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Research Articles

Harmful practices prevail despite legal knowledge: a mixed-method study on the paradox of child marriage in Bangladesh

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Abstract

Child marriage is a globally recognised human rights violation that disproportionately affects girls, especially in developing countries. It has serious negative consequences on girls’ physical, mental, sexual, and reproductive health and rights. Although well-pronounced laws against child marriage were enacted in Bangladesh, the practice remains a significant challenge. Lack of law enforcement and persistent social norms ultimately allow child marriage to persist around the country. Social norms have an impact on the prevalent attitudes toward child marriage. Therefore, this mixed-method study aimed to explore the legal knowledge, perception, and practice of child marriage in Bangladesh. This study was part of a broader evaluation of a UNICEF media programme. Adolescent boys and girls aged between 10 and 19 years and their parents were interviewed in three Bangladeshi districts. All the respondents were aware of the legal age of marriage and knew that child marriage is punishable by law. This study illuminated the reasons, including early marriage among boys, poverty, dowry, and sexual harassment. Communities and policymakers need to be engaged to trigger larger structural and cultural changes to remedy the harmful social norm and its practice.

Résumé

Les mariages d’enfants constituent une violation des droits de l’homme internationalement reconnue qui touche de manière disproportionnée les filles, en particulier dans les pays en développement. Cette pratique a de graves conséquences négatives sur la santé physique, mentale, sexuelle et reproductive des filles et sur leurs droits dans ce domaine. Même si des lois se prononçant clairement contre le mariage d’enfants ont été adoptées au Bangladesh, cela reste un grave problème. Le manque d’application de la législation et les normes sociales persistantes autorisent en fin de compte la poursuite des mariages d’enfants dans le pays. Les normes sociales ont des répercussions sur les attitudes prévalentes à l’égard du mariage d’enfants. Par conséquent, cette étude à méthodes mixtes visait à étudier la connaissance juridique, la conception et la pratique du mariage d’enfants au Bangladesh. Elle s’inscrivait dans l’évaluation plus large d’un programme de l’UNICEF relatif aux médias. Des adolescents, filles et garçons, âgés de 10 à 19 ans et leurs parents ont été interrogés dans trois districts du Bangladesh. Tous les répondants connaissaient l’âge légal du mariage et savaient que l’enfreindre était punissable par la loi. Cette étude a mis en lumière les raisons de cette pratique, y compris les mariages précoces chez les garçons, la pauvreté, la dot et le harcèlement sexuel. Les communautés et les décideurs doivent être recrutés pour déclencher des changements structurels et culturels plus vastes de façon à corriger cette norme sociale néfaste et sa pratique.

Resumen

El matrimonio infantil es una violación de los derechos humanos reconocida mundialmente que afecta de manera desproporcionada a las niñas, en particular en países en desarrollo. Tiene graves consecuencias negativas para la salud física, mental, sexual y reproductiva y los derechos de las niñas. Aunque en Bangladesh se promulgaron leyes bien pronunciadas contra el matrimonio infantil, la práctica continúa siendo un reto significativo. En última instancia, la falta de aplicación de la ley y persistentes normas sociales permiten que el matrimonio infantil persista a nivel nacional. Las normas sociales tienen un impacto en las actitudes prevalentes hacia el matrimonio infantil. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio de métodos combinados era explorar el conocimiento de la ley, la percepción y la práctica del matrimonio infantil en Bangladesh. Este estudio fue parte de una evaluación más amplia de un programa mediático de UNICEF. Niños y niñas adolescentes de 10 a 19 años y sus padres fueron entrevistados en tres distritos de Bangladesh. Todas las personas entrevistadas eran conscientes de la edad legal para contraer matrimonio y sabían que el matrimonio de menores de edad es sancionado por la ley. Este estudio iluminó las razones: matrimonio precoz entre niños, pobreza, dote y acoso sexual. Las comunidades y formuladores de políticas deben participar para desencadenar mayores cambios estructurales y culturales para remediar la dañina norma social y su práctica.

Acknowledgements

This study was made possible through the help and support of numerous individuals at different stages of the research cycle. The study was conducted by BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University. We would like to acknowledge UNICEF Bangladesh research, programme and operational teams in supporting the study. The research team is incredibly thankful for the valuable time and experiences shared by all participants in the study. We are grateful to Gordon Shelby for her critical comments and Ayesha Ahmed for editing the manuscript. NK and TS planned the study. MS, SA, TS, NK, JE contributed to the conceptualisation and design. SA, AT, NI contributed to the development of the tool. SA, AT, NI involved with content development, as well as interpreting results. SA, CW drafted the initial version of the manuscript. MS, CW, SA reviewed parts of the analysis and reviewed draft articles. All authors edited the manuscript for important content, read and approved the final manuscript. The views expressed in this manuscript are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of Government of Bangladesh, UNICEF, BRAC JPGSPH and other partners and donors.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Data availability statement

The anonymised dataset used during the study is available from the corresponding author on a reasonable request.

Additional information

Funding

This study was commissioned by UNICEF through funding received from the Governments of Canada and Netherlands, and the Swedish Committee for UNICEF.