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Culture, Health & Sexuality
An International Journal for Research, Intervention and Care
Volume 11, 2009 - Issue 2
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Original Articles

Gender norms in South Africa: implications for HIV and pregnancy prevention among African and Indian women students at a South African tertiary institution

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Pages 139-157 | Received 18 Jan 2008, Accepted 01 Oct 2008, Published online: 10 Mar 2009
 

Abstract

In post‐Apartheid South Africa, women are constitutionally guaranteed protections and freedoms that were previously unknown to them. These freedoms may have positive implications for women's ability to negotiate sexual protection with partners and hence prevent unintended pregnancy and decrease their risk of HIV. Among tertiary institution students, who are a relatively ‘privileged’ group, there is little information on gender norms that might shape responses to HIV‐prevention programmes. To elicit gender norms regarding women's and men's roles, condom and contraceptive use, sexual communication and sexual pleasure, we conducted 10 semi‐structured focus group discussions with African and Indian female tertiary institution students in order to understand how norms might be used to buttress HIV‐ and pregnancy‐prevention. Participants reported dramatic changes in the structure of gender norms and relations with the formal recognition of women's rights in the post‐Apartheid context. These generational shifts in norms are supported by other research in South Africa. At the same time, women recognized the co‐existence of traditional constructions of gender that operate to constrain women's freedom. The perceived changes that have taken place provide an entry point for intervention, particularly for reinforcing emerging gender norms that promote women's protection against unintended pregnancy and HIV/STIs.

Résumé

Dans l'Afrique du Sud post‐Apartheid, les femmes bénéficient de garanties constitutionnelles de protection et de liberté qui leur étaient inconnues auparavant. Ces libertés peuvent avoir des implications positives pour la capacité des femmes à négocier les rapports sexuels protégés avec leurs partenaires, donc à empêcher les grossesses non désirées et à réduire leur risque lié au VIH. Parmi les étudiants des établissements d'enseignement supérieur qui constituent un groupe relativement « privilégié », l'information sur les normes de genre pouvant modeler les réponses aux programmes de prévention du VIH est limitée. Pour aborder les normes de genre concernant les rôles des femmes et des hommes, l'usage du préservatif et des contraceptifs, la communication sur le sexe et le plaisir sexuel, nous avons mené 10 groupes cibles semi structurés avec des étudiantes d'origine africaine et indienne dans des établissements d'enseignement supérieur afin de comprendre comment ces normes pourraient être utilisées pour renforcer la prévention du VIH et des grossesses non désirées. Les participantes ont fait part de changements dramatiques dans la structure des normes de genre et des relations, avec la reconnaissance formelle des droits des femmes dans le contexte post‐Apartheid. Ces changements générationnels des normes sont constatés par d'autres recherches en Afrique du Sud. Les femmes ont également reconnu la coexistence de constructions traditionnelles du genre qui opèrent pour contraindre la liberté des femmes. Les changements perçus qui se sont produits offrent un point d'entrée pour des interventions, en particulier le renforcement des normes de genre émergentes qui encouragent la protection des femmes contre les grossesses non désirées, le VIH et les autres IST.

Resumen

La constitución de la Sudáfrica post‐Apartheid garantiza a las mujeres protecciones y libertades que antes no existían. Estas libertades pueden tener repercusiones positivas para la capacidad de las mujeres de negociar la protección sexual con sus compañeros y, por tanto, prevenir embarazos no deseados y disminuir su riesgo de contagiarse con el virus del sida. Entre estudiantes de instituciones terciarias que representan un grupo relativamente “privilegiado”, hay poca información sobre las normas de género que podrían influenciar en las repuestas a los programas de prevención del sida. Para obtener las normas de género con respecto a los roles de mujeres y hombres, el uso de preservativos y anticonceptivos, la comunicación sexual y el placer sexual, llevamos a cabo 10 grupos de discusión semiestructurados con estudiantes femeninas de instituciones terciarias de África y la India a fin de entender cómo se podrían usar las normas para fomentar la prevención del contagio del sida y los embarazos no deseados. Las participantes informaron de cambios drásticos en la estructura de las normas y relaciones de género con el reconocimiento formal de los derechos de las mujeres en el contexto post‐Apartheid. Estos cambios generacionales en las normas están respaldados por otros estudios en Sudáfrica. Al mismo tiempo, las mujeres reconocieron la coexistencia de las construcciones tradicionales de género que funcionan para limitar la libertad de las mujeres. Los cambios percibidos que han ocurrido ofrecen un paso inicial para la intervención, especialmente para reforzar las normas de género emergentes que fomentan la protección de las mujeres contra embarazos no deseados y el contagio del sida e infecciones de transmisión sexual.

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (Female Condom Use among South African College Students, R01‐HD046351; Principal Investigator: JE Mantell) and by a center grant from the National Institute of Mental Health to the HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies at the New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University (P30‐MH43520; Principal Investigator: Anke A. Ehrhardt). We are extremely appreciative of the women students who shared their thoughts about gender norms, sex and condoms with us.

The authors wish to acknowledge the insightful comments of Shari Dworkin, Patricia Warne, Raymond Smith, at the HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, and Ashley Fox, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University to this paper, and the support we received from the university study site. We also appreciate the contributions of Nontobeko Mdlalose. Finally, we appreciate the helpful comments of the anonymous reviewers of this manuscript.

Notes

1. We use the word ‘African’ to reflect the official racial classification system in South Africa rather than the word ‘Black’ that is used by Africans and others.

2. Ten focus groups were also conducted with male students. Findings from these groups are not reported here.

3. In terms of hierarchy/power in their relationships.

4. Deutsch (Citation2006) provides an interesting framework for characterizing oppression and suggests a number of strategies that low‐power groups can use to resist oppression and bring about change.

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