Understanding active school travel through the Behavioural Ecological Model

ABSTRACT

Active school travel (AST) is an important source of physical activity for children and a conceptual understanding of AST is necessary to inform promotion efforts. The aim of this article is to provide a conceptual analysis of AST. All currently identified AST formulations include intra-individual variables which are often recommended as intervention targets. However, existing literature lacks clarity on precisely how these intra-individual variables might shape specific AST interventions. Moreover, evaluative studies of AST interventions typically fail to specify an underpinning theory or model. To address this limitation, the Behavioural Ecological Model (BEM), not previously addressed in AST, is presented to guide this area of research. Based on specific examples, we draw attention to the role of potential antecedents and potential reinforcers of AST, as well as potential reinforcers of motorised travel. Antecedents and reinforcers may help to explain choices of school travel mode, and to inform and increase intervention options to promote AST. Consistent with the BEM, the provision of more immediate consequences, such as fun and material prizes, is an evidence-based strategy for increasing AST which is likely to be low-cost and easier to deliver than alternative interventions. This approach to the study of AST is expected to contribute to similar analyses in this and other areas of behaviour change research, and to a more useful discussion and treatment of theoretical and conceptual behavioural models.

KEYWORDS:

• Travel behaviour
• theory
• models
• antecedents and reinforcers
• contingencies

Acknowledgements

The authors thank a number of individuals who provided helpful comments during the writing of this manuscript, including Dr Vera Araujo-Soares during the writing of the first draft, and Professor Armando Machado and Professor Melbourne Hovell during the writing of the revised version. We are also grateful to Dr Joana Almeida for her technical support.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by a Sir James Knott Fellowship awarded to the first author; this fellowship is bestowed to the Institute for Sustainability at Newcastle University.