2008), 27–45, 29.

83. Ibid., 43.

84. International organisation official, interview with the author, March 2013.

85. Ibid.

86. Multinational corporation representative, interview with author, 20 March 2013; international development practitioner involved with small business development and working children/child rights, interview with author, March 2013; former international development NGO representative, interview with author, March 2013; international development NGO representative, interview with author, March 2013; and multinational corporate auditing officer, interview with author, 22 April 2013.

87. Academic focusing on corporate law, interview with author, 26 March 2013.

88. Ibid.

89. Adefolake Adeyeye, Corporate Social Responsibility of Multinational Corporations in Developing Countries (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 170.

90. Shi (1985), cited in John Colley, Jacqueline Doyle, George Logan and Wallace Stettinius, Corporate Governance (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003), 6.

91. Ibid.

92. Business academic (UK), interview with the author, 18 June 2013.

93. See further below about the tension between these concepts.

94. Paul Polman, CEO Unilever, ‘Bata Lecture on Responsible Capitalism’, 11 February 2013, York University, Canada. http://www.unilever.com/images/Paul-Polman-Bata-Lecture-on-Responsible-Capitalism-February-2013_tcm13-345845.pdf (accessed 18 November, 2013).

95. Mattel, Code of Conduct, May 2011. http://corporate.mattel.com/about-us/code_of_conduct.aspx (accessed 21 January 2014).

96. H&M, ‘Human Rights Policy’, 2012. http://about.hm.com/en/About/Sustainability/Reporting-and-Resources/Policies/human-rights-policy.html (accessed 29 October 2013).

97. Ibid.

98. Lego, ‘Human Rights’, https://aboutus.lego.com/en-us/sustainability/human-rights (accessed 18 November 2013).

99. International organisation official, interview with the author, March 2013.

100. Business actor (China), interview with author, 24 June 2013.

101. IKEA, People & Planet Positive IKEA Group Sustainability Strategy for 2020. http://www.ikea.com/ms/en_GB/pdf/people_planet_positive/People_planet_positive.pdf (accessed 21 January 2014), 9.

102. Kuoni, ‘Annual Report 2012: Corporate Responsibility: Human Rights’ (2012). http://2012.kuoni-annualreport.com/en/corp-responsibility/human-rights/1 (accessed 21 January 2014).

103. International organisation official, interview with the author, March 2013.

104. Kuoni, Assessing Human Rights Impacts: Kenya Pilot Project Report, November 2012. http://www.kuoni.com/docs/assessing_human_rights_impacts_0.pdf (accessed 21 January 2014), 18.

105. Institute for Human Rights and Business, ‘Review of How Child Rights are Addressed in Selected Companies’ Human Rights Policies and Practices' (Unpublished paper on file with the author, n.d.).

106. Max Nisen ‘How Nike Solved its Sweatshop Problem’, Business Insider, 9 May 2013. http://www.businessinsider.com/how-nike-solved-its-sweatshop-problem-2013-5 (accessed 16 January 2014).

107. See details about Nike's response in L. Fitterman, ‘The Maria Effect’, McGill News (Fall/Winter 2012), 22–6. http://publications.mcgill.ca/mcgillnews/2012/12/06/the-maria-effect/ (accessed 15 March 2013), 24.

108. Multinational corporate auditing officer, interview with author, 22 April 2013.

109. Ibid.

110. Ibid.

111. Social Accountability International, ‘SA8000 Standard: SA8000 Standard: 2008’. http://www.sa-intl.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=Page.ViewPage&PageID=937 (accessed 16 January 2014).

112. UN Committee, General Comment No. 16, 17.

113. Business actor (China), interview with author, 24 June 2013.

114. Adeyeye, Corporate Social Responsibility of Multinational Corporations in Developing Countries, 9.

115. For example, multinational corporation representative, interview with author, March 2013.

116. This connection is reinforced by the publication of Matthew Bishop and Michael Green, Philanthro-capitalism: How the Rich Can Save the World (New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2008).

117. Muhammad Yunus with Karl Weber, Building Social Business: The New Kind of Capitalism that Serves Humanity's Most Pressing Needs (New York: PublicAffairs, 2010), 9.

