Passion in the desert: a qualitative exploration of recreational motivations and challenges for hunting and camping in Saudi Arabia

Abstract

Amidst the vast landscapes of Saudi Arabia lies a rich tapestry of recreational pursuits, with hunting and camping at its core. However, a comprehensive understanding of the motivations and challenges associated with these traditional activities remains scant. The primary objective of this study was to explore the driving factors behind individuals’ engagement in hunting and camping as recreational pursuits and to identify the challenges they encounter. Adopting a qualitative research design, 43 male participants, aged 20 to more than 50, were purposively selected and interviewed using a semi-structured format. The instrument encompassed two main sections: demographic details and four key interview questions. Thematic analysis was employed to interpret the data. Findings from this study illuminated a diverse array of motivations driving individuals towards hunting and camping activities in Saudi Arabia. These motivations span from cultural heritage, an escape from urbanization, adventure, and social bonding, to government promotions and spiritual connections. Conversely, participants face multifaceted challenges, including environmental unpredictability, bureaucratic complexities, technological intrusions, mental challenges, safety concerns, and financial constraints. Delving into these intricate dynamics, the study offers an enriched understanding of recreational motivations and their challenges in the Saudi context, bridging a notable academic gap and paving the way for future research and informed policy-making.

Keywords:

• Camping activities
• hunting activities
• recreational challenges
• recreational motivations
• Saudi Arabia

Reviewing Editor:

• Prakash Matura, Taylor & Francis India, India

Subjects:

• Sport and Leisure Studies; Individual Sports; Sports Development

Introduction

The vast deserts of Saudi Arabia, with their golden sands extending to the horizon and night heavens illuminated by an infinite number of stars, have always held a mystique and appeal for both residents and visitors (Hassan et al., 2022). These natural marvels are natural landscapes to be admired from afar and arenas for adventure, tradition, and passion. There has been a notable increase in the popularity of outdoor activities, primarily hunting and camping, among the Saudi population in recent years (Faraj et al., 2023).

While the rising popularity of hunting and camping in Saudi Arabia is undeniable, the underlying reasons for this trend have not been sufficiently investigated. Are these activities pursued solely for recreation, or are there more profound cultural, social, and environmental influences? Understanding these motivations is essential for understanding the cultural significance of these activities and informing future tourism and policy initiatives.

Hunting and camping are activities that transcend ordinary recreation in many cultures. Frequently, they have traditional significance, symbolize rites of passage, or serve as a means of merging and reconnecting with nature (Repper et al., 2022). These activities may acquire additional significance in Saudi Arabia, a country with a complex tapestry of history and tradition. According to Abd El-Aal et al. (2023) and Alrawaf et al. (2023), the desert, which is integral to Saudi identity, may not only be a backdrop for these activities, but also a character that influences motivations and experiences.

This study aims to delve deeply into this growing phenomenon. Through this study, policymakers, tourism professionals, recreational enthusiasts, and anyone interested in the intricate relationship between culture, environment, and recreational activities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia will gain valuable insights. Consequently, the subsequent research areas were meticulously examined:

1. What are the primary factors driving individuals in Saudi Arabia to engage in hunting and camping activities as recreational pursuits?

2. What challenges or obstacles do individuals in Saudi Arabia encounter when seeking to fulfil their recreational motivations for hunting and camping?

Literature review

Pursuing recreational activities is a universal human endeavour that offers opportunities for relaxation, social interaction, and immersion in nature (Bafageeh & Loux, 2022). Hunting and camping stick out as activities with deep roots in human history, having evolved from survival necessities to recreational pastimes (Nelson, 2022). In Saudi Arabia, these recreational activities have a distinct cultural and environmental significance, shaped by the vast desert landscapes and rich traditions (Alyousef et al., 2022). This literature review will investigate the existing corpus of knowledge regarding the recreational motivations for hunting and camping in Saudi Arabia, laying the groundwork for the present study.

Historical and cultural context

With its extensive deserts and historical significance, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has long been a land of cultural convergence. This convergence is evident in many facets of Saudi life, but it is most pronounced in leisure activities, where ancient customs and contemporary aspirations coexist. Historically, the vast and varied landscapes of the Arabian Peninsula gave birth to a distinctive way of life dominated by the nomadic Bedouin tribes (Al-Nuaim & Safi, 2022). These desert-navigating tribes developed a profound comprehension of the land, the seasons, and the local fauna. For the Bedouins, the desert was more than a backdrop; it was their home, marketplace, and often their adversary, presenting obstacles that demanded inventiveness and tenacity to surmount (Alrawaf, 2015).

In this context, hunting was anything but a leisurely activity. It was an essential aspect of Bedouin existence, perfected over generations. Given the desert’s limited vegetation, hunting became an essential means of food procurement. In addition to providing food, hunting provided materials such as hides and bones that were ingeniously transformed into tools, apparel, and shelter (Seddon & Khoja, 2003). Knowledge of tracking, trapping, and preserving was passed down from generation to generation, ensuring the tribe’s survival (Alrawaf et al., 2023; Black et al., 2018).

However, the gusts of change, fuelled by the discovery of oil and the subsequent rapid urbanization, radically transformed the landscape of Saudi Arabia. As beacons of modernity, thriving urban centres such as Riyadh, Jeddah, and Dhahran attracted populations from the desert into urban residences. Due to shops and modern conveniences, the urgent necessity for skills such as hunting has diminished. Nevertheless, the cultural and symbolic significance of hunting persisted. Today, hunting serves as a link between the present and the past, as it is less about survival and more about recreation. It represents a link to ancestral traditions, a nod to the skills, stories, and knowledge handed down through countless generations (Seddon & Khoja, 2003).

