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ABSTRACT
Vegetable oil (VO) is the latest alternative found to be one of the ideal candidates for production of bio-based polymeric units. There are two main methods for producing bio-based epoxy resins and composites: the direct synthesis of VO and the blends of epoxy with VO incorporated with natural or synthetic fibers. However, it is more challenging to produce a fully green bio-based epoxy composite, as they have relatively low strength that limits their applications. Thus, this article is designed to review the present research advances on VO-based epoxy resins and their composites with bio-based hardener incorporated with fibers or fillers.
Graphical Abstract
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the Ministry of Education (MOE) and Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) for funding the fundamental research grant (FRGS) under the vote number 4F780. We would also like to acknowledge Budi Oils Sdn. Bhd for the supply of epoxidized palm oil (EPO).
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Notes on contributors
Rohani Mustapha
Rohani Mustapha is a young academic training scheme staff in the School of Ocean Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. She has published several research papers and conference proceedings on bio-polymer, natural fiber and bio-composites. She is currently pursuing studies at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia and conducts research on bio-based epoxy nanocomposites with bio-based hardener.
Abdul Razak Rahmat
Dr. Abdul Razak Rahmat is an Associate Professor at Department of Polymer Engineering, Universiti Technologi Malaysia (UTM). He has published more than 70 journal articles and conference papers on polymer and composite. He is co-author of recently published technical book by Elsevier entitled “Polylactic Acid: PLA Biopolymer Technology and Applications”.
Rohah Abdul Majid
Dr. Rohah Abdul Majid is a senior lecturer at Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering Department, Universiti Technologi Malaysia (UTM). She has published several research papers and conference proceedings on Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, Applied Mechanics and Materials, Composites: Part B and Key Engineering Materials.
Siti Noor Hidayah Mustapha
Dr. Siti Noor Hidayah Mustapha is a senior lecturer at Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia. She was enrolled her Doctorate degree in Polymer Engineering from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia in year 2016. She has published several research papers and conference proceedings on biopolymer and biocomposite materials.