118. Salamon, Rethinking Corporate Social Engagement, 9.

119. Multinational corporation representative, interview with author, 20 March 2013.

120. Ibid.

121. James Orbinski, ‘Plenary Session: “Equity in Global Health”’ (Keynote presentation, Peace and Justice Studies Association Conference, Waterloo, Canada, 18 October 2013). http://www.peacejusticestudies.org/conference/sessions.php?con=P.3 (accessed 25 October 2013).

122. Multinational corporation official, interview with author, March 2013.

123. For example, Business actor (China), interview with author, 24 June 2013

124. Yunus and Weber, Building Social Business, 6–7.

125. Laura and Isabella respectively, both 16 years old, in T.M. Collins, ‘Business Case for Child Rights-Based Approach’ (Focus Group facilitated by author with young people, approved by Ryerson University Research Ethics Board REB 2013-074, 17 March 2013, Transcripts on file with author) (Toronto, 27 August 2013).

126. Jebb, cited in Save the Children, An Introduction to Child Rights Programming: Concept and Application (London: The Save the Children Fund, 2001), 5.

127. Multinational corporation representative, interview with author, 29 July 2013.

128. Business actor (China), interview with author, 24 June 2013.

129. Salamon, Rethinking Corporate Social Engagement, 71–2.

130. Ibid.

131. For example, see Brigitte Hamm and Christian Scheper, Human Rights Impact Assessments for Implementing Corporate Responsibility. Conceptual Challenges and Practical Approaches. INEF Research Paper Series on Human Rights, Corporate Responsibility and Sustainable Development 10/2012. Duisburg: Institute for Development and Peace, University of Duisburg-Essen, 2012).

132. Salamon, Rethinking Corporate Social Engagement, 85.

133. Business academic (UK), interview with the author, 18 June 2013.

134. Mark Nieker, ‘Introduction’, in Alliances for Youth: What Works in CSR Partnerships, ed. Mark Nieker, Christy Macy and Sheila Kinkade (Baltimore, MD: International Youth Foundation and Nokia, 2006), 9.

135. Ibid.

136. UN Committee, General Comment No. 16, 4–5.

137. UNICEF, Global Compact and Save the Children, How Business Affects Us, 5, 16.

138. UN General Assembly, ‘Report of the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General on the Issue of Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises, John Ruggie’, 16.

139. UNICEF, Global Compact and Save the Children, How Business Affects Us, 5, 16.

140. Business actor (China), interview with author, 24 June 2013.

141. Collins, quoted in Pearson and Collins, Not There Yet, 60.

142. Laura Hartman, Denis Arnold and Sandra Waddock ‘Rising above Sweatshops: An Introduction to the Text and to the Issues’, in Rising above Sweatshops: Innovative Approaches to Global Labour Challenges, ed. Laura Hartman, Denis Arnold and Richard Wokutch (Westport and London: Praeger, 2003), 11.

143. Multinational corporation representative, interview with author, 29 July 2013.

144. See examples: Peter Foster, ‘Unilever's Most Dangerous Brand’, Financial Post, 14 February 2013. http://opinion.financialpost.com/2013/02/14/peter-foster-unilevers-most-dangerous-brand/; and The Economist, ‘Doing Well By Doing Good’, The Economist, 20 April 2000. http://www.economist.com/node/304119

145. Leisinger, in Andrew Crane and Dirk Matten, ‘The Elephant in the Room’, Global Compact Leaders Global Summit, New York, June 2010, in Crane and Matten blog, Friday, 25 June 2010. http://craneandmatten.blogspot.ca/2010/06/elephant-in-room.html (accessed 17 June 2013).

146. Siemens and Grupo Losgrobo, in ibid.

147. Paul Polman, CEO Unilever, ‘Bata Lecture on Responsible Capitalism’, 11 February 2013, York University, Canada. http://www.unilever.com/images/Paul-Polman-Bata-Lecture-on-Responsible-Capitalism-February-2013_tcm13-345845.pdf (accessed 18 November 2013).

148. Business actor (China), interview with author, 24 June 2013.

149. Ken Block, ‘Foreword’, in Rising above Sweatshops, ed. Laura Hartman, Denis Arnold and Richard Wokutch (Westport and London: Praeger, 2003), xiv.