Camping in Saudi Arabia, also known as “Badiyah” excursions, is heavily influenced by the time-honoured Bedouin traditions that flourished in the expansive Arabian desert landscapes. Camping was an integral part of the Bedouins’ very existence. The desert, with its constantly shifting sands and mesmerising nighttime skies, was not merely a setting but an intrinsic part of their identity. Their semi-permanent settlements, characterized by goat-hair structures, were more than just shelters; they exemplified their tenacity and adaptability (Taibah et al., 2023).

Desert navigation was an art for the Bedouins. They were able to locate elusive water sources, identify ephemeral signs of vegetation for their animals to graze on, and anticipate the routes of their prey due to their unparalleled understanding of the terrain. This nomadic way of life was a symphony of survival and familial bonds. Evening campfires beneath the expansive desert canopy provided more than heat. They resounded with tales, ancient melodies, and shared experiences (El-Bana & Aldakhil, 2015).

Nevertheless, as the modern era dawned, Saudi Arabia underwent a radical transformation fuelled by the discovery of oil. Once ubiquitous Bedouin encampments were replaced by rapidly expanding megacities. The allure of contemporary amenities and urban comforts began supplanting the nomadic lifestyle. However, the “Badiyah” mentality endured (Alharbi & Rangel-Buitrago, 2023). Modern camping in Saudi Arabia uniquely blends these ancestral traditions and contemporary luxuries. Urbanites seek refuge in these desert escapes, yearning for a fleeting respite from city life. Their tents may be equipped with modern amenities. However, the essence of their voyage mirrors that of the Bedouins: a search for tranquillity, a reconnection with nature, and a celebration of a common heritage. This development in camping is a moving tribute to the desert’s enduring allure and the legacy of a nomadic past (Ibrahim et al., 2021).

The transformation of hunting and camping in Saudi Arabia from survival skills to cherished pastimes demonstrates the nation’s ability to reconcile rapid modernization with a profound respect for its cultural heritage. Understanding these activities’ historical and cultural significance is essential to understanding their current motivations.

Recreational motivations and challenges

Recreational pursuits, from the hectic streets of New York to the tranquil landscapes of the Sahara, demonstrate humanity’s innate need for leisure, relaxation, and self-expression. The pursuit of psychological well-being is at the heart of this universal pursuit. In an era marked by digital saturation and unremitting pace, the allure of nature provides a mental respite. The tranquillity of nature, the rhythmic cadence of footsteps on a trail, or the camaraderie of a campfire beneath a starry sky provide an antidote to urban tension, promoting mental rejuvenation (Humagain & Singleton, 2021).

However, the motivations for recreation extend beyond mental relaxation. Recreational activities frequently involve a symphony of physical challenges and rewards. Consider hiking through a rugged desert landscape: every stride on the shifting sands requires balance, coordination, and stamina (Gurven et al., 2009). Also, setting up camp involves more than simply situating a tent. It requires carrying equipment, comprehending topography to select an ideal location, and possibly gathering firewood. These exercises engage different muscle groups, from the legs and back to the limbs and core (Cajiao et al., 2022).

The physical requirements become even more significant when one enters the realm of monitoring games in the wild (Hinrichs et al., 2021). It requires keen vision to identify animal tracks, dexterity to traverse potentially perilous terrain, and endurance to pursue game for extended periods. These activities improve cardiovascular health, muscular strength, flexibility, and respiratory capacity (Kenefick & Cheuvront, 2012).

In addition to the tangible physical benefits, there is another advantage dimension. The outdoors continuously forces individuals to leave their comfort zones with its unpredictability of terrains and difficulties. Confronting these obstacles head-on and prevailing over them instils a sense of accomplishment and enhances confidence. It is not just about developing muscle or stamina; it is about discovering one’s potential, pushing boundaries, and realising that our limitations are often self-imposed and can be overcome with determination and effort (Hallmann & Giel, 2018).

Social connections, an essential component of human existence, create intricate patterns in recreational motivations (Mood et al., 1998). The appeal of the outdoors is not limited to individual experiences; it is about the collective voyage. When a group undertakes a trek through undulating arid dunes or dense forests, overcoming the terrain’s obstacles becomes a group effort (Arnett & Southwick, 2015). Every obstacle surmounted, whether a steep ascent or a raging river, becomes a shared victory. When confronted concurrently, these challenges act as catalysts, accelerating the formation of bonds that could take years to form in more mundane contexts (Ewert et al., 2013).

Evening campfires are the embodiment of these bonds. As the night envelops the area and the flames dance, people congregate around the fire, their faces illuminated by the soft glow (Wszola et al., 2020). This setting, which is removed from modern distractions, facilitates genuine conversations. Both ancient and new tales are exchanged. The air is filled with laughter, music, and occasionally reflective silences. These ostensibly insignificant moments contain the potential to forge profound bonds. They enable people to see beyond the surface and comprehend one another’s hopes, fears, and ambitions (Van Riper, 2020).

In addition, the memories created during these recreational excursions have an enduring quality. Long after the voyage has ended, the echoes of shared laughter, the thrill of collective discoveries, and the consolation of mutual support during difficult times will endure (Gruntorad et al., 2020). These recollections become stories told and recounted, cementing relationships and serving as a touchstone for future interactions. In essence, the recreation domain, particularly in natural settings, provides a fertile ground for nurturing relationships, building trust, and fostering a sense of community that extends beyond the duration of the activity (Szczytko et al., 2020).

