https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8414-0128
Abstract
Libraries as public spaces cannot be separated from the subjective assessments of the public as users which are represented in the form of discourse on social media. This research aims to dismantle this discourse. The method used is qualitative. Data collection is carried out by crawling data on social media via the Brand24 application. Based on the data collection process from Twitter, blogs, news, and the web 18,461 texts were obtained in the form of discourses about libraries in the scope of Indonesia. From these, 82 texts were selected to represent the discourse used in the analysis. Data were categorized and analyzed using a critical discourse analysis perspective coined by Teun A. van Dijk, based on text, social cognition, and social context. The results of this research show that the discourses shared on social media, both positive and negative, are not absolute truth and are still worthy of discussion according to the interpretation of each individual who views them.
PUBLIC INTEREST STATEMENT
The library as a public space cannot be separated from the prejudices and judgments of its users. These prejudices and judgments are expressed in the form of a discourse that circulates on social media platforms. Based on the findings the discourse that develops in social media about libraries is very dynamic. The discourse cannot be viewed from a single perspective; to maintain objectivity and balance, both positive and negative discourses must be analyzed. It is from this background that the researcher tried to explore and dismantle the discourse on libraries in Indonesia by tracing them through social media. The findings showed that the discourses shared on social media, both positive and negative, are not absolute truth and are still worthy of discussion according to the interpretation of each individual who views them. In the end, appropriate recommendations have been forwarded in this paper
1. Introduction
The first Indonesian libraries were established during the royal period (Basuki, Citation2014), especially during the Srivijaya Kingdom (682 AD) and the Majapahit Kingdom (1293). The concept of a new library was known by the public during the Dutch colonial period in 1778. Libraries in Indonesia began expanding in 1969, at the same time that PELITA was implemented (Nurlidiawati, Citation2014).
Libraries as public facilities have been known by the public for decades; however, the time span is not comparable to the availability of libraries in Indonesia. Based on data compiled by the National Library of the Republic of Indonesia in May 2022, the availability of library facilities in Indonesia has only reached 22%. The availability of books, the completeness of library facilities (Tahmidaten & Krismanto, Citation2020), and the dominance of speech culture (Permatasari, Citation2015) all have an impact on the community’s literacy level. Speech cultures such as storytelling, rhyming, and poetry are characteristic of Indonesian society (Syahrani, Citation2013), and they are used as a means to internalize social and cultural values in the community (Effendy, Citation2006).
The community’s low literacy has an impact on how discourse is created. People who enjoy reading can have positive discourses about libraries (Pratiwi, Citation2015). People, on the other hand, tend to create negative discourses about libraries if they do not have full literacy awareness. Libraries are still seen as “warehouses” of books (Krismayani, Citation2017) because they have not been able to meet the needs of the digital native community, which tends to require learning space (Fauziyah, Citation2019). This phenomenon has implications for the small number of library collection borrowers (Fransiska, Citation2014), as well as the relatively low number of e-library users (Ramadhan, Citation2016).
Negative discourse about libraries cannot be considered an absolute truth, because currently libraries have transformed by providing space to develop work skills (Khairunisa et al., Citation2021), digital resources (Srirahayu et al., Citation2022), and managing social media accounts (Lam et al., Citation2019) to meet the needs of users in the digital native era, especially for people who like to find information through social media (Anhwere & Paulina, Citation2018). This transformation can have positive implications for the formation of discourse about libraries to ensure it can refute the negative discourse that has already developed among the wider community.
The discourses circulating on social media about libraries are intriguing subjects for deeper exploration. Through discourse, we can gauge to what extent society places libraries amidst the advancements in digital technology. With the ever-advancing technology, libraries in Indonesia also strive to evolve in line with the changing times (Anna & Srirahayu, Citation2020). Nowadays, people tend to seek information through online media rather than visiting libraries in person (Ankrah & Atuase, Citation2018). Integrated with technology through social networks, libraries are expected to be able to attract users to come to the library (Harisanty et al., Citation2022). One of the reasons libraries utilize social media is their endeavor to keep up with the times and meet the needs of dynamic library users (Lam et al., Citation2019).
