Hypotestosterone and Long-Term Opioid Use

ABSTRACT

Questions from patients about pain conditions and analgesic pharmacotherapy and responses from authors are presented to help educate patients and make them more effective self-advocates. The effects of long-term opioid use on testosterone production, associated comorbidities, and medication-based and natural testosterone replacement therapies are considered.

KEYWORDS:

• chronic pain
• hormone replacement therapy
• hypotestosteronism
• opioids
• methadone
• testosterone

Declaration of interest

The author reports no conflicts of interest. The author alone is responsible for the content and writing of this article.