150. Thanya, Laura and Isabella, all 16 years old, in Collins, ‘Business Case for Child Rights-Based Approach’ (Toronto, 27 August 2013).

151. International academic (USA), interview with the author, 26 March 2013.

152. Academic focusing on corporate law, interview with author, 26 March 2013.

153. Ibid.

154. Emily Gosden, ‘BP Warns Gulf Spill Costs Will Exceed $42.4bn as Compensation Costs Rise’, The Telegraph, 30 July 2013. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/oilandgas/10210318/BP-warns-Gulf-spill-costs-will-exceed-42.4bn-as-compensation-costs-rise.html (accessed 24 January 2014).

155. Academic focusing on corporate law, interview with author, 26 March 2013.

156. Multinational corporate auditing officer, interview with author, 22 April 2013.

157. See for example, PWC, ‘Setting Sustainability Goals Improves Bottom Line’, 31 July 2013. http://www.environmentalleader.com/2013/07/31/setting-sustainability-goals-improves-bottom-line/ (accessed 24 January 2014).

158. International organisation official, interview with the author, March 2013.

159. Canadian academic, interview with author, March 2013.

160. Legal commentator (Canada), interview with author, 25 July 2013.

161. Mehrunnisa Ali, ‘Shopping Malls: A Space for Children of Immigrants’ (Presented at Child and Teen Consumption Conference – Being, Becoming and Belonging, University of Edinburgh Business School, 11 April 2014).

162. ComRes survey, in Christian Aid, ‘Press Release: One in Three Are Voting With Their Wallet Following Tax Revelations’ (London: Christian Aid, 1 March 2013). http://www.christianaid.org.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/march-2013/one-in-three-are-voting-with-their-wallet-following-tax-revelations.aspx

163. Collins, ‘Business Case for Child Rights-Based Approach’.

164. Business academic (UK), interview with the author, 18 June 2013.

165. Multinational corporation representative, interview with author, 20 March 2013.

166. Multinational corporate auditing officer, interview with author, 22 April 2013.

167. International academic (USA), interview with the author, 26 March 2013.

168. John, 11.5 years old, in Collins, ‘Business Case for Child Rights-Based Approach’ (Ottawa, 8 October 2013).

169. Business academic (UK), interview with the author, 18 June 2013.

170. In Collins, ‘Business Case for Child Rights-Based Approach’ (Toronto, 27 August 2013).

171. Business actor (China), interview with author, 24 June 2013.

172. For example, Laura, 16 years old, in Collins, ‘Business Case for Child Rights-Based Approach’ (Toronto, 27 August 2013).

173. International organisation official, interview with the author, March 2013.

174. UN Committee, General Comment No. 16, 7–8.

175. Ibid., 3.

176. Ibid., 3.

177. Alison Watson, The Child in International Political Economy: A Place at the Table (London and New York: Routledge/RIPE Studies in Global Political Economy, 2009), 1.

178. Ibid., 2.

179. Ibid., 91.

180. For example, Bourdillon et al. argue that the ILO Minimum Age Convention is problematic and in fact a violation of children's rights, see further Michael Bourdillon, Ben White and William Myers, ‘Re-assessing Minimum-Age Standards for Children's Work’, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 29, no. 3–4 (2009), 106–17.

181. United States of America, H.R. 6090 (102nd): Child Labor Deterrence Act of 1992, introduced 1 October 1992. http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/102/hr6090 (accessed 8 August 2013).

182. Bourdillon et al., ‘Re-assessing Minimum-Age Standards for Children's Work’, 183.

183. Ibid., 184–5.

184. Ibid., 183.

185. Business academic (UK), interview with the author, 18 June 2013.

186. For example, a teenaged survivor spoke to the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) in CBC's, ‘Made in Bangladesh’, broadcasted 11 October 2013. http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/episodes/2013-2014/made-in-bangladesh

187. Legal commentator (Canada), interview with author, 25 July 2013.

188. Multinational corporate auditing officer, interview with author, 22 April 2013.

189. International academic (USA), interview with the author, 26 March 2013.

190. Ibid.

191. Legal commentator (Canada), interview with author, 25 July 2013.

192. Collins, ‘Business Case for Child Rights-Based Approach’ (Toronto, 9 October 2013).

193. Egyptian community development official, interview with author, March 2013.

194. Multinational corporation representative, interview with author, 29 July 2013.

195. Egyptian community development official, interview with author, March 2013.

196. Collins, ‘Business Case for Child Rights-Based Approach’ (Toronto, 9 October 2013).

197. Ibid.

198. International academic (USA), interview with the author, 26 March 2013.

199. International development practitioner involved with small business development and working children/child rights, interview with author, March 2013.