In contrast to the mundane routines of daily life, skill acquisition is emphasized in recreational settings. The wilderness, with its plethora of obstacles and unpredictability, becomes a classroom where lessons are taught by the environment and acquired through experience (Wszola et al., 2020). As an example, the ostensibly straightforward task of erecting a tent requires knowledge of the terrain, wind direction estimation, and stability considerations. Each successful proposal provides shelter, boosts self-esteem, and instils a can-do attitude (Lee & Burns, 2022).

The ability to navigate by the constellations, once essential for ancient explorers, becomes a journey into astronomy and history. When individuals recognize constellations and use them to navigate, they traverse physical terrains and the immense expanses of human knowledge and exploration. Similarly, the discipline of hunting, while physically demanding, teaches patience, strategy, and an appreciation for the complexities of the natural world (Wszola et al., 2020).

In addition to the immediate gratification of mastering a new skill, a deeper, more profound connection exists to history and culture. In regions with deep traditions like Saudi Arabia, many of these skills are relics of a bygone era, not merely pastimes. They represent knowledge and practices refined and honed over generations and handed down as cherished heirlooms (Alfadhli, 2020). Such activities provide a tangible connection to the past. Every tent pitched, every star-navigated path, and every hunt reverberates with the knowledge of progenitors. It is a dance of continuity, where the rhythms of the past blend seamlessly with the present to ensure that traditions remain alive, pertinent, and cherished (Alsabban, 2021). Understanding these general recreational motivations provides a lens through which to view the specific appeal of hunting and camping in Saudi Arabia, resulting in a more nuanced perspective.

Previous studies

In the vast landscapes of Saudi Arabia, the limitless desert sky serves as a backdrop to a rich narrative of tradition, survival, and community bonds, as Alshammari and Kim (2019) articulate. This narrative is deeply embedded in the national ethos, influencing Saudis’ participation in time-honoured activities like hunting and camping. The desert, transcending its physical grandeur, emerges as a symbol of Saudi heritage. Faraj et al. (2023) describe camping as more than an escape from urban life; it is a journey to the past, echoing a deep-rooted yearning for heritage. The dynamic interplay between tradition and modernity in these recreational practices, including camping and hunting, has attracted significant academic interest. Modern practitioners, equipped with contemporary conveniences, are often driven by a desire to reconnect with their cultural and ancestral heritage. This juxtaposition of modern comforts with traditional values, encompassing the tales, music, and wisdom of the past, forms a central theme in various studies, including those by Fallatah et al. (2019), Finn and Loomis (2001), and Hinrichs et al. (2021). These investigations, however, sometimes lack a critical examination of how these activities are reshaped in the context of contemporary societal changes and the growing urbanisation in Saudi Arabia.

Ali and Salameh (2021) provide a nuanced perspective on hunting in contrast to camping, suggesting that in contemporary Saudi society, hunting transcends the thrill of the chase to become a tribute to ancestral survival skills. This observation prompts a deeper inquiry into how modern developments in Saudi Arabia have transformed the symbolic meaning of hunting, which once played a pivotal role in survival. The study, while insightful, could further explore the evolving personal and societal values attached to hunting in an era where its practical necessity has diminished. Similarly, Alrawaf et al. (2023) delve into the social fabric of these activities, highlighting their role in reinforcing communal bonds within Saudi culture. However, their analysis could be expanded to examine how these traditional practices, as communal and intergenerational experiences, adapt and persist in a rapidly modernizing society. Hunting and camping, as Alrawaf et al. describe, are not just recreational activities but are transformed into rich tapestries of shared narratives and memories. They serve as a confluence where elders’ wisdom intersects with the youth’s energy, thus fostering the continuity and evolution of cultural traditions. This intergenerational aspect presents an opportunity to investigate further how these activities function as vehicles for cultural transmission in contemporary Saudi society.

Within the digital era’s pervasive influence, where experiences are often condensed into pixelated imagery, the unblemished expanse of the Saudi desert emerges as a contrasting haven. Alghenaim (2013) captures this dichotomy, illustrating the therapeutic qualities of hunting and camping as a respite from the digital onslaught. This analysis, while poignant, could be expanded to explore how these activities serve not only as a therapeutic escape but also as a means to maintain a tangible connection with cultural heritage in a digitized world. The desert, with its orchestra ranging from the falcon’s cry to the gentle rustle of the wind, is a scenic retreat and a platform for introspection and reconnecting with the natural world. We must delve into the broader academic discourse to fully understand these motivations. The study of recreational motivations is rich, as evidenced by Salesa and Cerdà’s (2020) comprehensive work. However, their focus through a predominantly Western lens tends to marginalize non-Western cultures, including Saudi Arabia, relegating them to the periphery of this discussion. Similarly, Doyle et al.’s (2019) research, while shifting attention towards the Middle East, offers limited insights into the specificities of hunting and camping within the Saudi context. Their broader view, though valuable, falls short of capturing the nuanced relationship between Saudis and their natural environment. This gap underscores the need for a more focused exploration of how traditional activities like hunting and camping in Saudi Arabia influence and respond to the pressures of modern digitized life. Such an investigation would enrich our understanding of these activities beyond mere leisure pursuits, revealing them as vital components in embracing modernity and preserving cultural and natural connections.

