Recent Development in Formation, Toxic Effects, Human Health and Analytical Techniques of Food Contaminants

ABSTRAC

Main group of contaminants including toxic compounds be formed during food processing and packaging (incidental group) and fungal toxins have been listed as critical challenge for food safety and human health. Because of absorption and transferring of these compounds into the human body and accumulation of them in different organs, several chronic diseases have been observed. The levels of these toxicants have been seriously monitored using analytical techniques. In this review, formation mechanism, toxicological effect and analytical methods of biogenic amines, furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, acrylamide, bisphenol A, nitrosamine and aflatoxin were discussed in different food samples.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

KEYWORDS:

• Chemical hazards
• safety concern
• food contaminants
• incidental formation
• toxicological effect
• analytical techniques

Abbreviations

Biogenic amines (BAs)

Furfural (F)

Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF)

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)

Acrylamide (AA)

Bisphenol A (BPA)

Nitrosamines (NAs)

Aflatoxin (AFs)

Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs)

Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP)

Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (IP)

Chrysene (CHR)

Benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF)

Benzo(a)anthracene (BaA)

Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DBahA)

Benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbFA)

Benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkFA)

N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR)

N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine (NDPA)

N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR)

N-nitrosodiphenylamine (NDPheA)

N-nitrosopiperidine (NPIP)

N-nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA)

N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA)

N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)

Aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁)

Aflatoxin B₂ (AFB₂)

Aflatoxin G₁ (AFG₁)

Aflatoxin G₂ (AFG₂)

Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI)

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)

European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)

Tolerable daily intake (TDI)

European Commission (EC)

Limit of detection (LOD)

Limit of quantification (LOQ)

Relative standard deviation (RSD)

Solid phase microextraction (SPME)

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)

Polycarbonate (PC)

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

Dispersive liquid liquid microextraction (DLLME)

UV visible (UV-Vis)

Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC)

Diode array detection (DAD)

Covalent organic framework (COF)

Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (method) (QuEChERS)

Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization- tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS)

Solid phase extraction (SPE)

Amino trap column coupled with pulsed amperometric detection (AMTC-PAD)

Gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS)

Solidification of floating organic (drop) (SFO)

Head space (HS)

Magnetic ionic liquid (MIL)

Fluorescent detection (FLD)

Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)

Electromembrane extraction (EME)

Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)

Liquid liquid extraction (LLE)

Capillary electrophoresis (CE)

Microwave assisted extraction (MAE)

Reverse phase (RP)

Low density solvent (LDS)

Ion liquid (IL)

Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE)

Liquid phase microextraction (LPME)

Ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE)

Flame ionization detection (FID)

Dispersive micro solid phase extraction (D-μSPE)

Ion liquid microextraction (ILME)

Single drop microextraction (SDME)

Supercritical fluid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (SFC-MS/MS)

High density solvent (HDS)

Polymeric ionic liquid (PIL)

Solvent terminated (ST)

Hollow fiber (HF)

Ultrasound-vortex assisted (UVA)

Ion trap mass spectrometry (IT/MS)

Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)

Ultrafast liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC/MS/MS)

Solid-supported liquid-liquid extraction (SLLE)

Positive chemical ionization (PCI)

Direct electrospray probe tandem mass spectrometry (DEP-MS/MS)

Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS)

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

Specific migration limits (SMLs)

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences, Food Science and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. We gratefully acknowledge their assistance.