The discourse that has developed among the public about libraries is crucial to understanding the position of libraries, especially in social media, because discourse can influence thoughts and control the actions of others (van Dijk, Citation2001). The discourse can be a guide for library managers to improve the quality and service of the library. Given that social media is the most recent technology that can be used to carry out various virtual activities both to establish communication and disseminate information (Puntoadi, Citation2011), as well as the fact that users of social media spaces are also diverse (Leppänen et al., Citation2017), therefore, in this research, we want to explore and dismantle the discourse on libraries in Indonesia by tracing them through social media. One example of positive discourse found is the Library as a source of information, while the negative discourse found through data collection is the Library as Complementary Facilities
1.1. Research questions
Our research addresses the following research questions:
How is the discourse on libraries spread across Twitter, blogs, news, and the web within Indonesia?
How is the context and social cognition of the discourse creators about libraries spread on Twitter, blogs, news, and the web so that they can influence people’s perspectives on libraries in Indonesia?
2. Methods
This study uses a qualitative approach with the CDA method developed by van Dijk. Data collection is done by crawling data through the Brand24 application by logging in to the https://brand24.com/page. The data collected is discourse about the library on social media, including Twitter, blogs, news and the web. Data collection was carried out from August to December 2021. As a result 18,461 texts were found which were then filtered based on the selection of discourses that were logocentric and within the scope of Indonesia. The filtering results are 723 texts. From these results, 82 Indonesian language texts were selected as discourse representatives for analysis. The discourses are selected and sorted to be included in the discourse category. Discourse categories were then analyzed using CDA.
CDA is a method employed by van Dijk to examine discourse not only from textual elements but also from social cognition. Each phenomenon can be interpreted differently by each individual according to individual perceptions, experiences, and interpretations (van Dijk, Citation1990). These differences can eventually give birth to different discourses.
CDA does not analyze discourse from a textual perspective only (van Dijk, Citation2008), but also collides with discourse practice (Eriyanto, Citation2001). CDA is usually used to examine the process of legitimacy and reproduction of discourse originating from the dominant group to create hegemony against other parties (van Dijk, Citation2001). Participants who are involved in the process of forming discourse usually have identities, roles, knowledge, opinions, attitudes, and ideologies that they strive for (van Dijk, Citation2001). On that basis, van Dijk coined three CDA derivative concepts, including text, social cognition, and social context.
Textual analysis, exemplified by van Dijk, is divided into macrostructure, superstructure, and microstructure (Eriyanto, Citation2001). Of the three structures, there are several elements, including: (a) thematic, analyzing the theme or topic of a text, (b) schematic, looking at the parts and sequences of the text as a whole, (c) semantics, looking at the meaning to be emphasized in the text, (d) syntax, observing the form and arrangement of sentences chosen by the creator of the discourse text, (e) stylistic, observing the diction used in the discourse text, and (f) rhetorical, observing the way the author uses to confrim highlight the discourse text.
In addition to textual analysis, van Dijk also directs the analysis of social cognition. Discourse texts that are born in the hands of their creators are certainly inseparable from aspects of values, experiences, beliefs, and ideologies obtained during social life (van Dijk, Citation1997). Discourse texts are not completely objective because they are influenced by awareness, prejudice, and certain knowledge of the occurrence of a phenomenon or event (Eriyanto, Citation2001). Therefore, each phenomenon can be interpreted differently between one discourse creator and another (van Dijk, Citation1990).
Not only textual analysis but also social cognition, require that van Dijk conduct social analysis by observing power and access. Power is an element used to control other groups by controlling certain resources (van Dijk, Citation2001) and dominating the creation of discourses that are spread in society. Ease of access for groups and individuals in power can influence the process of production and reproduction of discourse that forms awareness and creates a consensus (van Dijk, Citation1989).
3. Results
Based on the results of data collection, the data was then divided into two categories, namely positive discourse about libraries and negative discourse about libraries in Indonesia. After obtaining two large categories, the data was then divided into four groups, namely discourse groups produced on social media platforms, Twitter, discourse groups on blogs, discourse groups published in the news, and discourse groups disseminated via websites. Of the four groups of discourse-producing media, news occupies the highest position as a medium used by communicators to spread discourse. The Web is the second largest media outlet for library discourse, followed by blogs and Twitter.
3.1. Positive discourse about libraries in Indonesia
Based on the table above, there are six types of positive discourse spread on social media such as Twitter, blogs, news and websites. The first positive discourse is the Library as a Source of Information. This discourse was discussed by fifteen individuals who acted as communicators in the context of social media reporting. Of the total participants, the majority were public officials, including regional heads and heads of regional government institutions in Indonesia. There are also contributions from other communicators, such as academics, private workers and writers, within the framework of this discussion. In their role as holders of authority, most of these communicators convey discourse with the aim of highlighting a positive image regarding the institution or agency they lead. Statements regarding the library are considered a strategic element in the structure of the text to enhance the reputation of the ruler.