The academic landscape, enriched by Saudi-specific studies, offers valuable insights yet reveals certain omissions. For instance, Alrawaf’s exploration of cultural tourism (Alrawaf et al., 2023) provides a comprehensive view of the cultural dimensions in Saudi Arabia. However, it stops short of delving deeply into conventional recreational activities like hunting and camping. Similarly, the historical account by Al-Nuaim and Safi (2022) sheds light on the traditional Bedouin lifestyles, offering a crucial understanding of the cultural roots of these activities. However, their focus remains mainly on the historical and cultural aspects, with less emphasis on how these traditional practices have evolved into contemporary leisure pursuits. This lack of detailed exploration into the motivations and modern adaptations of traditional activities such as hunting and camping in the Saudi context creates a noticeable gap in the literature. It points to the need for a more focused study that acknowledges these activities’ historical and cultural significance and critically examines their current role and relevance in Saudi society. By addressing this gap, we can better understand how traditional practices are maintained, adapted, or transformed in the face of modern societal shifts and global influences.

Theoretical framework

The present study utilizes a comprehensive theoretical framework integrating “Social Practice Theory” and “Cultural Heritage Theory” to examine the dynamic characteristics of camping and hunting in Saudi Arabia. Holland and Lave (2019), Labrador and Silberman (2018), and Zetterberg (2018) elucidate “Cultural Heritage Theory,” which posits that cultural practices function as conduits for heritage and identity, encapsulating communal recollections, customs, and values. The significance of hunting and camping in the preservation of Saudi cultural narratives and practices is clarified by this theory (Alrawaf et al., 2023). These activities evolve from being essential for survival to becoming emblematic of cultural identity. Similarly, Strengers et al. (2014) propose “Social Practice Theory” as a framework to analyze these activities in the context of dynamic social practices. The interrelation among community norms, individual agency, and societal structures is a focal point within this framework as it pertains to the formation and redefinition of leisure activities. This enables a comprehensive examination of how evolving social dynamics and modern influences affect traditional practices, indicating a harmonious coexistence between preserving heritage and assimilating modern ways of life.

This study seeks to unravel the evolving nature of hunting and camping in the Saudi Arabian socio-cultural landscape, tracing their journey from historical roots to modern-day significance. It aims to understand their role in shaping and reflecting the dynamic Saudi identity and societal values. While the existing scholarly landscape offers valuable insights, it often overlooks the motivations behind these activities in the Saudi context. This research strives to fill this gap, merging fragmented perspectives into a cohesive narrative, enriching the academic discourse on recreational pursuits in Saudi Arabia and offering a more comprehensive understanding of these culturally significant activities.

Research method

Research design

In academic inquiry, the choice of research design is determined by the nature of the research question and the desired level of comprehension. A qualitative research approach is essential for this exploration, which attempts to decipher the complex motivations and challenges underlying hunting and camping in Saudi Arabia. In contrast to quantitative methodologies, which focus primarily on quantifying phenomena and extrapolating findings to larger populations, qualitative research examines the complex dynamics of human behaviour, intentions, and cultural nuances. The choice of this approach also reflects the researcher’s positionality within the cultural context of the study. With an understanding of the cultural nuances of Saudi Arabia, the researcher brings both an informed perspective and an awareness of potential biases to this exploration, guiding a balanced approach in engaging with individual narratives and sociocultural paradigms. The complex historical and cultural entanglements associated with hunting and camping in Saudi Arabia necessitate a nuanced exploration beyond numerical representation. Complemented by reflexive practices, a qualitative approach allows for an exhaustive investigation that considers the historical lineage influencing contemporary practices (Hennink et al., 2020). This level of exploration, inherently absent from quantitative designs, ensures a comprehensive comprehension of the motivations in question. Therefore, in a study situated at the intersection of personal motivations and cultural significance, the qualitative research design, informed by the researcher’s positionality, is not merely an option but an academic necessity.

Participants

In this study, 43 males were chosen through purposive sampling to explore the predominantly masculine pursuits of hunting and camping in Saudi Arabia, reflecting its cultural context. Purposive sampling was vital for selecting participants with in-depth knowledge of these culturally specific practices, ensuring rich, contextual insights. This specific sample size, justified by Bekele and Ago (2022) as adequate for qualitative research, aligns with cultural and religious norms in Saudi Arabia, where women’s involvement in such activities is less common. The demographic focus contributed significantly to the qualitative depth of the research (Gentles et al., 2015). The age distribution of these participants was highly diverse, ranging from 20-year-old novices to early fifties-old veterans. This ensured that both contemporary and traditional perspectives were incorporated into the study. The educational backgrounds of these participants were disparate, with some possessing only a high school diploma and others holding advanced degrees. This diversity provided a complex layering of experiences and perspectives, taking into account varying academic exposure.

This study was distinguished by its immersive data acquisition method. Recognising the importance of contextual insights, most participants were interviewed in the exact environments where they practiced these activities. The researcher exerted considerable effort to visit several Saudi Arabian locations renowned for hunting and camping. These on-site interviews enriched the data by documenting real-time emotions, reflections, and experiences, allowing researchers to observe and comprehend the participants’ working environment, tools, and methodologies. Moreover, participants came from a variety of regions within Saudi Arabia. This ensured that regional differences in hunting and camping practices, traditions, and motivations were considered. Their diverse professional backgrounds, from manual labour to high-ranking corporate positions, provide a multifaceted perspective on how socioeconomic status may influence their motivations and experiences.

The participants’ diverse ages, educational backgrounds, and experiences served as the study’s beating pulse. Their narratives, set against the backdrop of Saudi Arabia’s immense deserts and under its starry skies, painted a vivid picture of the motivations behind these traditional activities.

Instrument

The pursuit of comprehending profoundly rooted cultural motivations necessitates a tool that promotes open dialogue and individual expression. Given the personal nature of the topic – the motivations for hunting and camping in Saudi Arabia—an interview is the most appropriate method. It enables direct interaction with participants, allowing the researcher to delve into subtleties, seek clarifications, and encourage expansive sharing. For this reason, the instrument selected for this research is a semi-structured interview.

