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Articles

Relationship marketing and service: An update

关系营销与服务:最新研究

Pages 201-208 | Received 02 Jan 2017, Accepted 01 Feb 2017, Published online: 14 Jun 2017
 

Abstract

In marketing, service and relationships interrelate. Service is based on relationships between actors, and according to the Nordic school research tradition, relationship marketing cannot be implemented without service. The development of service logic in the literature emphasizes that adopting a service perspective on their business and marketing enables service firms and product manufacturers alike to develop, maintain and enhance relationships with customers. From the customers’ point of view, all firms are service firms. “Promise theory” points out that promises made by conventional sales and marketing efforts must be successfully kept. Otherwise marketing will fail. The present article describes connections between service logic and relationship marketing, and between promise making and promise keeping. To implement relationship marketing, deep understanding of service culture and internal marketing as strategic management issues is central. Therefore, integrated management of the marketing and organizational behavior interface is imperative. This warrants cross-functional and inter-disciplinary research and decision-making. Finally, challenges for the organization relating to the implementation of relationship marketing are put forward.

关系营销需要开拓营销方法。承诺理论认为,营销是通过彼此交换并兑现承诺建立的。在传统的营销方法中,例如营销组合与4P模型,产品变量预期会保证大家能遵守许过的诺言。因此,传统营销方法便不会明确考虑守诺 。然而,在关系营销中,很少有单一产品。相反,服务顾客的过程就是”产品”。服务顾客就是为了成功维持双方关系,为顾客提供所需的一切,不仅仅是产品本身,还有服务、送货、修理与维护、开具发票、提供信息、回复特殊问题、处理投诉意见、进行服务补救,以及可能出现的许多其他活动。这些活动由雇员通过各种有形和数字化过程实现,如送货货车司机、维修技术员、服务中心人员及其他雇员,从技术意义上看,这些人的主要职责就是完成好任务。然而,雇员完成任务时采用的方法和他们与顾客交流的方式,对加强双方关系具有深刻的影响,使顾客乐意维持这种关系并再次购买,因此也营销成功与否也有深刻的影响。这些雇员是兼职的营销员,但是他们的人数要比全职营销员多,甚至多几倍,那些全职营销员负责公司的外部营销,例如销售、营销沟通和定价。

诺丁学派营销思想认为,营销的最终目标是为了使公司对顾客具有意义。为了达到这点,关系营销采用了三个流程,即价值流程、交际流程、交互流程。价值流程表明了顾客创造的价值。交际流程描述了营销中的承诺环节,包括销售和传统的外部营销活动,以及社会媒体展示和口碑传播。交互过程描述了营销中的兑现诺言环节,包括各种用来维系双方关系的活动和事件。成功的关系营销要求交际过程和交互过程彼此加强,并且这两者要支持顾客的使用与消费,以及创造价值的过程。

由于兼职营销员对成功的关系营销很重要,公司必须确保他们正确了解作为兼职营销员的职责,而且确保他们具有履行职责的技术、意愿和动力。因此,公司的服务氛围和内部营销是必不可少的。服务氛围是一种企业氛围,这种氛围把为内外顾客提供良好的服务作为首要规范,不论是正常情况下,还是意外情况下,都要秉承以顾客为中心的行为。为了创造并维持一种服务文化,内部营销是必须的。内部营销的目的是,确保雇员能认识到自己作为兼职营销员在整个营销过程中的作用,而且知道如何执行这个角色的任务。内部营销是一种战略管理问题,不仅仅是一种策略性的员工培训和告知活动。所以,不断加强服务文化的管理方法和领导,包括员工规划、开发自己的流程和以顾客为中心的例程,都是战略性内部营销的重要方面。

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