200. International development NGO representative, interview with author, March 2013.

201. Multinational corporation representative, interview with author, 29 July 2013.

202. Gerhard Pries (Sarona Asset Management Inc.), ‘The Business of Peace: Employing Investment Capital to Build Peace and Hope’ (Peace and Justice Studies Association Conference, Waterloo, Canada, 18 October 2013).

203. Bourdillon et al., ‘Re-assessing Minimum-Age Standards for Children's Work’.

204. Canadian academic, interview with author, March 2013.

205. Two international non-governmental representatives (Australia), interview with author, 7 May 2013.

206. Collins, ‘Business Case for Child Rights-Based Approach’ (Toronto, 27 August 2013), (Ottawa, 8 October 2013), (Toronto, 9 October 2013), (Ottawa, 16 October 2013).

207. Thanya, 16 years old, in Collins, ‘Business Case for Child Rights-Based Approach’ (Toronto, 27 August 2013).

208. International Labour Organization, Convention on Minimum Age 1973 (No. 138), adopted 26 June 1973 by ILO General Conference, entered into force 19 June 1976; and Convention Concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour (Convention 182), adopted 17 June 1999 by ILO General Conference, entered into force 19 November 2000.

209. International academic (USA), interview with the author, 26 March 2013.

210. UN Committee, General Comment No. 16, 12, 14 and 15, respectively.

211. Canadian academic, interview with author, March 2013.

212. Stephanie Nolen, ‘What Would Robin Hood Do: How Cash Handouts are Remaking Lives in Brazil’, The Globe and Mail, 23 December 2013. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/what-would-robin-hood-do-how-cash-handouts-are-remaking-lives-in-brazil/article16113695/ (accessed 9 January 2014).

213. Ibid.

214. See CRC articles 28 and 29, and other human rights instruments.

215. International academic (USA), interview with the author, 26 March 2013.

216. Amanda Berlan, ‘Child Labour and Cocoa: Whose Voices Prevail?’ International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 29, no. 3–4 (2009): 141–51, 141–2.

217. Ibid., 142.

218. Ibid., 141–2.

219. Ibid., 141–4.

220. Ibid., 144.

221. Ibid., 141–8, 149.

222. Amanda Berlan, ‘Social Sustainability in Agriculture: An Anthropological Perspective on Child Labour in Cocoa Production in Ghana’ The Journal of Development Studies (2013): 1–13, 3.

223. Nieuwenhuys (1996), cited in ibid., 4.

224. International academic (USA), interview with the author, 26 March 2013.

225. Martin Woodhead, ‘Combatting Child Labour: Listening to What the Children Say’, Childhood 6, no. 1 (1999): 27–49, 29–30.

226. Ibid., 43.

227. Save the Children, Position Statement: The Protection of Children from Harmful Work (Stockholm: Save the Children Sweden, 3 October 2013).

228. Business actor (China), interview with author, 24 June 2013.

229. Mary Gallagher and Baohua Dong ‘Legislating Harmony: Labor Law Reform in Contemporary China’, in From Iron Rice Bowl to Informalization: Markets, Workers, and the State in a Changing China, ed. Sarosh Kuruvilla, Ching Kwan Lee, Mary Gallagher (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, 2011), 54.

230. Business actor (China), interview with author, 24 June 2013.

231. Centre for Child Rights and Corporate Social Responsibility, ‘Snapshot Survey: China's Student Workers’. http://ccrcsr.com/resource/194 (accessed 16 January 2014).

232. Hewlett-Packard, HP 2012 Global Citizenship Report (2013). http://h20195.www2.hp.com/V2/GetPDF.aspx/c03742928.pdf (accessed 8 August 2013), 79.