The second positive discourse is “Libraries as Tourism Facilities”. Basically, this discussion reminds the audience that libraries can get closer to society if they meet users’ needs for information, education, socialization, culture and entertainment (Ercegovac et al., Citation2018). Seeing this function, it is relevant for communicators to produce discourse that highlights libraries as tourist facilities. In the context of this text, the discussion was delivered by the head of the national library, the head of the library and archives service, the sub-district head, and involved the participation of civil society. This discourse emerged based on the experience of the discourse creator as the initiator of an educational tourism-based library program. Discourse microstructures are generated to provide positive emphasis on the program, ensuring that the program is seen as successful and functions optimally. This is achieved easily because the creator of the discourse has authority, which gives him the power and access to produce discourse.
The third positive discourse is “Libraries as a Means of Improving the Quality of Human Resources” (Capacity Building). This discourse functions as a warning to all segments of society that the lack of interest in reading in a country can have an impact on the quality of that country (Permatasari, Citation2015). These discourses were produced by government officials, members of the Indonesian National Army (TNI), and regional service heads. The microstructure of these discourses is designed to emphasize the efforts made by the authorities. This discourse is in line with the following discourse which states that “Libraries Increase Interest in Reading and Literacy”. The fourth lecture was delivered by the head of the regional office, head of the foundation, and head of the library. The text structure of this discourse is significantly influenced by the social cognition factors possessed by communicators, where the ability and strength of communicators to produce discourse according to their wishes is the main point. However, this analysis does not reduce the fact that in this discourse, libraries are considered as platforms that promote literacy movements, supported by various supporting activities (Merga, Citation2021).
Apart from being considered as a means to improve the quality of human resources, positive discourse has also emerged about libraries which emphasizes that “Libraries are Lifelong Learning”. This discourse is initiated by communicators who have the power and access to produce it so that cognitively, this discourse is created with a narrative that prioritizes the communicator as the party who has authority. This is highlighted through the use of lexicon, sentence structure, and the use of coherent elements that strengthen the role of the communicator. Similar things can also be found in positive discourse which states “Libraries Follow Technological Developments”. This discourse was delivered by the Secretary General of the People’s Representative Council of the Republic of Indonesia (DPR RI), the Chair of the Family Welfare Empowerment (PKK) at the district level, and the heads of regional services. In terms of text, this discourse is designed to provide guidance to librarians and library managers regarding adaptation strategies to technological changes. The content of this communication is in line with the cognitive dimension; As authorities and policy makers, communicators will definitely organize discourse according to their values, experiences and cognitive knowledge.
Based on the results of the study of the six types of discourse, it can be stated that not all positive discourse has a purpose and contains a positive impression for libraries. Instead of creating a positive impression of the library, communicators are actually involved in highlighting the achievements and performance that have been achieved by those in authority. Libraries are no longer the main topic and subject, but rather become a subtopic and object discussed by the main subject when those in power are glorified. However, the next subchapter will also discuss library discourse from a negative perspective.
3.2. Negative discourse about libraries in Indonesia
In contrast to library discourse which has a positive nuance, library discourse which has a negative connotation actually provides various criticisms of library systems and operations in Indonesia. As can be seen in the table above, there are a total of seven negative discourses about libraries in Indonesia. The first discourse reads, Libraries as Complementary Facilities. Libraries are one of the organizations that help schools achieve accreditation, this is the background for this discussion. The microstructure of this discourse text was formulated to highlight the role of libraries as a complementary tool for the institutions that support them. The delivery of this discourse came from members of the People’s Representative Council (DPR), heads of library and information institutions, as well as company leaders in Indonesia. Discourse formation is carried out based on the communicator’s values, experience and knowledge in accordance with his professional background. Therefore, it is not surprising that there are elements in the discourse that give high appreciation to the communicator’s contribution to the institution or company that is the focus. However, in the context of modern society, it has become commonplace that libraries function as a complementary tool for the institutions that support them (Eden, Citation2018).
