Constructing Cholera

Abstract

Ten months after a catastrophic earthquake struck Haiti, the country was forced to confront what has since become the worst cholera outbreak in modern history. Haiti’s reputation as the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere and cholera’s stigmatization as a disease of the poor contributed to a dominant narrative in Global North news media in which the outbreak was seen not only as tragic but also inevitable. The failings in traditional news media provided a valuable opportunity for citizen journalism to elevate marginalized voices and challenge dominant narratives. Our study examines whether citizen journalism lived up to this potential through a discourse analysis of CNN iReport coverage of the Haitian cholera epidemic. Our findings demonstrate that iReport coverage failed to close the participation gap between the Global North and Global South, reproduced familiar narratives of Americans as heroes and Haitians as victims, became home to rumors and misinformation, and reproduced tropes of Haitians and cholera victims as backward and ignorant. In short, our study found that iReport coverage of Haiti’s cholera epidemic embodied the same discursive formation as that of traditional Global North news media. In closing, we argue that scholars must exercise caution when applauding citizen journalism without first critically examining citizen journalism content.

KEYWORDS:

• cholera epidemic
• citizen journalism
• CNN iReport
• Haiti
• humanitarians
• media representations
• rumors

DISCLOSURE STATEMENT

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Notes

1 In November 2015, CNN announced a major change to iReport. Whereas iReporters previously created a profile for uploading iReports, the site now pulls content from other social networking sites (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, Instagram) tagged with #CNNiReport (CNN 2015). As such, iReport has become more of a content aggregator than a host site for original content. iReports previously submitted directly to CNN, including those in the “Cholera outbreak” assignment, are still accessible on the site.

2 In August 2014, CNN began referring to approved iReports as “verified” rather than “vetted” (CNN 2014).