Pseudoendogenous origin of prednisolone in pigs from the food chain

Abstract

The debate about the origin of prednisolone in animal organisms has lasted for 5 years. Bovine species have been the most studied, but studies on humans and horses are also present in the literature. Even if prednisolone in pigs does not yet represent a problem for control agencies, interest has recently increased with regard to this species. To date, there has been just a single study in the literature about this topic, performed on 10 sows treated with prednisolone or a synthetic analogue of adrenocorticotropic hormone. We therefore initiated a study on 80 pigs, a number considered representative in relation to the expected frequency (prevalence) of prednisolone detection in urine collected at slaughter. Prednisolone was detected in urine both at the farm and at the slaughterhouse, with a concentration and frequency higher at slaughter. The presence of prednisolone was also studied in the adrenal glands, where the corticosteroids are produced in response to stress, and it was detected in 89% of the samples. These results, together with the similar behaviours of prednisolone and cortisol, i.e. a mutual rise in the two corticosteroids in urine collected at the slaughterhouse and the correlation between the concentrations of the two corticosteroids in the adrenal glands, seem to indicate an endogenous origin of prednisolone in pigs.

Keywords:

• pig urine
• pig adrenal glands
• endogenous prednisolone
• cortisol
• LC-MS²

Additional information

Funding

This work was carried out with a grant from the Regione Lombardia for the Research Project: “Verifica della natura endogena del corticosteroide prednisolone in matrici di suino ed indagine sull’utilizzo di corticosteroidi nell’allevamento suino”. Elisa Pasquale is the recipient of a Cariplo Ph.D. fellowship in Animal Production in the Laboratory of Inspection of Food of Animal Origin at the University of Milan. Giuseppe Federico Labella is the recipient of a Ph.D. fellowship in Veterinary and Animal Science in the Laboratory of Veterinary Toxicology at the University of Milan.