This interview has been precisely constructed to elicit in-depth insights on the topic. It is divided into two primary sections to balance the collected data’s scope and depth. The first section focuses on collecting demographic information about the participants. This information is essential for contextualising their responses and identifying potential patterns or variations based on characteristics such as age, experience, and frequency of participation. It helps to comprehend how various demographic groups perceive or engage with hunting and camping in distinctive ways.

The following section consists of four open-ended queries designed to uncover the motivations, challenges, experiences, and perceptions associated with hunting and camping. This dual-structured approach assures that the research collects crucial demographic context and investigates individual motivations. It seeks to capture the rich tapestry of cultural, historical, and personal factors influencing Saudis’ participation in these traditional activities (see Appendix A).

Instrument validation: ensuring content validity

Content validity remains a pillar of research instrument design, ensuring the instrument accurately captures the intended domain or construct. For this study’s semi-structured interview, a rigorous validation procedure was essential to ensure that it adequately probed the motivations underlying hunting and camping in the Saudi context.

In order to accomplish this, the interview structure was subjected to a thorough evaluation by a committee of seasoned experts. These specialists, well-versed in Saudi cultural traditions, outdoor recreation techniques, and qualitative research methods, evaluated each question’s relevance, specificity, and scope concerning the study’s objectives. Their invaluable input was instrumental in refining the questions to obtain a comprehensive representation of the research domain.

After this expert validation, a pilot study was conducted with a subset of participants whose demographics mirrored those of the more extensive study. The objective was to evaluate the instrument’s precision, coherence, and resonance with the experiential realities of the intended population. The instrument’s robustness was further enhanced in iterations based on this feedback. Through the dual-pronged approach of expert consultation and empirical pilot testing, the content validity of the semi-structured interview was conclusively established, solidifying its efficacy in elucidating the complex motivations underlying hunting and camping practices in Saudi Arabia.

Data collection and analysis

The data collection process was meticulously orchestrated, incorporating structured and immersive methods. Recognising the depth of insights that could be garnered from on-site interactions, the researcher travelled to many notable hunting and camping locations throughout Saudi Arabia. In these terrains, participants were frequently engaged in their activities, affording a rare opportunity to observe and comprehend their customs firsthand.

While most participants were interviewed while hunting or camping, others were approached outside these contexts to ensure a broad range of experiences and reflections were documented. The interviews were conducted in Arabic and translated into English for data analysis. Each interview, guided by a predetermined set of semi-structured queries, lasted between 45 and 60 minutes. This format ensured that participants could delve into personal anecdotes, historical reflections, and more profound reflections on their motivations while fundamental topics were consistently addressed. With the participants’ permission, interviews were audio recorded to assure data accuracy and completeness. This enabled an accurate portrayal of their stories, preserving the nuances of their shared experiences.

Following data collection, the subsequent crucial stage was the transcription of audio recordings, which consisted of converting spoken narratives into a textual format suitable for in-depth analysis. The researcher adopted a thematic analysis methodology, ideally adapted for identifying patterns and themes within qualitative data. During the initial phase, intimate familiarity with the transcriptions and rudimentary observations were annotated. This immersion facilitated the generation of initial codes that served as identifiers for segments of text that were significant to the study’s objectives.

The subsequent grouping of these identifiers led to the identification of potential themes. By rigorously refining and validating the raw data, these themes were refined to represent the participants’ motivations, challenges and experiences authentically. The culmination of the analysis involved defining, naming, and interweaving these themes to create a comprehensive narrative. This narrative, grounded in the participants’ shared experiences, cast light on the multifaceted motivations driving male hunting and camping in Saudi Arabia.

Ethical considerations

In conducting this study, ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Northern Border University, reflecting strict adherence to ethical standards in research involving human participants. In line with this, informed consent was methodically obtained in written form from all participants, ensuring they were fully aware of the study’s objectives, their rights, including withdrawal, and the confidentiality of their data. This careful approach also considered the cultural nuances of activities like hunting and camping in Saudi Arabia.

Findings

This section is organized in a two-tiered fashion. First, an examination of demographic information provides a snapshot of the participants in the study, highlighting their diverse backgrounds and contexts. The following section delves into a thematic analysis, revealing two prominent themes that capture the complexities of motivations, challenges, and experiences associated with hunting and camping in Saudi Arabia.

Demographic attributes of the research participants

Table 1 provides a comprehensive demographic summary of the participants in the study. The age distribution indicates a well-represented middle-aged cohort, with those between the ages of 31 and 40 constituting the most prominent group at 30.2%. 25.5% of participants are between 41 and 50, followed by 23.2% of participants over 50 years. Twenty to thirty-year-old participants constitute 20.9% of the sample. Regarding education, most participants (67.4%) hold a bachelor’s degree or lower, as indicated by the data. Those with a high school diploma (20.9%) and a postgraduate degree (11.6%) are less frequent, respectively. Most hunters and campers, 41.8%, have between 11 and 20 years of experience, indicating a sizeable number of seasoned participants. However, when it comes to participation frequency, the majority of participants (65.1%) only hunt and camp occasionally. The percentage of regular participants is low at 4.6%, and only 2.3% of the population participates in these activities annually.

Table 1. Characteristics of the study sample.