Apart from highlighting the function of the library, negative discourse also observes the physical condition of the library. The second discourse reads, “The library is a boring place.” The textual structure in this discourse includes lexicon, sentence form, and coherence which focuses on information regarding the unavailability of facilities needed by modern users in libraries, such as Wi-Fi services. The communicators in this discourse come from the general public who express their views through social media platforms, especially Twitter. The content conveyed by the communicator refers to his personal experience while in the library. The arguments in the discourse are strengthened by research results which show that libraries in Jakarta are considered to be environments that are less dynamic and tend to be monotonous (Tanri et al., Citation2021). The second discourse is in line with the third discourse which reads, “The library is a lonely and gloomy place.” This discourse is created by the general public and officials from regional services. In its contextual framework, this discourse reviews the lighting conditions in the library which are considered inadequate. The textual structure is constructed through the use of lexicon, sentence form, and coherence to highlight the perception that libraries are considered a quiet and dark environment. This fourth discourse is spread through the Twitter platform and news media.
Not much different from the second and third discourses, the fourth discourse also highlights the physical condition of the library. This lecture reads “Library of Ancient Places.” This discourse relies on the knowledge, experience and values possessed by the communicator. Communicators in this case consist of literacy experts and writers on news portals, who have a common intention in creating this discourse. Therefore, the microstructure used is designed to provide confirmation of the criticism they express towards the library. The difference in approach seems to occur with the number of communicators representing regional service heads. Communicators from these circles produce discourse that tends to praise the performance of the services they manage, while conveying criticism of libraries. They then closed the discourse with an emphasis on positive achievements in service delivery. This discourse is spread through social media and the news. Unlike the fourth discourse, the fifth discourse with the title “Libraries are Places that Do Not Provide Benefits” criticizes the benefits obtained from using libraries. This discourse was created by a number of bloggers through their personal blogs; therefore, there is no connection with other parties. Communicators build discourse using microstructures that highlight subjective opinions. The formation of this discourse is based on the experience and social understanding possessed by the communicator.
4. Discussion
4.1. Context and positive discourse of social cognition in Indonesia
As explained in the results subsection, the first positive discourse about libraries in Indonesia started with libraries as a source of information. The discourse that emerged in the provinces of West Kalimantan, Bangka Belitung, Riau, Aceh, East Java, Southeast Sulawesi, Papua and West Kalimantan presents a view that is contrary to previous research findings which confirm that libraries can go beyond their role as sources of information, involving users in the process. learning, and becomes a mini living room that encourages social engagement (Hassinger-Das et al., Citation2020). The findings of previous research are actually in line with the second discourse which reads, “Libraries as Tourism Facilities” which is developing in Southeast Sulawesi. The library is presented not only as an environment that supports academic activities, but also as a place where social interaction between users can be established. In this context, social interactions have the potential to stimulate the release of endorphin hormones in the individual’s body. This is due to the fact that when interacting with other people, some individuals will unconsciously experience a laughing reaction, although not always in a deep laughing intensity. The presence of social laughter can form, strengthen and maintain social bonds between members of human society (Manninen et al., Citation2017). It is appropriate and the function of the library to be a place for learning and discussion (Srirahayu et al., Citation2021a). The data findings above are in line with the discourse which states, “Libraries as a Media for Community Social Interaction”. This discourse emerged in Papua, South Sulawesi and West Kalimantan, and provided support for expanding the role of libraries. The function of the library is discussed not only as a place for learning and reflection activities, but also as an environment for interaction through various activities and programs. In line with this idea, previous research shows that physical libraries have value that cannot be completely replaced by digital libraries. The concept of library as place not only discusses the availability of facilities available in the library, but also the library as a public space where users can do activities and interact with others (Srirahayu et al., Citation2021b). This is due to the important role of physical libraries in providing in-depth social interaction, library facilities that can be felt directly, and the active role of library staff as information agents. Moreover, the physical library atmosphere has striking differences from the digital library experience (Ruthven et al., Citation2022). Thus, from this phenomenon it can be concluded that libraries act as public spaces that can function as places for “learning” together. The learning concept explained here is not only limited to the academic dimension, but also involves non-academic aspects, such as skill development, social interaction, and leadership aspects. The function of the library as a shared learning space is in line with the discourse that states, “Libraries as Joint Learning Spaces” which is developing in Papua, South Sulawesi and West Kalimantan. Several libraries have initiated restructuring of their physical layout to serve as centers for group activities (Clark, Citation2017). From these changes, various creative ideas and innovations emerged from users.
