Stability during cooking of anthelmintic veterinary drug residues in beef

Abstract

Anthelmintic drugs are widely used for treatment of parasitic worms in livestock, but little is known about the stability of their residues in food under conventional cooking conditions. As part of the European Commission-funded research project ProSafeBeef, cattle were medicated with commercially available anthelmintic preparations, comprising 11 active ingredients (corresponding to 21 marker residues). Incurred meat and liver were cooked by roasting (40 min at 190°C) or shallow frying (muscle 8–12 min, liver 14–19 min) in a domestic kitchen. Raw and cooked tissues and expressed juices were analysed using a novel multi-residue dispersive solid-phase extraction method (QuEChERS) coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. After correction for sample weight changes during cooking, no major losses were observed for residues of oxyclozanide, clorsulon, closantel, ivermectin, albendazole, mebendazole or fenbendazole. However, significant losses were observed for nitroxynil (78% in fried muscle, 96% in roast muscle), levamisole (11% in fried muscle, 42% in fried liver), rafoxanide (17% in fried muscle, 18% in roast muscle) and triclabendazole (23% in fried liver, 47% in roast muscle). Migration of residues from muscle into expressed cooking juices varied between drugs, constituting 0% to 17% (levamisole) of total residues remaining after cooking. With the exception of nitroxynil, residues of anthelmintic drugs were generally resistant to degradation during roasting and shallow frying. Conventional cooking cannot, therefore, be considered a safeguard against ingestion of residues of anthelmintic veterinary drugs in beef.

Keywords:

• anthelmintics
• veterinary drug residues
• QuEChERS
• stability
• cooking
• beef
• ProSafeBeef

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the financial support of the European Commission for the project FOOD-CT-2006-36241 ‘ProSafeBeef’, which funded this work. Grateful thanks are expressed to the farm and post-mortem room staff of AFBI Veterinary Sciences Division, Belfast. The authors thank Janssen Animal Health and Pfizer Animal Health UK for donating standard materials and the European Union Community Reference Laboratory (BVL, Berlin, Germany) for the formulae for benzimidazole metabolite calculations.