Variables		Frequency	Percentage (%)
Age	20–30	9	20.9
	31–40	13	30.2
	41–50	11	25.5
	More than 50	10	23.2
Educational Level	Basic education	9	20.9
	Undergraduate	29	67.4
	Postgraduate	5	11.6
Years of Experience	1–10	14	32.5
	11–20	18	41.8
	More than 20	11	25.5
Frequency of Participation	Regularly	2	4.6
	Monthly	12	27.9
	Occasionally	28	65.1
	Yearly	1	2.3
Total		43	100

The comprehensive demographic spread presented in the table promises to enrich the depth and breadth of the upcoming thematic analysis. With participants spanning disparate age ranges, educational attainments, and experience levels, the study is guaranteed to incorporate diverse perspectives. Such diversity is essential for ensuring that emerging themes encompass a holistic perspective and are not restricted to a narrow demographic perspective. As the analysis advances to the thematic exploration phase, these demographic nuances will be utilized to provide nuanced insights. The interaction between these demographic details and the study’s central themes will enhance the validity and depth of the study’s findings.

Themes analysis

In the subsequent analysis, two primary themes provide a comprehensive comprehension of hunting and camping in Saudi Arabia. “Recreational Motivations Landscape” illuminates the numerous motivating factors that attract individuals to these activities. Meanwhile, “Terrain of Recreational Challenges” provides insight into the obstacles encountered, highlighting the complexity of these recreational activities.

Recreational motivations landscape

The appeal of hunting and camping in Saudi Arabia is multifaceted and profoundly rooted in the nation’s history and individual experiences. For many, such as Participant 21, these activities serve as a connection to the past: “Hunting and camping are journeys that lead us back to our ancestors. It is about respecting practices that have been a part of our identity for generations.” Another respondent reflects this sentiment by emphasizing the societal prestige associated with these traditions, viewing them as a “symbol of cultural continuity”.

In stark contrast to the allure of ancestry, the rapid urbanization of Saudi cities has given rise to a desire for retreat and adventure. Participant 6 reflects, “In the heart of the city, surrounded by concrete and chaos, the desert beckons as a sanctuary of peace.” However, this getaway is not solely about tranquillity. For dessert enthusiasts such as Participant 40, the desert’s unpredictability presents challenges that provide an unparalleled adrenaline rush: “Every hunt, every camping trip is a new adventure, a test of one’s skills against nature’s whims.”

The allure of hunting and camping in Saudi Arabia extends far beyond the activities themselves, stemming from the profound sense of community and camaraderie they foster. As individuals explore the vast desert terrains, the experiences they pursue are not isolated but shared, resulting in enduring memories. Participant 14, reminiscing about these shared moments, stated eloquently, “There is enchantment in sharing stories around a campfire and cooperating during hunts. It is about establishing lasting relationships with those who share your passion.” This phrase embodies the substance of the communal aspect. Every expedition is a profoundly social and emotional experience due to the collective voyage, the shared challenges, and the bonds forged in the heart of the desert, not just the hunt or the camp.

The Saudi Arabian government has notably emphasized promoting traditional recreational activities in recent years. This strategic step acknowledges these activities’ cultural preservation value, tourism, and economic potential. Several participants were aware of this transition, with many recognising the positive impact of government initiatives highlighting hunting and camping. A participant said, “The government’s push has validated these activities and modernized them, bridging tradition with contemporary appeal.” This synergy between tradition and modernity, fuelled by policy and promotion, has further stoked enthusiasm for these activities. In addition, it has facilitated tourism, local entrepreneurship, and business opportunities, thereby adding an economic dimension to the cultural appeal.

These activities are particularly appealing to nature and fauna enthusiasts. With its unique ecosystem, the desert provides opportunities for skill development, such as monitoring games and setting up camp. One participant remarked, “Every trip is a learning experience, a chance to hone skills and understand the desert’s rhythm.”

Some individuals’ motivations have a spiritual dimension. The vastness of the desert, its peaceful evenings, and the inherent difficulty of these activities provide opportunities for reflection. “There is a spiritual connection,” according to a participant, “a chance to reflect, to connect with something greater amidst nature’s wonders.” In assembling these narratives, it is evident that the motivations for hunting and camping in Saudi Arabia are as diverse as they are profound, each offering a unique perspective on the nation’s recreational fabric.

Terrain of recreational challenges

Navigating the entrancing yet perilous terrains of the Saudi desert, the participants shared stories that painted a vivid picture of the obstacles they encountered while hunting and camping.

The arid environment’s unpredictability was a significant concern. Participant 28 recalled an unanticipated adversity: “Once, we set up camp, and out of nowhere, a ferocious sandstorm struck. We lacked preparation. The desert is a breathtakingly beautiful canvas, but its unpredictability can be intimidating. Water, or the absence thereof, is a constant concern.”

Participants frequently cited obtaining the proper permits for hunting and camping as a significant obstacle. Participant 2 articulated his feelings eloquently: “When one thinks of the desert, boundless horizons and unbridled exploration come to mind.” However, he expressed frustration at the contrast between this wilderness spirit and the intricate procedural requirements. “There is an undeniable importance to these regulations, ensuring both safety and ecological balance,” he continued, “yet the extensive paperwork and constant verification often feel antithetical to the very essence of these activities.” His remarks highlight the tension that participants frequently experience between the bureaucratic requirements and the inherent, libertarian spirit of desert adventures.

Some found it challenging to balance authenticity and modern conveniences in the era of technology. Participant 33 reflected, “I employ GPS for navigation and apps to monitor weather patterns. However, I sometimes question if we lose the experience’s raw essence. In the desert, there is a fine line between aid and intrusion regarding technology.”

The cost of adequately outfitting oneself for hunting and camping excursions was a recurring concern among participants. Participant 18 emphasized the gravity of this challenge, remarking, “To truly embrace the desert’s essence and navigate its challenges, one must have the proper equipment.” He highlighted the variety of essential items, from tents designed to withstand the erratic climate of the desert to specialized hunting equipment. “Each piece of equipment comes with its price,” he commented. Frequently, the dilemma is between affordability and dependability. In the desert, inferior equipment is more than an inconvenience; it can pose a danger. His insights cast light on the problematic choices participants must make, balancing budgetary constraints with the need for reliable and secure equipment.