Libraries, as learning environments, emerge as places that can be used for self-development. This role is discussed in the discourse “Libraries as a Means of Self-Development,” which emerged in Lampung, West Java and South Kalimantan. Based on research, public libraries are currently advised to provide informal learning facilities to give users the opportunity to develop their potential directly (Moorefield-Lang, Citation2015). However, achieving this depends on a firm commitment from library managers and librarians (OCLC., American Library Association., & Leo Burnett USA, Citation2018). Libraries that are able to guide their users to develop themselves ultimately have the potential as a tool to improve the quality of human resources. This success is in line with the context of the discourse applied, namely “Libraries as a Means of Improving the Quality of Community Resources” (Capacity Building). However, the role of library management responsibility is not only limited to providing facilities alone. Research shows that promotional and branding efforts are needed to attract the attention of users, especially young people (Cremin & Swann, Citation2016).
Promotion and branding strategies that aim to attract user attention require the use of sophisticated technology. With the development of a digital society that is almost inseparable from the internet, social media can be used for more than just promotional media (Harisanty et al., Citation2022). A study concluded that libraries that are able to optimize advances in communication and information technology can foster positive relationships with the community, which in turn, increases the level of public trust in libraries. In this context, an effective medium used to communicate with the public is Twitter (Kushniryk & Orlov, Citation2021). This approach is in accordance with the narrative that states “Libraries Keep Up With Technological Developments”. The use of technology, especially through social media which is popular among the younger generation, is an important key in library promotion and branding efforts, including the use of the TikTok application. Research has shown that TikTok can be effective as a promotional tool to encourage users to increase their interest in reading (Merga, Citation2021). TikTok can be implemented as a digital consultation platform for users. This approach, namely using social media to stimulate interest in reading, is in line with the discourse promoted by the narrative “Libraries Increase Interest in Reading and Literacy”. The existence of communication and information technology as a tool to stimulate interest in reading is very relevant, because through social media, users can explore various reading materials that suit their individual interests and needs (Merga & Roni, Citation2017).
4.2. Context and negative discourse of social cognition in Indonesia
Based on the results of data collection and analysis in the previous phase, discourse regarding libraries in Indonesia can be explored from a good and bad perspective. One of the negative narratives that emerged was entitled “Libraries as a Complementary Facility,” which emerged in Bali and DKI Jakarta. In the context of understanding “complementary,” libraries are considered only relevant for accreditation purposes. This argument is strengthened by research findings which show that accredited libraries still do not demonstrate adequate quality (Pila et al., Citation2016). Apart from being seen as a complementary facility due to a lack of facilities, libraries are also criticized for the lack of updating their collections, along with the discourse “Library Collections Are Not Updated.”
The library is referred to as a place on the road because it cannot accommodate the needs of its patrons, especially for patrons of all ages (Ikeshita, Citation2019). As a public service space, the library is expected to evolve to meet the needs of the community as clients or customers, especially in the current era of advanced technology and digital information (Medawar & Tabet, Citation2020). Like a “frog in a well,” libraries tend to be passive in developing a range of ideas, concepts, and innovations for the advancement of libraries (Pila et al., Citation2016).
The issues being questioned in the DKI Jakarta discourse are currently irrelevant to the current situation. Libraries are currently more oriented towards increasing electronic collections that are of greater interest to users, as illustrated by the Qatar National Library which is turning to mainstream electronic resources as collections that can be freely accessed by the public (Medawar & Tabet, Citation2020).
The process of changing library collections from physical format to digital format indirectly rejects the views expressed in the discourse on “Libraries as Book ‘Repositories’” that emerged in East Java. When library collections switch to electronic or digital form, the number of physical reading material collections will automatically decrease. Therefore, libraries will no longer accumulate excessive physical collections. Readers are also increasingly using the internet as a means of searching for reading material.
According to research, in 2020, library websites with a collection of 120 million pages of newspapers, magazines and digital books were visited 10 million times (Loddo et al., Citation2022). This transformation also challenges the arguments conveyed in the discourse “Libraries are Ancient Places” in East Java, because currently libraries have begun to apply artificial intelligence technology to their operations, including services for users (Allison, Citation2012), and practical, effective collection search engines., and efficient (Schoeb et al., Citation2020). Thus, these findings are an important indicator that libraries are developing towards a more modern model.
This negative discourse will lead to the development of a narrative entitled “Libraries that Do Not Benefit.” In this context, the discourse reflects an expression of dissatisfaction with the services provided by the library. However, it is important to remember that within the scope of social media, every discourse never has a single essential truth claim. The arguments, views and perceptions expressed by each communicator will vary along with their individual level of awareness, prejudice and knowledge of a phenomenon or reality (Eriyanto, Citation2001). Van Dijk explains that each phenomenon can be interpreted in various ways by different creators (van Dijk, Citation1990).