233. Ibid. 80, 75.

234. Ibid., 3.

235. Collins, ‘Business Case for Child Rights-Based Approach’ (Ottawa, 16 October 2013).

236. Bakan, Childhood Under Siege, 173.

237. Ibid., 175.

238. Ibid., 175.

239. Caine's Arcade, ‘About’. http://cainesarcade.com/about/ (accessed 19 February 2014).

240. Marilyn Kourilsky and William Walstad, The Entrepreneur in Youth: An Untapped Resource for Economic Group, Social Entrepreneurship, and Education (Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, USA: Edward Elgar, 2007), 4.

241. Ibid., 15.

242. Ben White, ‘Who Wants to Be a Farmer? Agriculture, Youth and the Generation Problem’ (paper presented at Symposium on Children and Work, organised by Save the Children Canada, Toronto, 5–6 February 2014). There is criticism of this direction, see: Suzanne Naafs and Ben White, (2012): Intermediate Generations: Reflections on Indonesian Youth Studies', The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology 13, no. 1 (2013): 3–20.

243. UNICEF and Child & Youth Finance International, ‘Beyond the Promotional Piggybank: Towards Children as Stakeholders’ (discussion paper on Developing Child-Friendly Financial Products and Services, 2013), 4.

244. Foundation for Young Australians, ‘Young Social Pioneers’. http://www.fya.org.au/initiatives/young-social-pioneers/

245. Former international development NGO representative, interview with author, March 2013.

246. Ben White, ‘Agriculture and the Generation Problem: Rural Youth, Employment and the Future of Farming’, IDS Bulletin 43, no. 6 (2012).

247. Academic (Canada), interview with author, 4 September 2013.

248. Ibid.

249. International organisation official, interview with the author, March 2013.

250. Academic focusing on corporate law, interview with author, 26 March 2013; Canadian academic, interview with author, March 2013; business academic (UK), interview with the author, 18 June 2013.

251. International development NGO representative, interview with author, March 2013.

252. Multinational corporation official, interview with author, March 2013; multinational corporation representative, interview with author, 29 July 2013; and business actor (China), interview with author, 24 June 2013.

253. Multinational corporation representative, interview with author, 20 March 2013.

254. Multinational corporate auditing officer, interview with author, 22 April 2013.

255. Legal commentator (Canada), interview with author, 25 July 2013.

256. International academic (USA), interview with the author, 26 March 2013.

257. Independent consultant, interview with author, 19 June 2013.

258. Florian Wettstein, ‘CSR and the Debate on Business and Human Rights: Bridging the Great Divide’, Business Ethics Quarterly 22, no. 4 (2012): 739–70, 739.

259. See for example, David Crowther and Lez Rayman-Bacchus, Perspectives on Corporate Social Responsibility (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004).

260. Independent consultant, interview with author, 19 June 2013.

261. Legal commentator (Canada), interview with author, 25 July 2013.

262. Ibid.; and independent consultant, interview with author, 19 June 2013.

263. Multinational corporation representative, interview with author, 20 March 2013; international academic (USA), interview with the author, 26 March 2013; and multinational corporate auditing officer, interview with author, 22 April 2013.

264. Adeyeye, Corporate Social Responsibility of Multinational Corporations in Developing Countries, 7–8.

265. Santos Pais, ‘The Convention on the Rights of the Child’, in Manual on Human Rights Reporting, ed. United Nations (Geneva: United Nations, 1997): 393–504.

266. See further such examples: Georges Abi-Saab, ‘The Changing World Order and the International Legal Order: The Structural Evolution of International Law beyond the State-Centric Model’, in Global Transformation: Challenges to the State System, ed. Yoshikazu Sakamoto (Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 1994): 439–61; Barbara Klugman, ‘The Role of NGOs as Agents for Change’, Development Dialogue, no. 1–2 (2000): 95–120; Peter Willetts, ‘From ‘Consultative Arrangements’ to ‘Partnership’: The Changing Status of NGOs in Diplomacy at the UN’, Global Governance 6 (2000): 191–212; David Weissbrodt, ‘The Contribution of International Nongovernmental Organizations to the Protection of Human Rights’, Human Rights in International Law: Legal and Policy Issues, ed. Theodor Meron (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984): 403–38.