In addition, Participant 26 brought up a rarely discussed but profoundly felt aspect: “The desert is vast, and sometimes the solitude, rather than being comforting, can feel isolating. It is a mental as well as a physical challenge.” However, despite these obstacles, the participants’ zeal remained unabated. As Participant 39 so eloquently remarked, “Each difficulty, whether battling a sandstorm, navigating red tape, or facing the solitude of the desert, adds depth to our experiences. These are not merely excursions but voyages of perseverance and discovery.”

Based on these insights, it is clear that the terrain of obstacles, despite being formidable, is an integral part of the narrative of hunting and camping in Saudi Arabia. Not only do these challenges test the participants’ mettle, but they also enrich their experiences, adding substance to their stories and recollections.

Discussion

The exploration of motivations and challenges associated with hunting and camping in Saudi Arabia has unearthed a rich tapestry of insights. This discussion seeks to contextualize these findings within the larger body of research by drawing connections and highlighting original contributions. A complex landscape emerges in addressing the primary motivations that drive individuals in Saudi Arabia to engage in recreational hunting and camping. Cultural heritage’s profound resonance is central to these motivations. Participants unanimously viewed the desert as a living testament to historical and ancestral lifestyles, echoing Abd El-Aal et al.’s (2023) findings on its significance in the Bedouin narrative. However, a notable divergence emerged in this study: the desert’s role as a motivational force for recreational activities, notably hunting and camping, was highlighted, bridging the historical and contemporary realms. While aligning with existing literature, this aspect also introduces a nuanced perspective on how individuals engage with these traditional activities in a modern context, enriching the understanding of cultural continuity and transformation.

The pursuit of escapism from urbanization prominently emerged as a critical driver in this study, with the Saudi desert providing a stark, serene contrast to the bustling metropolitan centres. This phenomenon resonates with global trends where nature is a sanctuary from urban pressures, as Alrawaf et al. (2023) and Alghenaim (2013). detailed. Distinctively, in Saudi Arabia, this inclination towards the desert transcends mere physical respite, embodying a profound cultural retreat that evokes a nostalgic journey to bygone eras. This cultural dimension adds depth to the global understanding of nature as a refuge, particularly elucidating the multifaceted role of the desert in the tapestry of contemporary Saudi societal dynamics.

In addition, adventure and difficulty play a prominent role. The participants expressed a keen interest in navigating the desert’s unpredictability. This wish for challenge and skill acquisition is supported by the broader findings of Cajiao et al. (2022) regarding recreational trends in the Middle East. However, the current research suggests a unique combination of adventure-seeking and cultural significance in Saudi Arabia.

All participants felt that hunting and camping had a significant social component. These activities were identified as more than just recreational activities; they emerged as platforms for forging interpersonal connections, reflecting the community essence profoundly embedded in Saudi society. This is consistent with previous research emphasising the social benefits of leisure activities (Arnett & Southwick, 2015; Mood et al., 1998) while also indicating a distinctive Saudi cultural setting. Thus, the study strengthens and broadens our understanding of how recreational activities work as social conduits in various cultural settings.

Economic considerations presented an intriguing double-edged sword. While participants acknowledged the costs associated with these endeavours, they also acknowledged the personal and national economic benefits. This departs from Western-centric studies, where experiential motivations typically precede economic ones. The appeal of skill development was influential among the younger generation. These individuals displayed a fervent desire to assimilate and master numerous desert-related skills. Each acquired skill is viewed not only as a personal accomplishment but also as a tribute to and continuance of time-honoured traditions, whether it is the ability to erect a tent in the face of desert winds, the art of navigating using celestial bodies, or the craft of hunting. This reflects the global inclination of youth to seek out experiences that provide recreation and skill enhancement. However, in the context of Saudi Arabia, this blends seamlessly with the country’s diverse cultural background.

In addition, participants frequently expressed a profound spiritual connection with the desert. The immense, tranquil expanses of the desert offer more than just a place for recreation; they also provide a setting for profound introspection and spiritual grounding. This dimension resonates with the global trend of nature as a space for spiritual reconnection. However, in Saudi Arabia, where the desert has historically been a place of both challenge and contemplation, it takes on added depth. Fundamentally, the recreational motivations for hunting and camping in Saudi Arabia are profoundly rooted in cultural, social, and individual desires, frequently reflecting global trends but with Saudi-specific nuances (Alharbi & Rangel-Buitrago, 2023). While reiterating some findings from prior research, these motivations also chart new territory and provide new insights into the intricate web of recreational motivations in the kingdom.

To answer the second research question concerning the challenges or obstacles individuals in Saudi Arabia face when attempting to satisfy their recreational motivations for hunting and camping, it is essential to draw on the insights from the theme analysis. The unpredictability of the arid environment recurred frequently as a theme. The desert, with its rapidly changing weather conditions and sometimes unforgiving terrains, necessitates an elevated level of preparedness and adaptability for its devotees (Repper et al., 2022). While some participants viewed these environmental challenges as part of the expedition, others, particularly those with less experience, viewed them as genuine obstacles.

The study reveals the complexities of bureaucratic processes in hunting and camping, highlighting a conflict between these activities’ historical sense of freedom and current regulatory constraints. It also uncovers a digital dichotomy: participants’ intent to disconnect is often thwarted by societal and professional demands, impacting the authenticity of their natural experience. These findings, partially aligning with Faraj et al. (2023), present a nuanced challenge to the conventional notion of outdoor activities as pure escapism, thereby illustrating the intricate balance between modern exigencies and traditional pursuits in the Saudi context.