5. Recommendation
Based on these findings, here are three recommendations:
5.1. Reputation management and response to negative discourse
Considering the negative discourse regarding poor library conditions and limited collections, it is recommended that library managers be active in managing reputation on social media. Appropriate and proactive responses to constructive criticism can help build a positive image of the library. Involving active communicators and users in online discussions and providing up-to-date information about service and collection improvements can mitigate negative perceptions.
5.2. Periodic discourse analysis and self-evaluation
Libraries need to conduct discourse analysis regularly to understand trends and dynamics developing on social media. This self-evaluation can help libraries capture changes in user perceptions and needs. By understanding various perspectives from developing discourse, libraries can optimize their programs and services according to community expectations and needs.
5.3. Use of diversified communication strategies
Based on the research results, the diversification of discourse is very striking. Therefore, libraries can adopt diverse communication strategies to reach different audience groups. Involving communicators from different backgrounds, such as the general public, writers, or academics, in library communications initiatives can help create a more balanced narrative that includes multiple perspectives. This can be done through collaborating on events, writing articles together, or using various social media platforms.
6. Conclusion
The library as a public space cannot be separated from the prejudices and judgments of its users. These prejudices and judgments are expressed in the form of a discourse that circulates on social media platforms such as Twitter, blogs, news outlets, and websites. The discourse has been successfully collected by researchers by crawling data through the Brand24 application, which is limited by the Indonesian unit of analysis. Based on the tracking made possible by the application, thousands of discourse texts that discuss libraries were obtained. Subsequently, these were grouped into two categories: positive and negative discourse. There are as many as fourteen positive discourses that have been identified in this study. Positive discourse generally emphasizes that libraries are advantageous for society in general and particularly for users. On the other hand, seven negative discourses about libraries, have been discovered. What is underlined in the negative discourse is the poor state of the library and its very limited collections.
Based on the findings and grouping of the data, this study demonstrates that the discourse that develops in social media about libraries is very dynamic. The discourse cannot be viewed from a single perspective; to maintain objectivity and balance, both positive and negative discourses must be analyzed. The analytical tool used is the CDA, initiated by van Dijk. Armed with this analytical tool, coupled with the research “glasses” that borrow Derrida’s deconstructive method of thinking, this study succeeded in discovering that the meaning of discourse texts in social media is not singular. Communicators are free to arrive at their own interpretations according to their respective cognitive states and social contexts. Libraries can be viewed positively by communicator A, but communicator B may not necessarily share the same perspective. Therefore, there are many library discourses that have developed on social media.
In essence, every discourse about libraries on social media needs to be analyzed to uncover alternative truths that exist behind such discourse, thereby avoiding the creation of a singular truth. Cognitive factors, such as values, experiences, and individual knowledge, also need to be further explored. This research reveals that individuals with greater knowledge and experience of libraries tend to perceive libraries as highly beneficial spaces, even though some constructive criticisms are also expressed. On the contrary, individuals who have had limited involvement in the world of libraries, perhaps having visited a library only once or twice, tend to assess libraries from a narrow perspective, perceiving them as filled with various shortcomings.
6.1. Practical implications
This study limits the scope of research to the discourse on libraries in Indonesia only. The discourse is viewed only from the perspectives of four social media platforms, namely Twitter, blogs, news, and websites. The researcher realizes that these four social media platforms are too limited in comparison to the many websites and social media that are currently being developed. This is a gap, and it is a contribution for future researchers to dismantle discourses about libraries from many sites and social media so that they are not limited to four scopes. The wider scope will certainly provide more comprehensive data results, and the data results can be more balanced.
6.2. Limitation and future research
It is recognized that the theory used in this study is still relevant to the facts on the ground after processing the data, analyzing it using CDA, and comparing it with previous studies. From a theoretical point of view, future researchers can use this research to examine empirical reality in the form of events or single truths that have been considered final by bringing them into the field of interpretation as exemplified.
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Supplementary data
Supplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2287117
Additional information
Funding
Notes on contributors
Dessy Harisanty
Dessy Harisanty completed her first Bachelor’s degree in Library and Information Science at Airlangga University and her Master’s degree in Library and Information Management at Gajah Mada University. She has served as the head of the library program at Airlangga University. Additionally, she has been an editor for the Record and Library Journal since 2015. Furthermore, she has been teaching in the library program at Airlangga University. She has published more than twenty articles in national and international journals.
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