Synthesis of benzo[a]furo[2, 3-c]phenazine derivatives through an efficient, rapid and via microwave irradiation under solvent-free conditions catalyzed by H₃PW₁₂O₄₀@Fe₃O₄-ZnO for high-performance removal of methylene blue

Abstract

A rapid, one-pot synthesis of eight benzo[a]furo[2,3-c]phenazine derivatives has been achieved in moderate to good yields in good yields via a multi-component of 2-hydroxynaphthalene-1,4-dione, arylglyoxal, indole (H, CH₃) in the presence of H₃PW₁₂O₄₀@Fe₃O₄-ZnO magnetic core-shell nanoparticles (MCNPs) under solvent-free conditions using microwave irradiation. The catalyst was synthesised and characterised by X-ray diffraction, EDX, TEM, FESEM, TGA, VSM and atomic force microscope. As an application for the synthesised nanocatalyst, degradation of methylene blue as heavy-mass organic pollution was measured. These results showed advantages for synthesis, such as mild reaction conditions, low energy consumption and economically affordable.

Graphical Abstract

Keywords:

• Multi-component
• magnetic core-shell nanoparticles
• microwave-assisted
• solvent-free conditions
• green synthesis

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Research Council of the Islamic Azad University of Yazd.