The financial aspect of hunting and camping was highlighted prominently. Participants frequently cited the substantial costs associated with acquiring high-quality equipment. In addition, the costs associated with specific expeditions added to the financial burden. These financial considerations significantly deterred individuals, compelling them to constantly evaluate the balance between affordability and experience quality.

Navigating the immense expanses of the desert presents physical and psychological challenges. The inherent solitude of the desert, while peaceful for many, can be intimidating for some. In addition to its isolation, the desert’s unpredictability and severe conditions demand a high degree of mental fortitude. Even as it captivates with its beauty, the desert necessitates mental resilience and interior tenacity to appreciate its splendours fully.

Finally, safety concerns regarding potential wildlife encounters and the difficulties of the arid terrain highlighted the significance of being well-prepared. Several participants emphasized the importance of adequate training and knowledge as prerequisites for these activities so that the experience remains pleasurable without jeopardising safety. Many of these challenges resonate with broader global trends in outdoor recreation, drawing parallels to previous research. However, the unique cultural, environmental, and regulatory context of Saudi Arabia imparts distinct nuances to these challenges, enhancing our comprehension of the landscape of recreational motivations in the kingdom.

Implications

Based on this study’s findings, some significant ramifications arise for both the cultural and economic landscapes of Saudi Arabia. From the perspective of cultural preservation and education, grasping the reasons behind these traditional activities helps ensure their continued relevance in contemporary Saudi society. These insights can be incorporated into educational systems, fostering a renewed appreciation among younger generations and preserving these essential facets of Saudi heritage. The findings provide a road map for Economic Development and Tourism. Tourism agencies and businesses can tailor and market hunting and camping experiences that resonate strongly with enthusiasts by understanding what motivates participation in these activities. This targeted strategy not only stimulates local tourism but also the regional economy.

This study’s findings are indispensable for Policy, Regulation, and Infrastructure Planning. Conservation of the environment and the cultural significance of hunting and camping can be balanced in more effective regulations drafted by policymakers. Concurrently, development authorities can design infrastructure that caters to participants’ real-world motivations and preferences, thereby assuring the creation of culturally compatible and functional venues. The study’s highlighted therapeutic benefits have significant implications for Mental Health and Wellbeing. Recognising the mental solace provided by these activities suggests that they could be incorporated as therapeutic recreational interventions to the community’s benefit. In essence, the findings of this study provide a multidimensional understanding that can assist diverse stakeholders in augmenting the hunting and camping experience and ensuring their sustainability in Saudi Arabia.

Limitations and recommendations for further research

Despite providing valuable insights, this study acknowledges certain limitations. The sample size of 43 male participants from specific regions may not adequately represent the spectrum of experiences across Saudi Arabia, possibly excluding the few women who engage in such activities. Although qualitative in nature and rich in specifics, the research lacks a quantitative scope. Moreover, relying on the memories of participants may induce recall bias. It would be advantageous for future research to increase the sample size, include a broader geographical area, employ a mixed-methods approach, and consider longitudinal and comparative studies. This would not only increase comprehension of recreational motivations in Saudi Arabia, but it would also provide a more global and cross-cultural perspective.

Conclusion

This study embarked on a journey to unravel the primary motivations driving individuals in Saudi Arabia towards hunting and camping as recreational pursuits and the challenges they encounter in these endeavours. Delving deep, it was discerned that the allure of the desert is multifaceted, intertwining cultural heritage, an escape from urbanization, adventure, social bonding, and various other factors. The desert, representing a link to ancestral ties and a canvas for modern-day adventures, resonates deeply with participants. However, alongside these motivations, several challenges emerged, ranging from the unpredictability of the environment to bureaucratic hurdles and financial considerations. Understanding these recreational motivations and challenges is paramount as Saudi Arabia stands at the crossroads of tradition and modernity. This research provides a nuanced glimpse into this dynamic, laying a foundation for future explorations and offering insights that could inform policy and practice in recreational activities.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Data availability statement

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Additional information

Funding

The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at Northern Border University, Arar, KSA for funding this research work through the project number “NBU-FFR-2024-48-01.”

Notes on contributors

Homoud Mohammed Nawi Alanazi

Dr. Homoud Mohammed Nawi Alanazi is an Associate Professor in the Department of General Courses at the College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Northern Border University, Saudi Arabia, specializing in Leisure and Recreation. His academic work focuses on the intersection of cultural, social, and psychological aspects of leisure activities, contributing significantly to understanding their impact on community and individual well-being. Renowned for his dynamic teaching and influential research, Dr. Alanazi is a pivotal figure in his field, consistently advancing the discourse in leisure and recreation studies.

Appendix A

Table

Part 1: Demographic Information
Age:	20–30	31–40	41–50	More than 50
Years of Experience:	1–10	11–20		More than 20
Participation Frequency:	Regularly	Monthly	Occasionally	Yearly
Educational Level:	Basic Education	Undergraduate		Postgraduate
Part 2: Questionnaire’s Questions
Question 1	Can you describe the main reasons or motivations that compel you to participate in hunting and camping activities?
Question 2	What personal or cultural experiences have most influenced your desire to hunt or camp in Saudi Arabia?
Question 3	What challenges or difficulties have you personally faced when trying to engage in hunting or camping activities in Saudi Arabia?
Question 4	Are there societal or environmental factors that you feel make it more challenging to pursue hunting and camping as recreational activities? If so, can you elaborate on them?