267. Business actor (China), interview with author, 24 June 2013.

268. Canadian academic, interview with author, March 2013.

269. International development NGO representative, interview with author, March 2013.

270. Legal commentator (Canada), interview with author, 25 July 2013.

271. Former international development NGO representative, interview with author, March 2013.

272. International development NGO representative, interview with author, March 2013.

273. Legal commentator (Canada), interview with author, 25 July 2013.

274. Mattel, Code of Conduct, May 2011. http://corporate.mattel.com/about-us/code_of_conduct.aspx (accessed 21 January 2014).

275. UN General Assembly, ‘Report of the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General on the Issue of Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises, John Ruggie’, 5.

276. Business actor (China), interview with author, 24 June 2013.

277. Ibid.; and independent consultant, interview with author, 19 June 2013.

278. Business actor (China), interview with author, 24 June 2013.

279. Rocky, Aria and Caroline Cooper (all 13 years old) and 12-year-old Mavin in Collins, ‘Business Case for Child Rights-Based Approach’ (Ottawa, 16 October 2013).

280. They highlighted viral video: Mail Foreign Service, ‘Too Unfit to Run: Two-Year-Old Who Smokes 40 Cigarettes a Day Puffs Away on a Toy Truck’ 2013. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1281538/Smoking-year-old-Ardi-Rizal-40-cigarettes-day.html; cited during Collins, ‘Business Case for Child Rights-Based Approach’ (Toronto, 9 October 2013).

281. Collins, ‘Business Case for Child Rights-Based Approach’ (Toronto, 9 October 2013).

282. International development NGO representative, interview with author, March 2013.

283. Hon. L. Pearson, ‘From Strength to Strength: Children's and Women's Rights over the Lifecycle’ (Florence Bird Lecture, Carleton University, Ottawa, 8 March 2012). http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TgHGOo7yvwQ&feature=youtu.be (accessed 1 April 2014).

284. Promoting and Protecting the Interests of Children who Work (PPIC-Work), ‘Description of the PPIC-Work Approach’, http://www.ppic-work.org/overview.htm (accessed 9 January 2014).

285. International development practitioner involved with small business development and working children/child rights, interview with author, March 2013.

286. Multinational corporation representative, interview with author, 29 July 2013.

287. Seventeen and 16 years old respectively, in Collins, ‘Business Case for Child Rights-Based Approach’ (Toronto, 8 October 2013).

288. International development NGO representative, interview with author, March 2013.

289. International organisation official, interview with the author, March 2013.

290. Independent consultant, interview with author, 19 June 2013.

291. International organisation official, interview with the author, March 2013.

292. Business academic (UK), interview with the author, 18 June 2013.

293. Independent consultant, interview with author, 19 June 2013; academic focusing on corporate law, interview with author, 26 March 2013; and legal commentator (Canada), interview with author, 25 July 2013.

294. Academic focusing on corporate law, interview with author, 26 March 2013.

295. Yunus with Weber, Building Social Business, xvi–xvii.

296. For instance, much documentation relates to the increasing role and influence of Chinese business in Africa. See for example: J. Ndumbe Anyu and J.-P. Afam Ifedi, ‘China's Ventures in Africa: Patterns, Prospects, and Implications for Africa's Development’, Mediterranean Quarterly 19 (Fall 2008): 91–110.

297. Academic focusing on corporate law, interview with author, 26 March 2013.

298. For instance, Karp's forthcoming work will likely make a valuable contribution; David Karp, Responsibility for Human Rights: Transnational Corporations in Imperfect States (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, April 2014).

