https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9962-3544
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Abstract
Social entrepreneurship (SE) strategic literature is in an under-theorized condition for large-scale strategy setting and classification. However, the research intends to fill the gap by proposing a literature-supported governmental-scale SE strategic grid. Thus, a systematic SE literature review was conducted up to getting four core strategic orientations of Externalism vs. Internalism, and Governmentalism vs. Volunteerism. Accompanied with a study of large-scale SE strategic partnerships by local, global, national and international social enterprises, four patterns of partnership (hence, dimensionality) within Localism vs. Globalism, and Nationalism vs. Internationalism were emerged. Later, the orientations and dimensions were corroborated based on the officially released documents of 15 governments, selected randomly in three economic classes, based on the recent UN’s triad economic classification. Next, four comprehensive SE strategic classifications of Global Citizen Strategy, Opened Door Strategy, Closed Door Strategy, and Country Citizen Strategy were recognized. Finally, combining the classified strategies with their orientations and dimensions on a visualized framework led to an ultimate comprehensive SE strategic grid. The implications of the grid are its potential consensus making effect not only among SE strategists on the governmental scale but also in the academic settings.
PUBLIC INTEREST STATEMENT
The role of government in our daily life and social welfare is pivotal. However, still there is not any consensus among public sector’s strategists and policymakers on the factors that should be taken into consideration for setting public welfare strategies. This paper not only paves the way for the formation of the consensus but also helps the public strategists to classify the social welfare strategies within a coherent grid to be able to set and customize far-reaching social entrepreneurship strategies according to public needs.
Competing interests
The authors claim that they have no conflict of interest to be cited here.
Acknowledgements
The authors like to show their heartfelt appreciation and gratitude for the editor, Dr. Pedro Lorca, and the scholarly comments and suggestions of three anonymous reviewers.
Notes
2. “It is funding tens of thousands of local, regional and national employment-related projects throughout Europe: from small projects run by neighborhood charities to help local disabled people find suitable work, to nationwide projects that promote vocational training among the whole population” http://ec.europa.eu/esf/main.jsp?catId=35&langId=en.
3. On 22/06/2018 “The European Investment Fund (EIF) signed a guarantee agreement for €50 million with seven member banks of the Erste Group … [to] support social entrepreneurship by providing financing to over 500 social enterprises in seven countries during the next five years, in the framework of the EU Program for Employment and Social Innovation (EaSI).” http://ec.europa.eu/esf/main.jsp?catId=67&langId=en&newsId=9144.
15. Via the SE data disseminated under Open Government Policies.
16. Employment and Social Development Canada.
17. https://www.ssa.gov/.
20. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/social-investment-and-social-entrepreneurship-in-the-uk.
25. “The Departmental Plan is an expenditure plan for Employment and Social Development Canada. The reports provide details on the Department’s main priorities over the next three years by core responsibilities and departmental indicators. It is tabled in Parliament in the spring of each year by the President of the Treasury Board.” https://www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-development/corporate/reports/departmental-plan.html.
34. “The Federal Republic of Germany is a democratic and social federal state” (Article 20 (1) of the German Basic Law).
51. Ibid.
52. Republic of Belarus law on “Demographic Security” of 4 January 2002 (National Register of Legal and Regulatory Acts, 2002г, No. 7, 2/829).
54. Ibid.
55. Ibid.
58. Ibid.
61. Part IV on Directive Principles of State Policy.
62. Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment annual report 2017–2018, http://socialjustice.nic.in/ViewData/?mid=76658.
66. Ibid.
67. Ibid.
Additional information
Funding
Notes on contributors
Amir Forouharfar
Amir Forouharfar is a Ph.D. candidate in Public Administration. His research interests are in the areas of public administration, strategic management, entrepreneurship, and political philosophy. He has authored more than 20 refereed papers and several book chapters. His recent project is contributing to Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance with several entries.
Seyed Aligholi Rowshan
Seyed Aligholi Rowshan is associate professor of Public Administration at University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran. He is the author of more than 50 refereed papers and several books. His research interests are mainly Critical Theory, strategic management, philosophy and qualitative methods of research. His recent book is on critical management studies.
Habibollah Salarzehi
Habibollah Salarzehi is associate professor of Public Administration at University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran. His research interests are mainly social and corporate entrepreneurship.
