The Sport Participation Pathway Model (SPPM): a conceptual model for participation and retention in community sport

ABSTRACT

National sport policy has a dual focus on population-based participation, and elite performance. There are various models depicting the pathway to elite, however, there has not been a population-based sport participation pathway model to track, develop and facilitate holistic participation policies in sport. The aim of this study is to review sport participation trends, including new data on retention and drop-out across age groups in community club-based sport, and combine this data with evidence from literature about people moving in and out of sport, to develop the Sport Participation Pathway Model (SPPM), which provides a holistic view of sport participation. We conducted a 3-year analysis of sport participation for eight major sports from 2015–2017 for children and young people aged 4–29 years. The total number of participants was 579,696. Only half 50.8% played continuously for the three years, 44.7% dropped out, and 4.5% played discontinuously. Drop-out was highest for those aged 4 (57.0%), and lowest for those aged 10–14 years (39.3%). The SPPM demonstrates the movements of participation in sport and the drop-out at various stages out of competitive club-based sport and for those who are the main participants. The model is a standalone sport participation model that is a representation and integration of empirical sport participation. This model therefore is most useful for sports organisations to recognise issues around retention and drop-out. In developing sport policies, government can also use the model to make decisions on target groups and funding support.

KEYWORDS:

• Sport participation
• retention
• policy
• drop-out
• community

List of abbreviations

DMSP: Developmental Model of Sport Participation

FTEM: Foundations, Talent, Elite and Mastery

PA: Physical Activity

SPPM: Sport Participation Pathway Model

SMTD: Standard Model of Talent Development

Acknowledgments

We thank the particular Victorian State Sporting Associations for providing the data on which this research was based.

Availability of data and materials

The data is not able to be shared due to confidentiality agreements with the primary data holder. Data is not available at all, even to researchers.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Ethics approval was granted by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Federation University, Australia, (C13-007) for secondary data analysis of de-identified sport participation data which had been collected by the primary data custodians.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

The data reported in this paper stems from the Sport Participation Research Project which was funded by VicHealth and Sport and Recreation Victoria.