Streamside management zone effectiveness for water temperature control in Western Montana

ABSTRACT

An important function of Streamside Management Zones (SMZs) retained during harvest operations is shading for temperature control. SMZ width and allowable timber removal varies by state. In Montana, an SMZ law requires that timber be retained within 15.2 m of streams, with a steep-slope ground-based equipment exclusion area that can extend up to 30.5 m. The amount of timber removal in the SMZ is a function of pre-harvest tree size and stocking, with removals of 0–30% typical. The effectiveness of SMZs for stream temperature control in Montana has not been previously evaluated. Between 1999 and 2004, half-hourly stream temperature data were collected at 30 operational harvest sites bordering perennial fish-bearing streams in western Montana. Temperature data were collected at the upper and lower boundary of the harvest, for a minimum of one summer before and after harvest. Covariate data were collected to describe the harvest, and fish data collected to evaluate biological response that may be associated with temperature changes. Response measures were analyzed using a linear mixed effects model. The model structure was based on the experimental design and included terms for year, position, harvest-state, and a position × harvest-state interaction, with the latter term used to estimate the impact of harvest on stream temperature. Results found no significant harvest effect for the six evaluated temperature metrics, with estimates between –0.1 and 0.04°C. Fish population and biomass also had no significant harvest effect. These results suggest that operational SMZs being retained in Montana are protective of water temperature.

KEYWORDS:

• Streamside management zone (SMZ)
• stream temperature
• buffer strip effectiveness
• riparian windthrow
• fish response

Acknowledgements

Tracy Hillman (BioAnalysts, Boise, Idaho) assisted in the original conceptualization of the study. Mic Holmes (Biometrician, Weyerhaeuser), designed the riparian cruise protocol, and analyzed the cruise data. Field data collection team leaders were David Pontrelli, Leo Rosenthal, Arne Wick, and Morgan Suter. An early draft of the manuscript benefited from comments by Jami Nettles (Hydrologist, Weyerhaeuser). And we thank the anonymous reviewers for the helpful comments that improved the final manuscript.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Geolocation information

48°11.0ʹN, 114°19.0ʹW in WGS84

Notes

1. In 2016, Plum Creek Timber Company (PCTC) merged with Weyerhaeuser Company. About half of the original land base described in this study is currently owned by Weyerhaeuser, with most of the remaining acreage now in federal or state ownership.