299. Multinational corporate auditing officer, interview with author, 22 April 2013.

300. International development NGO representative, interview with author, March 2013.

301. Collins, ‘Business Case for Child Rights-Based Approach’ (Toronto, 9 October 2013).

302. Bakan, Childhood Under Siege, 11.

303. Collins, ‘Business Case for Child Rights-Based Approach’ (Toronto, 9 October 2013).

304. International organisation official, interview with the author, March 2013.

305. Collins, ‘Business Case for Child Rights-Based Approach’ (Toronto, 9 October 2013).

306. Legal commentator (Canada), interview with author, 25 July 2013.

307. Former international development NGO representative, interview with author, March 2013.

308. International development NGO representative, interview with author, March 2013.

309. For example, in the textile industry, questions are asked about such issues as: ‘Who is providing the thread to the spinners? Who is getting the thread?’ to make the supply chain more efficient for everyone: producers, weavers, traders, aggregate weavers, shopkeepers, high-end designers. Such awareness also leads to stronger connections between the designers and people in the field and results in better training and quality improvement; international development NGO representative, interview with author, March 2013.

310. International development practitioner involved with small business development and working children/child rights, interview with author, March 2013.

311. Collins, ‘Business Case for Child Rights-Based Approach’ (Toronto, 27 August 2013).

312. Former international development NGO representative, interview with author, March 2013.

313. Peter Lacy et al., ‘A New Era of Sustainability: UN Global Compact’, Accenture CEO Study (Boston: Accenture and UN Global Compact, 2010), 11.

314. Alexander Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Amsterdam: Modderman, 2009). http://www.businessmodelgeneration.com/downloads/businessmodelgeneration_preview.pdf [accessed 24 April, 2012] p.14-15.

315. Alexander Osterwalder, Yves Pigneur and Christopher L. Tucci, ‘Clarifying Business Models: Origins, Present, and Future of the Concept’, Communications of the Association for Information Systems 16 (2005): 2.

316. David Crowther and Lez Rayman-Bacchus, ‘Introduction: Perspectives on Corporate Social Responsibility’, in Crowther and Rayman-Bacchus, Perspectives on Corporate Social Responsibility, 7.

317. Business actor (China), interview with author, 24 June 2013.

318. See for example, Raymond Floyd, A Culture of Rapid Improvement: Creating and Sustaining an Engaged Workforce (New York: Productivity Press, 2008).

319. See for example, Colley et al., Corporate Governance, 9–10.

320. Ibid., 20.

321. See further Ikea, ‘IKEA Social Initiative’. http://www.ikea.com/ms/en_CA/about_ikea/our_responsibility/ikea_social_initiative/index.html; and Ikea Foundation, ‘About Us’. http://www.ikeafoundation.org/about-us/ (accessed 10 January 2014).

322. Adeyeye, Corporate Social Responsibility of Multinational Corporations in Developing Countries, 169.

323. Ibid.

324. Colley et al., Corporate Governance, 45.

325. Rocky, 13 Aria, 13, Mavin, 12 and Caroline Cooper, 13, in Collins, ‘Business Case for Child Rights-Based Approach’ (Ottawa, 16 October 2013).

326. Neil Farmer, The Invisible Organization: How informal Networks can Lead Organizational Change (Surrey: Gower, 2008), xvii.

327. Ibid., xvii, xix.

328. Legal commentator (Canada), interview with author, 25 July 2013.

329. UN General Assembly, ‘Report of the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General on the Issue of Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises, John Ruggie’, 15–16.

330. UNICEF, Global Compact and Save the Children, How Business Affects Us, 11 and 40.

331. Amanda, 16 years old, in Collins, ‘Business Case for Child Rights-Based Approach’ (Toronto, 9 October 2013).

332. Multinational corporate auditing officer, interview with author, 22 April 2013.

333. Ibid.

334. Multinational corporation representative, interview with author, 20 March 2013.

335. Colley et al., Corporate Governance, 175–7.

336. VanDuzer, Managing the Law, 519.

337. Ibid., see Chapter 10.

338. Evaristus Oshionebo, ‘Shareholder Proposals and the Passivity of Shareholders in Canada: Electronic Forums to the Rescue?’, 37 Queen's Law Journal 623 (2011–2012).

339. Legal commentator (Canada), interview with author, 25 July 2013.

340. Multinational corporation representative, interview with author, 20 March 2013.

341. Bakan, Childhood Under Siege, 5.

342. International development practitioner involved with small business development and working children/child rights, interview with author, March 2013.

343. Multinational corporate auditing officer, interview with author, 22 April 2013.

344. Multinational corporation representative, interview with author, 29 July 2013.

345. Canadian academic, interview with author, March 2013.

346. Mazars and Shift, ‘Developing Global Standards for the Reporting and Assurance of Company Alignment with the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: A Discussion Paper’, 2013. http://shiftproject.org/sites/default/files/Developing%20Global%20Standards%20Discussion%20Paper%20-%20Final%202013%2005%2001.pdf, 5.

347. Multinational corporation official, interview with author, March 2013.

348. See further Tara M. Collins and Gabrielle Guevara, ‘Child Rights Impact Assessments (CRIAs): Some Considerations for a Child Rights-Based Approach to Business’, Revue générale de droit, vol. 44, no. 1 (2014).

349. Former international development NGO representative, interview with author, March 2013.

350. Annabeth (12 years old), in Collins, ‘Business Case for Child Rights-Based Approach’ (Toronto, October 9, 2013).

351. Business actor (China), interview with author, 24 June 2013.

352. Landon Pearson, ‘From Strength to Strength: Children's and Women's Rights Over the Lifecycle’ (Florence Bird Lecture, Carleton University, Ottawa, 8 March 2012). http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TgHGOo7yvwQ&feature=youtu.be (accessed 14 May 2012).

353. A. James and A. James, Constructing Childhood (Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), 99.

354. Bertrand Marotte ‘Loblaw to Compensate Victims of Deadly Bangladesh Factory Collapse’ The Globe and Mail, 24 October 2013. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/international-business/loblaw-to-compensate-victims-of-bangladesh-factory-collapse/article15041964 (accessed 24 October 2013).

355. Small business owner (Canada), interview with author, 15 October 2013.

356. Ibid.

357. Ibid.

358. BBC News, ‘Sichuan 2008: A Disaster on an Immense Scale’, BBC News, 8 May 2013. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-22398684 (accessed 19 February 2014).

359. Small business owner (Canada), interview with author, 15 October 2013.

360. Jan Behl, Cities for People (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2010), 58.

361. Rochlin, ‘Foreword’, 5.

362. Ibid.

363. Ibid.

364. Ibid.

365. T.M. Collins, ‘The Business of Child Rights’ (submission to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child on its Child Rights and Business General Comment, 4 May 2012). http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/docs/CallSubmissionBusinessSector/LandonPearsonResourceCentre.pdf

366. Ibid.

367. Ibid.

368. Jaap Doek, ‘Child Rights in Practice: Tools for Social Change’ (IICRD Conference, Sydney BC Canada, 25 February–2 March 2007). www.jaapedoek.nl/publications/keynotes/keynote_357.doc ‎ (accessed 24 June 2013), pp.1, 3.

369. Alexandra, 14 years old, in Collins, ‘Business Case for Child Rights-Based Approach’ (Ottawa, October 8, 2013).

370. Legal commentator (Canada), interview with author, 25 July 2013.

371. David Lane and Robert Maxfield, ‘Foresight, Complexity and Strategy’ (SFI Working Paper: 1995-12-106, Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe). http://www.santafe.edu/media/workingpapers/95-12-106.pdf

372. UN General Assembly, ‘Report of the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General on the Issue of Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises, John Ruggie’, 5, 13–14.

373. Thanya, Laura and Isabella respectively, 16 years old, in Collins, ‘Business Case for Child Rights-Based Approach’ (Toronto, 27 August 2013).

374. Business academic (UK), interview with the author, 18 June 2013.

375. Terry Macalister, ‘Starbucks Pays Corporation Tax in UK For First Time in Five Years’, The Guardian, 23 June 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/jun/23/starbucks-pays-corporation-tax (accessed 30 September 2013).

376. Canadian Coalition for the Rights of Children, Right in Principle, Right in Practice: Implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in Canada (Ottawa: Canadian Coalition for the Rights of Children, 2011). http://rightsofchildren.ca/monitoring, 1.

377. Canadian academic, interview with author, March 2013.

378. UNICEF, Global Compact and Save the Children, How Business Affects Us, 12.

379. Ibid., 8.

380. Collins, ‘Business Case for Child Rights-Based Approach’ (Ottawa, 8 October 2013).

381. Collins, ‘Business Case for Child Rights-Based Approach’ (Ottawa, 16 October 2013).

382. Ibid.